'
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Tablet
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid)
1 g (1,000 mg)
1111%
Rose Hips Powder (Rosa canina) (fruit)
25 mg

The product is found useful for the following medical conditions

Common Cold

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 7 Researches
7.4
USERS' SCORE
Excellent
Based on 232 Reviews
9
8
Vitamin C reduces cold severity
Vitamin C reduces the severity of common colds: a meta-analysis.
Most Relevant Research
We explored how vitamin C affects the severity of common colds through a comprehensive review of available studies. By including only randomized, placebo-controlled trials where participants received at least 1 gram of vitamin C daily, we aimed to investigate both the overall duration of colds and the intensity of symptoms experienced.

Our analysis found that vitamin C significantly reduced the severity of cold symptoms by about 15%. Interestingly, it appears that the benefits are more pronounced for those experiencing severe symptoms compared to mild ones. In specific comparisons, vitamin C didn’t substantially affect the duration of mild symptoms but had a notable impact on how long severe symptoms lasted.

This insight is crucial, as the common cold often leads to absenteeism at work and school, with more severe symptoms playing a key role in this setback. By highlighting vitamin C's greater effectiveness against intense cold symptoms, we suggest that future research should continue to look into how this vitamin can be utilized in managing cold severity.
9.5
Immune support
Most Useful Review
I regularly purchase this vitamin C for convenience. My family and I take 1000 mg at the first signs of a common cold or any infections. Despite having adequate vitamin C levels generally, stress and infections reduce these, necessitating gram doses for effective immune response. I take 2-4 g daily at the onset of illness, which helps me avoid getting sick.

Cold

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 2 Researches
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 17 Reviews
8.9
7
Effectiveness of Vitamin C on Colds
Vitamin C for the common cold and pneumonia.
Most Relevant Research
We explored the effects of vitamin C on the common cold and pneumonia by examining a range of studies. Interestingly, research on animals suggests that vitamin C may have protective effects against infections. However, when it comes to preventing colds in the general population, taking more than 1 gram of vitamin C per day didn’t show significant benefits.

But there's a twist! Participants engaged in heavy physical activities saw their cold incidence reduced by half with vitamin C supplementation. Additionally, regular intake of 1 gram or more daily was linked to a 15% decrease in cold severity. While some therapeutic trials showed inconsistent results when vitamin C was taken after cold symptoms appeared, two studies did indicate that larger doses (6-8 grams per day) could effectively shorten the duration of colds compared to lower doses.

Our investigation also looked into pneumonia, but the studies were conducted in unique settings, such as a boarding school and military recruits. This makes it hard to generalize the findings to the wider population. Yet, some trials suggested benefits for pneumonia patients. Finally, the role of vitamin C in treating COVID-19 and sepsis remains unclear, with mixed results.

Given that vitamin C seems to alleviate symptoms and shorten the duration of colds, while being safe and affordable, it might be worth considering a dose of 6-8 grams per day to see if it helps at an individual level.
9.5
Effective for cold
Most Useful Review
My brother was right. I picked up a nasty cold that relapsed after 10 days of sick leave. It just wouldn't go away, even after several doctor visits and rounds of prescription drugs. An older brother living abroad laughed at me before revealing his secret: Vitamin C. He recommended "C-1000 with Rose hips, time released," advising me to take about 6,000 milligrams daily. After following his advice for a week, I felt better. Now I maintain about 2,000 milligrams daily for protection and share this with my friends suffering from colds.

Flu

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 5 Researches
7.2
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 9 Reviews
8.9
8
Vitamin C mitigates flu pneumonia
A new mechanism of vitamin C effects on A/FM/1/47(H1N1) virus-induced pneumonia in restraint-stressed mice.
Most Relevant Research
We examined the effects of vitamin C on pneumonia caused by the influenza virus, specifically the H1N1 strain, in mice under stress. The study found that when exposed to restraint stress, the mice experienced increased mortality and more severe pneumonia symptoms.

However, by giving them oral vitamin C at doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg, we observed a significant reduction in these severe outcomes. Vitamin C seemed to modulate the expression of certain genes related to the immune response, such as MAVS and IRF3, and increased the expression of NF-κB, which plays a key role in the body's antiviral defense.

Our research suggested that vitamin C's protective effects might stem from its ability to inhibit excess cortisol production in the adrenal gland, which is often elevated due to stress. By lowering cortisol levels, vitamin C may help reduce susceptibility to influenza infections, making it a potential ally during the flu season, especially for those experiencing stress.

Through these findings, we highlighted a new mechanism for how vitamin C can be beneficial during influenza infections, particularly for those who are feeling overwhelmed.
9.5
Effective Flu Treatment
Most Useful Review
My brother was right. I picked up a nasty flu that recurred after returning to work post 10 days off due to illness. Despite several visits to my doctor and various prescription drugs, it persisted. My brother abroad laughed and claimed he hadn't had a cold or flu in over 30 years; his secret? Vitamin C. He advised me to take C-1000 with Rose hips time-released, about 6,000 milligrams daily. I followed this for a week, and it worked wonders. I'm now down to 2,000 milligrams daily for protection and have been sharing this advice with friends suffering from flu.

Autoimmune Disorder

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 11 Researches
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 18 Reviews
8.7
9
Vitamin C impacts autoimmune response
Ascorbic acid alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting the production of autoantibodies.
Most Relevant Research
We investigated how vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, might impact autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. Through a study involving a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis, we administered vitamin C or a placebo solution and observed the effects on the immune response and disease progression.

Notably, the research showed that mice given vitamin C experienced a significant delay in the onset of arthritis and a reduction in disease severity. This suggests that vitamin C can play a critical role in managing autoimmune conditions by minimizing the production of autoantibodies, which are harmful antibodies that mistakenly attack the body's tissues.

