We explored the potential of N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine, a compound often used as a dietary supplement for osteoarthritis (OA), to provide effective relief from this chronic joint condition. Our research focused on a series of newly developed prodrugs, specifically targeting ways to enhance the compound's absorption and effectiveness within the body.
We found that some modified versions of N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine, known as O-3 and O-4 phosphate prodrugs, demonstrated significant chondroprotective effects in vitro. In simple terms, this means they helped protect and support cartilage health, which is vital for those suffering from OA. Notably, the prodrugs that included a specific amino acid called (L)-proline were particularly effective, even outperforming earlier versions.
Overall, our findings suggest that these novel compounds hold promise as new leads in the search for more effective treatments for osteoarthritis. They signify a positive step toward improving the management of this painful and degenerative joint disease.
Read More
8
N-acetyl glucosamine aids arthritis treatment
Collagen-induced arthritis: severity and immune response attenuation using multivalent N-acetyl glucosamine.
We explored how N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) could help in treating collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Through a thorough analysis, we discovered that GlcNAc reduced inflammation and altered immune responses. Notably, it minimized the severity and even delayed the onset of arthritis symptoms in a significant number of cases. While it showed promise in alleviating inflammation and clinical symptoms associated with arthritis, it's essential to understand that further research is needed for broader human applications. This study may pave the way for innovative approaches to arthritis treatment.
Read More
8
N-acetylglucosamine derivatives show promise
Novel biologically active series of N-acetylglucosamine derivatives for the suppressive activities on GAG release.
We focused our research on the potential of N-acetylglucosamine, a modified form of glucosamine, to impact osteoarthritis, a common degenerative joint disease. Our investigations revealed that N-acetylglucosamine could enhance the oral bioavailability of glucosamine and is reported to have better in vitro chondroprotective effects compared to its parent compound.
To delve deeper into this, we examined N-acetylglucosamine derivatives modified specifically at the N position, using different chemical groups such as benzenesulfonyl and isoxazole. Among the many compounds we tested, we found that the derivatives with 3-(2-chlorobenzene)-5-methyl-isoxazole formyl chloride and p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride were particularly effective at promoting chondrocyte health in our laboratory studies.
Our findings suggest that these newly developed compounds may hold promise as future treatments for osteoarthritis by enhancing joint health and potentially improving the quality of life for those affected by this condition.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Pain relief
15 people found this helpful
I discovered this supplement by chance on the iHerb website. I suffer from various food allergies, digestive issues, and arthritis. After a difficult weekend with an upset stomach and aching arthritis, I began taking this supplement. My stomach felt soothed immediately, and my arthritis pain vanished. I can hardly believe the improvement in my arthritis and digestion. I have no plans to stop taking this supplement.
Read More
7.5
Minimal discomfort
11 people found this helpful
This glucosamine product helps my system significantly. It manages my irritable bowel syndrome and alleviates my back and muscle pain. While I take it, I can keep any discomfort to a minimum. Thank you, iHerb, for providing this product for my benefit.
Read More
9
Effective for osteoarthritis
9 people found this helpful
Sodium-free and the most effective I've tried, this product greatly alleviates my osteoarthritis pain and improves my mobility. I switched brands recently, but it was nearly twice the cost and ineffective. Upon returning to this brand, the pain subsided remarkably. Highly recommended.
We explored the potential of N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine, a compound often used as a dietary supplement for osteoarthritis (OA), to provide effective relief from this chronic joint condition. Our research focused on a series of newly developed prodrugs, specifically targeting ways to enhance the compound's absorption and effectiveness within the body.
We found that some modified versions of N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine, known as O-3 and O-4 phosphate prodrugs, demonstrated significant chondroprotective effects in vitro. In simple terms, this means they helped protect and support cartilage health, which is vital for those suffering from OA. Notably, the prodrugs that included a specific amino acid called (L)-proline were particularly effective, even outperforming earlier versions.
Overall, our findings suggest that these novel compounds hold promise as new leads in the search for more effective treatments for osteoarthritis. They signify a positive step toward improving the management of this painful and degenerative joint disease.
Read More
8
Movardol® shows promise for OA
Movardol® (N-acetylglucosamine, Boswellia serrata, ginger) supplementation in the management of knee osteoarthritis: preliminary results from a 6-month registry study.
This registry study involved 54 individuals with moderate knee osteoarthritis. Participants chose between standard management and an enhanced treatment that included Movardol®, which contains N-acetyl-glucosamine, ginger, and Boswellia serrata.
Over six months, we assessed a range of outcomes, such as pain levels, mobility, and inflammatory markers. The preliminary findings suggest that Movardol® supplementation is both effective and safe for managing knee osteoarthritis symptoms.
Overall, this points to a promising option for those seeking relief from their condition.
Read More
8
N-acetyl glucosamine shows cartilage benefits
Comparison of the chondroprotective effect of a novel hydrogel compound and traditional hyaluronate on rat cartilage in a papain-induced osteoarthritis model.
We examined a new hydrogel containing N-acetyl glucosamine to see how it helps treat early-stage osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. Using a controlled setup, we compared it to traditional hyaluronate treatment. After injections, we noted significant improvements in cartilage health and proteoglycan content in the new compound group compared to those receiving traditional treatment.
This promising result suggests that the novel hydrogel could offer enhanced cartilage protection during early OA, potentially leading to better arthritis management options in the future.
Read More
8
N-acetyl glucosamine benefits knee function
Effects of N-acetyl glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplementation on knee pain and self-reported knee function in middle-aged and older Japanese adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
We examined the effects of a 24-week treatment with N-acetyl glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on knee pain and function in older adults. Our study involved 50 participants who received either the treatment or a placebo.
