Iron improves cold anammox processesMechanism of nano-scale zero-valent iron modified biochar for enhancing low-nitrogen anammox process resistance to low temperatures.
Iron impact needs isolation
We explored the effects of adding nano-scale zero-valent iron modified biochar (nZVI@BC) to two different anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) systems. Our goal was to determine whether this iron-enhanced biochar could improve the cold resistance of low-nitrogen anammox processes during cold conditions.
The results were striking. At lower temperatures, the system with nZVI@BC maintained a robust nitrogen removal efficiency of around 80%. In comparison, the system with regular biochar saw its efficiency drop to about 69.49%, showing that iron truly makes a difference in cold performance.
We also noted that the biomass enriched with nZVI@BC contained significantly more heme-c, a vital component that contributes to the biological processes in these systems. Plus, the addition of nZVI@BC led to more extracellular polymeric substances and better granulation of the biomass, as well as an increased number of anammox bacteria, all of which play crucial roles in maintaining effective nitrogen removal.
Importantly, specific anammox genes proved essential in keeping nitrogen removal performance high, even at chilly temperatures of 15°C. Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating iron-modified biochar may be a game-changer for treating low-nitrogen wastewater in cold environments.
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Iron improves cold toleranceDihydroporphyrin iron (III) enhances low temperature tolerance by increasing carbon and nitrogen metabolism in .
Direct effect of iron on cold
We investigated how dihydroporphyrin iron (DH-Fe) acts as a plant growth regulator, particularly in enhancing cold tolerance. Our research focused on plants that are usually sensitive to low temperatures, finding that DH-Fe plays a vital role in helping these plants cope with cold stress by using different concentrations of this treatment.
Through our study, we applied varying levels of DH-Fe to see how it impacts carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as oxidative stress responses, when plants were exposed to low temperatures. Notably, we observed that DH-Fe significantly reduces oxidative stress and other harmful effects associated with cold exposure. For instance, it reduced certain sugars while simultaneously boosting the activity of enzymes crucial for sugar breakdown and nitrogen assimilation.
Among the various findings, we noted that a concentration of 20 μg·L of DH-Fe was particularly effective, improving the overall health and resilience of the plants against low temperatures. This suggests that by applying the right amount of iron, we can potentially mitigate the negative effects of cold weather on sensitive plant species, providing a fresh perspective on how to enhance cold tolerance through nutrient management.
Overall, our findings shine a light on how incorporating iron into agricultural practices might be a practical strategy for improving plant resilience to cold stress.
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Selenium and iron boost cold toleranceGATA3-COMT1-Melatonin as Upstream Signaling of ABA Participated in Se-Enhanced Cold Tolerance by Regulate Iron Uptake and Distribution in Cucumis sativus L.
Investigated iron's role in cold
We investigated how selenium supports cucumber seedlings in coping with cold stress, with a surprising focus on iron. As we delved into this, we found that the levels of abscisic acid, a crucial plant hormone, changed significantly when selenite was applied during cold conditions. This suggested a noteworthy interaction between selenium and iron in improving the resilience of cucumber plants.
Our study revealed that iron uptake and distribution played a vital role in how effectively selenium mitigated cold injury. By conducting a thorough examination of gene expression in the leaves and roots of the cucumber seedlings, we highlighted the importance of these processes.
To better understand the relationship between abscisic acid and melatonin in response to selenium application, we used specific inhibitors to dig deeper. Our findings indicated that melatonin, acting as a signal before abscisic acid, is integral to how selenium boosts cold tolerance in cucumbers. We also discovered that the transcription factor CsGATA3 influences the expression of the gene CsCOMT1, which affects melatonin levels, further linking these elements to iron uptake.
Overall, we provided crucial insights that can aid in cucumber cultivation and breeding efforts, especially regarding enhancing cold tolerance through careful management of selenium and iron.
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In this study, we explored how cold deformation and heat treatments affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-15Cr-25Ni superalloys. By investigating varying processing methods, we sought to understand the relationship between these treatments and the strength and durability of the material.
We observed that cold drawing enhances tensile and yield strength, primarily due to increased grain refinement and dislocation density. However, this process comes with a trade-off, leading to reduced elongation or ductility. After undergoing solid-solution treatment, we noted a significant number of particles dissolving into the matrix, which decreased dislocation density and, consequently, the strength of the material while improving plasticity.
Following aging, the presence of a substantial amount of γ' phase contributed to enhanced strength through the combined effects of dislocation and second-phase strengthening. Interestingly, the alloy's strength in the aged state was found to surpass that of the cold-drawn state due to these strengthening mechanisms working together.
Overall, our findings provide valuable insights for the industrial production of Fe-15Cr-25Ni superalloys, highlighting the delicate balance between strength and ductility during processing.
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Iron's unclear role in cold toleranceEffect of seed priming with zinc, iron and selenium on the low temperature tolerance of Nicotiana tabacum L. during seed germination.
Iron's effects not isolated
We investigated how different microelements, particularly iron, influence the cold tolerance of tobacco seeds. In our exploration, we primed two cold-sensitive tobacco varieties with zinc sulfate, iron sulfate, and sodium selenate. This priming was aimed at boosting seed vigor and enhancing germination rates under low temperatures, specifically at 11 °C.
While all three elements contributed to improvements in seed vigor and germination, the effect of iron alone was less clear. In the context of our findings, iron treatment was assessed alongside zinc and selenium, making it difficult to isolate its specific benefits on cold tolerance. However, selenium emerged as a standout in promoting seed vitality, showing significant improvements, especially in the YY85 variety.
Overall, while we noted some enhancements with iron, its isolated effect on enhancing cold tolerance was not distinctly demonstrated in our study, leaving us with a more complex picture of its role among the other treatments.
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