Our findings revealed that vitamin C reduced the number of plasma cells and decreased antibody production in response to immunization. This indicates that vitamin C influences the immune system's response at a cellular level, helping to prevent the emergence of autoreactive plasma cells. We also discovered that the mechanism behind this effect involved inhibiting the Stat3 signaling pathway, leading to less activation of autoreactive immune components.

Ultimately, these results highlight the potential of vitamin C not just as a nutrient, but as a strategic tool in managing autoimmune disorders. By simply supplementing with vitamin C, there may be a way to intervene positively in the progression of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
9.5
Efficacy enhancement
Most Useful Review
I consider vitamin C to be extraordinary. It significantly aids with my severe sleep disorder, boosting the effects of other supplements. I will always use it. Thank you for this wonderful product!

Chronic Cough

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
No researches found
N/A
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 13 Reviews
8.7
9.5
Effective aid
Most Useful Review
SHOCK DOSE from chronic fatigue. When my strength is at its limit, I take one pill. The effect is nearly the same as having a glass of freshly squeezed orange juice! It’s a staple in my first aid kit!

Gout

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 1 Research
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.7
8
Dietary Vitamin C and Gout
Association between dietary vitamin C intake and gout among American adults.
Most Relevant Research
We investigated the potential relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and gout among American adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2018. This study included participants over the age of 20 and looked at various factors, including the incidence of gout and levels of vitamin C intake.

Our findings revealed that 5% of the 12,589 participants reported experiencing gout. Interestingly, those consuming higher amounts of dietary vitamin C showed a lower likelihood of developing gout. Specifically, individuals in the highest intake group had an odds ratio of 0.77 for having gout, suggesting an inverse relationship between vitamin C intake and gout occurrence.

We noted that this relationship exhibited an L-shaped pattern, indicating that increased vitamin C consumption may be linked to reduced gout risk, particularly among different sex groups. However, when we examined vitamin C supplements, no significant association with gout was observed. Overall, our research highlights the potential benefits of dietary vitamin C in preventing gout, while underscoring the need for more focused studies in this area.
9.5
Boosts immunity
Most Useful Review
I am pleased with it. I take it to manage my gout and to enhance my immunity.

High Cholesterol

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 6 Researches
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.7
9
Vitamin C reduces cholesterol levels
Effect of Using Vitamin C Supplementation on Performance, Blood Parameters, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress Condition: A Meta-Analysis.
Most Relevant Research
We explored how vitamin C supplementation affects cholesterol levels in broiler chickens, particularly under heat stress conditions. Through a thorough meta-analysis of 35 studies conducted between 1985 and 2023, we assessed various performance metrics, including blood parameters, carcass characteristics, and overall meat quality.

Our findings revealed that vitamin C significantly reduced cholesterol levels in the broiler chickens subjected to heat stress. Specifically, the study reported a notable decrease in cholesterol concentrations, with a standard mean difference of -0.976, indicating a strong beneficial effect of vitamin C in managing high cholesterol.

Additionally, we noticed improvements in body weight and average daily gain among chickens receiving vitamin C when compared to those that did not. While vitamin C did not significantly impact feed intake or breast meat quality, it emerged as a valuable antioxidant that can help lower blood triglycerides and reduce cholesterol, thus promoting better overall health and growth in broilers during stressful conditions.

Ultimately, this meta-analysis supports the use of vitamin C at a recommended dosage of 250 mg/kg as an effective growth promoter and antioxidant in broiler diets under heat stress, directly influencing cholesterol management.
9.5
Improved immunity
Most Useful Review
This is one of the best fast-acting nutritional supplements I have ever used, particularly for fertility and immunity. It’s a clean product that provides energy, improves blood circulation, and strengthens immunity. Since using it, my lethargy has disappeared, and I feel active. I previously had issues with immunity, high cholesterol, and lethargy, but now I am feeling perfect, and I am grateful to this product.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 5 Researches
7
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 22 Reviews
8.6
7
Vitamin C aids immune function
The clinical course of interstitial pneumonia alias chronic fatigue syndrome under the control of megadose vitamin C infusion system with dehydroepiandrosterone-cortisol annex.
Most Relevant Research
We examined how a combination of megadose vitamin C infusions and other treatments might help manage chronic fatigue syndrome, particularly in the context of interstitial pneumonia. Our findings were based on nearly a decade of treating patients, allowing us to gather valuable insights.

We observed that the long-term use of this treatment system significantly reduced the risk of pneumonia recurrence. It also appeared to help prevent the emergence of certain cancers in older patients suffering from interstitial pneumonia. Surprisingly, we found a link between interstitial pneumonia and an increased risk of depression, likely driven by prolonged glucocorticoid use.

While some patients showed promise under this treatment, those battling both interstitial pneumonia and depression responded less favorably. We suggested that increasing the amount of dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment could be beneficial. Throughout our experience, we noted that the characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome align closely with those of interstitial pneumonia, arguing against the notion that they should be viewed as separate conditions.

Overall, our approach not only alleviated inflammation but did not suppress the fibrotic processes in the long run. We made modifications to the treatment to lower the risks of vascular complications. The main strength of our treatment lies in creating a hormonal environment that helps tackle immune deficiencies using vitamin C, which faces lower resistance in the body compared to steroid treatments.
9.5
Energy boost
Most Useful Review
When my strength is almost depleted, I take one pill, which has an effect similar to a glass of fresh orange juice. It’s a must-have in my first aid kit!

Heart Attack

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 1 Research
7
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.6
7
Antioxidants tested for heart attacks
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Combined Antioxidant Therapy against Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: A Phase 1 Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Humans.
Most Relevant Research
In a recent clinical trial, we examined how a combination of antioxidants, including vitamin C, affects heart attack recovery. This study involved healthy participants who received either a blend of antioxidants or a placebo through an intravenous infusion. We measured the levels of vitamin C and other components in the blood, looking for signs of oxidative stress and monitoring any adverse effects.

Our findings showed that the antioxidant combination significantly increased vitamin concentrations compared to the placebo group. Moreover, we observed that this therapy seemed safe, with only mild, non-serious side effects reported in a small number of participants.

While antioxidants like vitamin C have been linked to health benefits, this study focused primarily on their safety and levels in the blood during a heart-related procedure. Although promising, we cannot definitively say that this approach improves outcomes for heart attack patients just yet. More research will be needed to explore its effectiveness further.
9.5
Heart health improvement
Most Useful Review
Excellent! Highly recommended! I have taken high doses of vitamin C to improve my heart condition. It has noticeably enhanced my skin, hair, and overall health. Despite being around many people with Covid, I have avoided infection, which I attribute to taking substantial amounts of vitamin C and also vitamin D. It is crucial to supplement with vitamin C since our bodies do not produce it, and most of us are unknowingly deficient.

Heart Disease

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 8 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.6
7
Vitamin C's uncertain heart benefits
Role of Vitamins in Cardiovascular Health: Know Your Facts - Part 1.
Most Relevant Research
We aimed to understand the role of vitamin C in heart disease and its potential cardioprotective effects. Vitamin C is renowned for its antioxidant properties, which means it fights off harmful substances in our body, potentially reducing the risk of heart issues.

Our analysis revealed that vitamin C could play a meaningful role in supporting cardiovascular health. While the evidence is promising, it is important to be cautious, as clinical studies have shown mixed results regarding its effectiveness.

So, while vitamin C might contribute positively to heart health, more solid evidence is required to fully confirm these effects. Overall, we learned that while there are positive indicators, we should be careful about over-relying on vitamin C as a sole preventive measure for heart disease.
9.5
Improved heart condition
Most Useful Review
Excellent! Highly recommended! I have been taking high doses of vitamin C for my heart disease, which has significantly improved my overall health. My skin and hair have benefited too. Despite being in contact with many Covid patients, I haven't contracted the virus, likely due to my vitamin C and D intake. Supplementing with vitamin C is crucial since our bodies cannot produce it, and many of us lack it without realising.

Leg Cramps

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Questionable
Based on 1 Research
5
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.6
5
Leg cramps treatment comparison
Calcium and magnesium status in pregnant women. A comparison between treatment with calcium and vitamin C in pregnant women with leg cramps.
Most Relevant Research
We explored the effects of vitamin C on leg cramps in a group of 60 pregnant women through a double-blind trial. Participants received either calcium or vitamin C (1 g twice daily) as treatment. Our observations revealed that there was no significant difference in clinical improvement between the two treatment groups.

Notably, 14 patients experienced complete relief from symptoms, while 27 reported significant improvement regardless of which treatment they received. Unfortunately, 17 participants found their symptoms unchanged, and only two noticed an increase in leg cramps during the treatment period.

Throughout the study, we measured serum levels of total and ionized calcium, total magnesium, and albumin, but these parameters did not show significant changes in either treatment group. We also didn’t identify any biochemical differences when comparing the effectiveness of vitamin C and calcium for alleviating cramps.

Ultimately, our findings suggest that vitamin C may not be an effective solution for leg cramps in pregnant women, as both treatments yielded similar results with minimal biochemical changes.
9.5
Reduced leg cramps
Most Useful Review
Now Foods C1000 tablets are fantastic! They've helped reduce the fat in my body. I was amazed to find lumps in my legs caused by fat, but now they feel much better, and I feel so much healthier.

Pneumonia

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
No researches found
N/A
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.6
9.5
Immunity booster
Most Useful Review
I am prone to pneumonia, so I take this vitamin C daily, usually one piece. At the first sign of a cold, I increase it to two pieces a day. I really like it and have been purchasing it for several years. I'm pleased with the results and recommend it!

Anxiety

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 1 Research
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.6
8
Vitamin C alleviates anxiety in autism
Vitamin C and Gallic Acid Ameliorate Motor Dysfunction, Cognitive Deficits, and Brain Oxidative Stress in a Valproic Acid-Induced Model of Autism.
Most Relevant Research
We set out to explore how vitamin C influences anxiety-like behaviors in a model of autism caused by valproic acid (VPA). In our study, we used fourteen female rats that underwent specific treatments to induce autism in their offspring. After a period of observation, we treated male pups with daily injections of vitamin C for four weeks. Then, we assessed their behavior to see if there were any changes in anxiety levels.

Our findings suggested that vitamin C significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviors in these rats. This outcome is particularly promising considering that autism often brings associated anxiety. By measuring various brain oxidative stress markers, we also noted improvements in mental functioning and motor skills after vitamin C treatment. Overall, our work underscores the potential benefits of vitamin C as a supportive treatment for anxiety-related issues in autism, indicating a pathway for future research and therapeutic strategies.
9.5
Reduced anxiety significantly
Most Useful Review
Vitamin C has greatly reduced my anxiety, often making it nonexistent with just 100mg a day.

Cough

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
No researches found
N/A
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.6
8.8
Prevents colds
Most Useful Review
This vitamin C is incredibly priced and has helped immensely in warding off colds. Prior to taking one tablet a day, I caught every cold my toddler brought home from daycare, enduring a sore throat, cough, and congestion for two weeks. When my toddler caught his last cold, I increased my dosage to two tablets daily and was astonished that I hardly caught anything! My husband and I will keep taking this, especially during the impending flu season. This vitamin is inexpensive and easy on the stomach, making it well worth a try for illness prevention.

Headache

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 2 Researches
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.6
8
Vitamin C intake reduces migraines
Association between dietary vitamin C intake and migraine in adults: A cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Most Relevant Research
We aimed to understand how dietary vitamin C affects migraines by analyzing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1999 to 2004. In this survey, we identified adults who reported experiencing severe headaches or migraines over the past three months.

Our findings were quite revealing. Out of 4,101 participants, 702 individuals reported having a migraine, which represents about 17% of the group. We discovered an interesting trend: higher dietary vitamin C intake seemed to correlate with a lower likelihood of experiencing migraines. Specifically, participants with the highest vitamin C intake had a 36% reduced odds of suffering from migraines compared to those with the lowest intake.

We employed various statistical methods to confirm our results, including logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression, which showed a clear linear relationship between vitamin C intake and the frequency of migraines.

Overall, this study suggests that increasing our dietary vitamin C might help minimize migraines, which is promising news for those who suffer from these intense headaches. However, as with all studies, further research is necessary to solidify these findings and fully understand the relationship between vitamin C and headache relief.
9.5
Effective for sinus headaches
Most Useful Review
This has been a life-saver for my allergic rhinitis. After many years of struggle, I discovered Vitamin C as my remedy. While I typically prefer freshly squeezed juices, I take Vitamin C pills when I feel congested or have a severe sinus headache; within a day, the headache often dissipates. This vitamin has been especially helpful during our trip to Switzerland. My husband also benefits from taking Quercetin alongside it.

Reflux

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 2 Researches
7.5
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.6
8
Vitamin C aids omeprazole therapy
Antioxidant pre-treatment prevents omeprazole-induced toxicity in an in vitro model of infectious gastritis.
Most Relevant Research
We aimed to understand how Vitamin C could help with the toxicity caused by omeprazole, a common treatment for conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastritis. During our study, we examined gastric cells from rabbits to see how Vitamin C, alongside other antioxidants, could protect these cells from damage caused by omeprazole.

We found that both omeprazole and another thiol-oxidant, monochloramine, significantly reduced cell viability. Interestingly, the toxicity from omeprazole occurred independently from monochloramine. However, we observed that using Vitamin C effectively protected the gastric cells from this injury, maintaining their function without interfering with omeprazole's intended effects.

This suggests that incorporating Vitamin C into treatment plans for people using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole could be beneficial. Ultimately, our research highlights the potential of using antioxidants to mitigate the adverse effects often associated with medication for reflux and related conditions.
9.5
No heartburn issues
Most Useful Review
NOW brand doesn’t trigger heartburn or acid reflux in my wife. We’ve tried other vitamin C brands that caused her awful heartburn. We've been using NOW vitamin C for a while now (on our second bottle) and she hasn’t experienced any heartburn or acid reflux issues. The pills are not particularly small but are manageable. I can’t recall the last time I was sick, and I genuinely believe that taking vitamin C contributes to that. I typically take two tablets a day (2000 mg total), one with breakfast and another with dinner, and I increase to four when in crowded situations.

Sore Throat

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
No researches found
N/A
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.6
9.5
Cold prevention
Most Useful Review
This vitamin C is a great price and has been tremendously effective in warding off colds. Before I began taking one tablet a day, I caught every cold my toddler brought home from daycare and endured two weeks with a sore throat, cough, and congestion. When my toddler caught his last cold, I felt I was coming down with it, so I upped my dosage to two tablets daily. I was amazed at how I barely caught anything! My husband and I will continue taking this, especially with winter flu season approaching.

Blood Clot

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Questionable
Based on 6 Researches
6.7
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.5
9
Vitamin C enhances blood clotting
Ascorbic acid improves thrombotic function of platelets during living donor liver transplantation by modulating the function of the E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b.
Most Relevant Research
We sought to understand how ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C, impacts blood clotting during living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). In our study, we analyzed blood samples from 21 recipients before and after their surgeries.

We employed a well-structured approach, using rotational thromboelastography (TEG) and western blot analysis to scrutinize fibrinolysis and the functionality of specific proteins involved in clotting. Blood samples were tested in three distinct groups, one receiving vitamin C, to see its effects on clot rigidity and fibrinolysis.

Our findings revealed that ascorbic acid notably reduced fibrinolysis, which refers to the breakdown of blood clots, and improved the rigidity of the clots formed. Additionally, we observed that levels of a protein called Cbl-b were higher in those receiving vitamin C, while another protein, c-Cbl, showed reduced phosphorylation. These functional changes might explain how vitamin C supports better clotting during surgeries.

This study indicates that vitamin C could be a beneficial treatment to consider during LDLT to manage hyperfibrinolysis, thus promoting better outcomes for patients undergoing these complex procedures.
8
Strengthens blood vessels
Most Useful Review
I started taking vitamin C to strengthen my blood vessels, as chronic deficiency of vitamin C contributes to rosacea. It bolsters the walls of blood vessels and boosts collagen synthesis. The absorption is enhanced with rutin and citrus bioflavonoids. Though the tablets are sizeable, they are easy to swallow and do not cause stomach discomfort when taken after breakfast. However, I won’t order Ester-C again, as it is organic and fully absorbed by the body.

Liver Disease

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 11 Researches
7.9
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 4 Reviews
8.5
9
Vitamin C reduces liver injury
The Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Hepatic Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury in Wistar Rats: An Experimental Study.
Most Relevant Research
We evaluated how vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, can help protect the liver during procedures that temporarily cut off blood flow—a process known as ischaemia followed by reperfusion. In this study, we used thirty-six male Wistar rats, split into control groups and experimental ones. Each group received the same total dose of vitamin C, administered at different times: either before the ischaemia, before the reperfusion, or both.

Our findings showed that the animals given vitamin C before both the ischaemia and reperfusion had improved outcomes. They had lower levels of liver enzymes, indicating less liver damage, and showed reduced inflammation. Additionally, their portal blood flow was better when compared to the other groups. Overall, our results suggest that administering vitamin C at specific times can significantly reduce liver injury associated with ischaemia-reperfusion.

This study highlights the potential of vitamin C as a protective agent in situations where liver damage is a concern during surgeries or treatments involving blood flow disruption.
7
Enhanced iron absorption
Most Useful Review
This product is excellent, particularly when taken with beef liver pills. It significantly aids in boosting iron levels in the body. I highly recommend it, especially for its role in enhancing iron absorption.

Bronchitis

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 6 Researches
7.3
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.5
9
Vitamin C aids bronchitis resistance
Ascorbic acid and infectious bronchitis infections in broilers.
Most Relevant Research
We explored how supplementing the diet of broiler chicks with different levels of vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, impacts their resistance to infectious bronchitis virus. The goal was to determine whether this supplement could help improve their health by measuring the severity of tracheal lesions and the presence of airsacculitis after exposure to the virus.

Our findings indicated that the effectiveness of vitamin C was dose-dependent. We observed that adding between 300 to 330 parts per million (ppm) of ascorbic acid to their feed yielded the best protective results. Interestingly, when we looked at higher concentrations—beyond 600 ppm—the benefits seemed to diminish. This suggests that while vitamin C can be beneficial, there's a suitable range for its effectiveness.

Overall, this study highlights the potential of vitamin C as a useful dietary addition for enhancing the health of broilers facing bronchitis. Yet, it's clear that more isn't always better when it comes to dosage, and finding that sweet spot is crucial for maximizing its effectiveness.
8.8
Strong immune support
Most Useful Review
These Vitamin C capsules exceeded my expectations. I was feeling quite unwell for a while, with a persistent cough and body aches, and had bronchitis for the past two years. After starting these vitamins, my immune system felt revitalised, and I began to improve. However, be cautious of sucking on the tablets as they can cause burns on your tongue. Instead, chew them in half before swallowing. You notice a difference quickly, especially when feeling unwell.

Influenza

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 6 Researches
7.3
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.5
7
Vitamin C's unclear influenza impact
The Role of Some Vitamins in Respiratory-related Viral Infections: A Narrative Review.
Most Relevant Research
We explored the relationship between vitamin C and influenza, delving into various studies conducted from 2000 to June 2021. In our analysis of the research, we found eleven studies that specifically examined the effects of vitamin C on influenza.

While some of these studies reported positive outcomes, we should note that the isolated benefits of vitamin C can be hard to determine. This is primarily because some studies included additional treatments, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about vitamin C alone.

Overall, we observed that while there is some interest and preliminary evidence regarding the efficacy of vitamin C in preventing or treating influenza, its stand-alone effectiveness remains somewhat unclear.

Continued research should help clarify how much vitamin C can truly contribute to combating influenza.
8.8
Vitamin C essential
Most Useful Review
I am astonished that the benefits of Vitamin C are not more widely publicised. After a severe cold last summer, I now supplement with it daily, especially since it may halve the duration of illnesses like influenza. The NOW product meets my expectations perfectly.

Urinary Tract Infection

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 10 Researches
7.1
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.5
9
Vitamin C shows promise for UTIs
Network analysis, and human and animal studies disclose the anticystitis glandularis effects of vitamin C.
Most Relevant Research
We explored how vitamin C (VC) might help in treating cystitis glandularis (CG), a condition often linked with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Utilizing network pharmacology, we identified potential therapeutic targets of VC and the biological pathways it may influence to alleviate CG symptoms.

Our study involved both bioinformatic analyses and real-world observations, including human and animal studies. Through these methodologies, we pinpointed key biomarkers associated with CG, such as TNF-α, IL6, and c-Jun, which were notably elevated in patient samples.

Encouragingly, when VC was administered to mice with CG, we observed a significant decrease in these inflammatory markers in both blood and bladder samples. This suggests that VC could play a beneficial role in reducing symptoms associated with UTIs by targeting these key molecular pathways.
8.8
Vitamin C benefits
Most Useful Review
I was looking for a vitamin C capsule that isn't unpleasant to swallow or harsh on the stomach. This one is perfect. I prefer ascorbic acid vitamin C because it may help prevent urinary tract infections. Plus, vitamin C is vital for immunity among other benefits. While it might not be a focus for many, I take these twice daily, and they might as well be enjoyable.

Back Pain

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Questionable
Based on 4 Researches
5.3
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.4
4
Vitamin C's limited impact on pain
The Efficacy of Vitamin C on Postoperative Outcomes after Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Most Relevant Research
We conducted a year-long study to investigate the effects of vitamin C on postoperative pain and recovery after a specific type of spine surgery known as posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we worked with 123 patients, dividing them into two groups: one receiving vitamin C and the other a placebo.

Our main focus was to see how vitamin C influenced lower back pain measured by a visual analogue scale. While we found that there was no significant difference in pain levels at the one-year mark between the two groups, there was a silver lining. We observed that vitamin C appeared to enhance functional improvement, especially within the first three months after surgery.

So, while vitamin C didn’t seem to directly reduce pain intensity after surgery, it could play a role in supporting early recovery and everyday function. This finding may encourage further exploration into vitamin C's potential benefits in postoperative care for patients undergoing spine surgeries.
7
Improved back pain
Most Useful Review
Excellent ingredients! Suitable for adults, especially calcium and vitamin C, as the latter enhances absorption. The packaging is practical and the benefits are significant, particularly in strengthening bones and alleviating knee and back pain. This combination with zinc is wonderful for compensating for vitamin C deficiency. While the taste is bland, the results, especially for back pain, are impressive.

Cardiovascular Disease

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 4 Researches
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.4
7
Vitamin C enhances NK cell proliferation
Proliferation capability of natural killer cells upon cytokines stimulation correlated negatively with serum lactate dehydrogenase level in coronary artery disease patients.
Most Relevant Research
We explored the effects of vitamin C on natural killer (NK) cell activity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Our research involved isolating NK cells from 29 CAD patients and treating them with various stimulatory factors, including ascorbic acid—better known as vitamin C.

What we found was quite interesting: when NK cells were treated with ascorbic acid, there was a significant increase in their ability to proliferate. This meant that the NK cells were more active and potentially more effective in responding to threats in the body, which is vital for those dealing with heart conditions.

Furthermore, we measured serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, discovering a negative correlation between LDH and NK cell activity. Higher LDH levels seemed to indicate lower proliferation capability in NK cells influenced by interleukins.

Overall, our study suggests that vitamin C could play a positive role in enhancing immune function in CAD patients by promoting NK cell proliferation. However, it's important to note that while vitamin C shows promise, further research is needed to fully understand its impact on cardiovascular health and immune regulation.
9.5
Blood pressure control
Most Useful Review
This product is beneficial for my health. I take it to support good cardiovascular health, which reduces my need for medical intervention. At 71, my blood pressure is normal, comparable to that of a younger person. I prioritize nutrition, avoiding sugar, alcohol, and smoking.

Anemia

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 8 Researches
7.9
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 12 Reviews
8.3
9
Vitamin C aids anemia treatment
The Forgotten Disease in the 21st Century: Scurvy Outbreak in Hawassa Central Prison, Hawassa, Sidama, Southern Ethiopia, 2023.
Most Relevant Research
We observed a fascinating phenomenon related to vitamin C and anemia during a series of cases in a prison setting in Ethiopia. Specifically, we examined how scurvy, a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C, contributed to anemia among prisoners.

Our study focused on ten patients who were admitted for treatment, all of whom presented with some form of leg swelling or pain. After administering vitamin C in the form of ascorbic acid, we noted a significant increase in hemoglobin levels, rising from an average of 4.6 to 7.1 g/dL. This improvement indicates that vitamin C may play a crucial role in alleviating some anemia symptoms when the underlying cause is related to dietary deficiencies.

Additionally, through an observational study involving 67 other patients in the same prison, we confirmed that leg swelling and pain were common symptoms among those affected. With consistent therapeutic doses of vitamin C, all patients showed considerable improvement in their conditions.

Thus, we can conclude that vitamin C does seem to have a valuable effect on anemia caused by dietary deficiencies, particularly in high-risk environments like prisons. This finding encourages healthcare providers to remain vigilant about such nutritional deficiencies and highlights the importance of vitamin C in treatment.
8.8
Reduced fatigue
Most Useful Review
I've taken vitamin C consistently and feel much more cheerful despite my hidden anemia and constant fatigue. During winter, upon feeling ill, I took a hefty dose three times a day and was pleasantly surprised that the usual cold did not develop as it typically would over four days. I'm very satisfied and will be ordering more. The tablets are large, and I find them difficult to swallow, but the results have been worth it.

Hypothyroidism

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 11 Researches
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.3
7
Vitamin C may lower hypothyroidism risk
Association between total vitamin C intake and hypothyroidism among Hashimoto thyroiditis: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2012.
Most Relevant Research
We set out to examine how total vitamin C intake might influence hypothyroidism in individuals with Hashimoto thyroiditis, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2007 and 2012. Our study utilized multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses to uncover possible associations.

What we found was quite intriguing. There was a clear negative linear relationship between total vitamin C intake and hypothyroidism. Specifically, participants who consumed higher amounts of vitamin C had a significantly lower likelihood of developing hypothyroidism. Those in the top quartile of vitamin C intake were about 60% less likely to have hypothyroidism compared to those in the lowest quartile.

This pattern remained consistent across different age groups and sexes, further emphasizing the potential benefits of vitamin C for individuals with Hashimoto's. Our findings suggest that increasing vitamin C intake may be a simple and effective strategy for reducing the risk of hypothyroidism in those affected. The data indicates that consuming between 4.57 and 1258.9 mg/day of vitamin C could be beneficial.

Overall, our research adds to the understanding of how antioxidants like vitamin C can play a role in thyroid health, encouraging us to consider dietary sources of this vital vitamin for those managing Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
6.8
Supports adrenal health
Most Useful Review
Hypothyroidism in Ukraine is my main concern. I take vitamin C to aid my liver and restore my adrenal glands. It's a good antioxidant. The size is substantial, but its elongated shape makes it easy to swallow. The packaging is large. If you find it beneficial, please like it.

Knee Pain

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 11 Researches
7.9
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.3
9
Vitamin C for knee pain relief
Skeletal manifestations of scurvy: a case report from dubai.
Most Relevant Research
We observed an intriguing case involving a 4.5-year-old boy who developed significant knee pain due to a rare nutritional deficiency, scurvy. This condition stemmed from his exclusive intake of meat over the past two years, resulting in skeletal issues and inflammation in multiple joints, including his knees.

Upon examination, the child exhibited several symptoms, including pain, swelling, and an inability to walk. Standard blood tests primarily indicated anemia, but X-rays revealed alarming conditions related to scurvy, such as delayed bone age and severe osteopenia. This alarming picture led us to the conclusion that vitamin C deficiency was the underlying culprit behind his knee pain and skeletal issues.

After initiating vitamin C therapy, we noted a remarkable reduction in pain and swelling over the next two months. The child’s condition improved significantly, allowing him to walk again, and follow-up X-rays confirmed the positive changes in his bone health. This case clearly illustrates how vitamin C can effectively alleviate knee pain related to scurvy and reinforces the importance of proper nutrition for overall skeletal health.
8.3
Reduced knee pain
Most Useful Review
Megavitamin therapy with B50, E400, and protein has effectively reduced the sluggishness in my legs and knees the following day.

Sleep Apnea

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 11 Researches
7.5
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 4 Reviews
8.2
9
Vitamin C improves sleep apnea endothelial function
Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea.
Most Relevant Research
We evaluated how vitamin C might improve endothelial function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In our study, we compared 10 individuals with untreated OSA to 10 matched control subjects without sleep issues. We measured how well blood vessels reacted to increased blood flow, known as flow-mediated dilation (FMD), using ultrasound before and after administering vitamin C.

Our findings revealed a significant difference: baseline FMD was lower in OSA patients compared to the control group. However, after an intravenous injection of vitamin C, the FMD in OSA patients improved dramatically, reaching levels similar to those seen in the healthy controls. Interestingly, vasoreactivity in the control subjects remained unchanged.

These results suggest that oxidative stress might be a key factor contributing to the endothelial dysfunction experienced by individuals with OSA. The positive response to vitamin C opens up exciting possibilities for exploring antioxidant treatments in managing cardiovascular issues related to OSA.
7.5
Falling asleep easier
Most Useful Review
I bought this vitamin C simply for a supplement, but I found that taking it before bed helps me fall asleep. I've struggled with sleep apnea and insomnia for years, relying on Chinese medicine; however, since using it, I notice it significantly aids my ability to sleep better.

Allergies

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 1 Research
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 18 Reviews
8.1
8
Pleuran and Vitamin C aid asthma
Beneficial effects of pleuran on asthma control and respiratory tract-infection frequency in children with perennial asthma.
Most Relevant Research
We conducted a thorough evaluation of how vitamin C, when combined with pleuran, impacts asthma control and respiratory issues in children suffering from perennial asthma. The study was meticulously designed as a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 230 children aged 7 to 17 years. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers knew who was receiving the active treatment or the placebo, ensuring the findings were reliable.

The results were promising, especially for children under 12 years. They showed significant improvements in asthma control compared to those receiving only the placebo treatment. Meanwhile, older children (12 years and above) experienced fewer respiratory infections with the combination treatment. Overall, by the end of the 48 weeks, a majority of children on the pleuran and vitamin C treatment reported better asthma control compared to those on the placebo.

While the combination of pleuran and vitamin C was indeed beneficial for managing asthma, we must note that the study did not specifically isolate the effect of vitamin C alone on allergies or asthma. Thus, it is hard to draw definitive conclusions about vitamin C's effectiveness independently from pleuran. However, the approach suggested that using these supplements together could offer a helpful boost in managing asthma symptoms.
9.5
Effective vitamin C
Most Useful Review
A life saver for people with allergic rhinitis! I suffered for years until I discovered that Vitamin C was the remedy for me. I prefer drinking freshly squeezed orange or grapefruit juice, but it’s impractical every day. When my nose starts to feel stuffed, I take a couple of Vitamin C tablets and feel better the next day. If I have a terrible sinus headache, I take 3 or 4 tablets at night and wake up headache-free. This vitamin was incredibly helpful during our January trip to Switzerland.

Pelvic Pain

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
No researches found
N/A
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 2 Reviews
8.1
8.3
Decreased pelvic pain
Most Useful Review
Very good; I've been taking this for about a month and a half, and I've noticed a difference in my health. I've become more active, and my pelvic pain has lessened. I hope to see even more results with continued use. It’s gentle on the stomach, and the pill is a normal size, making it easy to swallow. I highly recommend this brand, having purchased vitamins and supplements from them several times.

Bone Pain

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
No researches found
N/A
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 13 Reviews
8
8.8
Strengthens immune system
Most Useful Review
This product remarkably strengthens the immune system and bones, helping absorb folic acid. The tablets are large; my husband and I take them twice daily. We're very pleased with the effects, particularly in reducing bone pain. Highly recommended for everyone!

Cold Sores

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 3 Researches
8.3
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 28 Reviews
8
9
Vitamin C alleviates cold sores
Topical treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes with ascorbic acid-containing solution.
Most Relevant Research
We investigated how an ascorbic acid-based solution could help treat recurrent cold sores, also known as mucocutaneous herpes. This study was carefully designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which helps ensure the results are reliable and trustworthy.

Participants used a strong solution of Ascoxal, rich in vitamin C, applied to their cold sores multiple times on the first day of the outbreak. We monitored various symptoms daily, including the severity of scabs, redness, and blisters, comparing the experiences of those using the vitamin C solution to a placebo group.

Our findings were promising: the active treatment resulted in fewer days with scabbing and less severe symptoms overall. Moreover, those using the vitamin C solution showed reduced persistence of scabs compared to the placebo group, along with a lower frequency of detected herpes virus after treatment.

In conclusion, this brief course of vitamin C treatment appears to have significant clinical benefits against cold sores, opening the door for future research on more extensive and frequent treatment regimes.
9.5
Effective for recovery
Most Useful Review
Great! My stomach feels fine, and I take this for my skin and general health. When I catch a cold or have skin irritation, taking one tablet every one to two hours helps me recover in just one day. It's an essential product.

Heartburn

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 1 Research
8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 20 Reviews
8
8
Vitamin C reduces heartburn symptoms
The safety and efficacy of 2% vitamin C solution spray for relief of mucosal irritation caused by Lugol chromoendoscopy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel trial.
Most Relevant Research
We investigated how vitamin C, specifically in the form of a 2% vitamin C solution spray, could help alleviate heartburn symptoms following Lugol chromoendoscopy, a procedure that involves staining the esophagus to better visualize abnormalities. In a well-structured study with 240 participants, we used a randomized, double-blind approach to compare the effectiveness of vitamin C to normal saline and sodium thiosulfate solutions.

Our results showed that vitamin C spray significantly reduced both acute heartburn symptoms and late discomfort when compared to the saline solution. Specifically, 33% of participants using vitamin C reported relief from acid regurgitation or heartburn, compared to just 15% with sodium thiosulfate. Additionally, patients noted an improvement in retrosternal pain, with 21% finding relief from the vitamin C treatment versus 9% from sodium thiosulfate.

Furthermore, vitamin C offered a quicker discoloration of the iodine-stained mucosa compared to saline, enhancing the overall experience of the procedure. These findings suggest that incorporating vitamin C spray into post-procedural care could be a helpful strategy for patients facing discomfort after undergoing Lugol chromoendoscopy.
9.5
No heartburn
Most Useful Review
NOW brand doesn't give my wife heartburn or acid reflux, unlike other vitamin C brands we’ve tried. We have been using it for a while now and she hasn’t had any issues. The tablets are manageable to swallow, and I believe that taking vitamin C is why I haven't fallen ill recently. I take two a day, which I find beneficial.

Acne

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 16 Researches
7.6
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 21 Reviews
7.8
9
Vitamin C shows effectiveness for acne
Sodium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate 5% lotion for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
Most Relevant Research
In our recent study, we set out to explore the effectiveness of a 5% sodium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate lotion, a stable form of vitamin C, for treating acne. We conducted a double-blind, controlled trial with 50 participants over 12 weeks, where half used the vitamin C lotion and the other half received a placebo.

Our findings revealed significant improvements in acne symptoms for those using the vitamin C lotion compared to the placebo group. We measured outcomes through various assessments, including a global evaluation by investigators and self-reported assessments by the subjects, along with lesion counts.

The results showed that the vitamin C lotion was not only effective but also well-tolerated, with side effects similar to those seen with the placebo. This adds a promising tool to the options available for acne treatment, suggesting that vitamin C might play a valuable role in skincare regimens aimed at combating acne.

Overall, our study supports the idea that vitamin C, in the form of sodium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate, can help reduce acne, making it a noteworthy addition to acne treatment strategies.
9.5
Acne largely controlled
Most Useful Review
Keeps my acne at bay!!! This product is a holy grail for managing my acne. While I attempt to maintain a healthy diet, I still experience back acne. However, since taking 2000-4000 mg of vitamin C daily, my skin remains 90% clear. I do get occasional acne just before my period, but I used to break out daily; this has truly cured a significant issue for me!

Chest Pain

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 13 Researches
8.3
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 7 Reviews
7.5
9
Vitamin C improves coronary response
Effect of ascorbic acid on endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in chronic smokers assessed by cold pressor testing.
Most Relevant Research
We explored the effects of vitamin C on chest pain in chronic smokers experiencing endothelial dysfunction. In our study, 31 patients, who were undergoing diagnostic catheterization without significant coronary artery issues, participated in a controlled trial. They were given either an IV infusion of 3 grams of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or a placebo saline solution before undergoing a cold pressor test to assess their coronary artery response.

The results were telling. Smokers typically showed a decrease in luminal area—an indicator of blood flow—during the cold pressor test. However, after infusing vitamin C, this response shifted positively, demonstrating improved blood flow through a vasodilation effect. On the other hand, those who received the placebo did not experience significant changes.

This means that for chronic smokers, acute administration of vitamin C appears to enhance the function of the endothelium, which is vital for proper blood vessel health and managing chest pain. Ultimately, we observed that vitamin C may help prevent the inactivation of nitric oxide, a compound that supports healthy blood flow, and this effect could be crucial for managing cardiovascular health in smokers.
8.3
No pain experienced
Most Useful Review
I was initially concerned due to mild chest pain from vitamin C previously, but this one did not cause any discomfort. The pills are large and thick; I sometimes crush them to mix with drinks, which can be a nuisance. I try to avoid taking it excessively.

Kidney Stones

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Questionable
Based on 8 Researches
6.9
USERS' SCORE
Medium or Average
Based on 5 Reviews
6.3
4
Vitamin C intake risks explored
Total, Dietary, and Supplemental Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Incident Kidney Stones.
Most Relevant Research
We examined the relationship between vitamin C intake and the risk of developing kidney stones in a large cohort. This study included a significant number of participants: 156,735 women from the Nurses' Health Studies and 40,536 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.

Our findings revealed that total and supplemental vitamin C intake was linked to a higher risk of kidney stones in men, but there was no such association evident in women. Specifically, among men, those who consumed higher amounts of vitamin C had greater likelihoods of developing stones when compared to those with lower intakes.

However, dietary vitamin C did not show a connection with kidney stones in either men or women. This suggests that while supplements may pose risks for men, dietary sources of vitamin C might not have the same impact. Overall, the study indicates that we should be cautious about high vitamin C supplement consumption, especially for men, while highlighting that dietary intake appears safe.
3.8
Kidney stone concerns
Most Useful Review
The composition of ascorbic acid is beneficial and the dosage is appropriate, especially for athletes. There are no harmful additives, yet I must caution that ascorbic acid can settle in the kidneys and possibly cause kidney stones.
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