After 12 weeks, we observed positive outcomes in self-reported knee function and overall physical activity among those taking the supplements. However, we did not find significant changes in pain levels compared to the control group.
Overall, this suggests that long-term use of N-acetyl glucosamine may benefit knee function in individuals experiencing pain or stiffness.
Read More
8
N-acetyl glucosamine aids arthritis treatment
Collagen-induced arthritis: severity and immune response attenuation using multivalent N-acetyl glucosamine.
We explored how N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) could help in treating collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Through a thorough analysis, we discovered that GlcNAc reduced inflammation and altered immune responses. Notably, it minimized the severity and even delayed the onset of arthritis symptoms in a significant number of cases. While it showed promise in alleviating inflammation and clinical symptoms associated with arthritis, it's essential to understand that further research is needed for broader human applications. This study may pave the way for innovative approaches to arthritis treatment.
I discovered this supplement by chance on the iHerb website. I suffer from various food allergies, digestive issues, and arthritis. After a difficult weekend with an upset stomach and aching arthritis, I began taking this supplement. My stomach felt soothed immediately, and my arthritis pain vanished. I can hardly believe the improvement in my arthritis and digestion. I have no plans to stop taking this supplement.
Read More
7.5
Minimal discomfort
11 people found this helpful
This glucosamine product helps my system significantly. It manages my irritable bowel syndrome and alleviates my back and muscle pain. While I take it, I can keep any discomfort to a minimum. Thank you, iHerb, for providing this product for my benefit.
Read More
9
Effective for osteoarthritis
9 people found this helpful
Sodium-free and the most effective I've tried, this product greatly alleviates my osteoarthritis pain and improves my mobility. I switched brands recently, but it was nearly twice the cost and ineffective. Upon returning to this brand, the pain subsided remarkably. Highly recommended.
Read More
7.5
Improved mobility
8 people found this helpful
I initially purchased this for a lower intestine issue, and within two weeks, I noticed effects that might also benefit my hip arthritis. I've been moving with more ease in recent months. Based on the reviews, I also bought a bottle for my daughter with a back issue and my elderly mother for her gas problems. My mother's situation has definitely improved.
Read More
7.5
Positive effects
4 people found this helpful
This supplement is different from typical commercial arthritis products. I switched from glucosamine to N-acetyl glucosamine after reading about its benefits for interstitial cystitis. It seems to be helping both my arthritis and IC.
Arthritis is a general term that refers to inflammation of the joints, which can lead to pain, stiffness, and swelling. It encompasses over 100 different types, with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis being the most common. Osteoarthritis, often associated with aging, occurs when the cartilage that cushions the joints wears down over time. In contrast, rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, leading to chronic inflammation and potential disability if left untreated.
Symptoms of arthritis can vary widely depending on the type but typically include joint pain, swelling, reduced range of motion, and sometimes fatigue. Diagnosis usually involves a combination of physical exams, imaging tests, and blood tests. While there is currently no cure for arthritis, various treatments ranging from lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, and medications can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. For those affected, seeking early diagnosis and intervention is crucial for slowing disease progression and preserving joint function.
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) is a naturally occurring amino sugar and a derivative of glucose. It is a key component of various glycosaminoglycans, which are essential for the formation of cartilage, synovial fluid, and other connective tissues, making it particularly beneficial for joint health. In addition to its roles in the body, NAG is frequently used as a dietary supplement due to its potential anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to help maintain the structural integrity of tissues.
N-Acetyl Glucosamine is often included in skin care products for its moisturizing and reparative effects, as it may promote the production of hyaluronic acid in the skin, enhancing hydration and supporting skin barrier function. Many users appreciate NAG for its potential to improve skin tone and texture. When considering N-Acetyl Glucosamine as a supplement or ingredient, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider to determine if it meets your specific health or beauty needs.
While research on N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) specifically for arthritis is limited, some studies suggest that it may provide potential benefits for joint health. NAG is a derivative of glucosamine and is thought to support cartilage repair and maintain joint function, which is critical for individuals suffering from osteoarthritis. Its anti-inflammatory properties may also help alleviate some symptoms associated with arthritis, such as joint pain and stiffness. Although many users report positive outcomes from supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin, comprehensive clinical trials focusing solely on NAG are still necessary to substantiate these claims.
It's important to note that N-Acetyl Glucosamine should not be viewed as a replacement for conventional arthritis treatments, but rather as a complementary approach. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking other medications. As research on this topic continues to progress, keeping an eye on new findings could help determine the overall effectiveness of N-Acetyl Glucosamine in managing arthritis symptoms.
Based on user reviews, the timeframe for noticing results from this supplement for arthritis can vary significantly. Some users report experiencing immediate relief, with one individual stating that after taking the supplement post an upset stomach and aching arthritis, their pain "vanished" almost right away Read Review. Others have seen gradual improvements over a few weeks; for example, a user mentioned that they noticed benefits for their hip arthritis within two weeks of use Read Review.
However, some individuals report that initial pain relief may require a longer duration of use, with a user highlighting that while immediate relief was not evident, they started to feel "gradual improvement" after a month of taking the supplement Read Review. Overall, it appears that users generally may start experiencing benefits anywhere from a couple of days to several weeks, making it worthwhile to remain patient and consistent with supplementation.
Recent research highlights the potential of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and its derivatives in managing arthritis, specifically osteoarthritis (OA) and collagen-induced arthritis. For instance, a study evaluating Movardol®, which contains N-acetylglucosamine, noted improvements in pain and mobility among participants with knee OA over six months, establishing it as a promising option for symptom relief [1]. Other studies indicate that N-acetylglucosamine may reduce inflammation and alter immune responses in arthritic conditions, suggesting significant therapeutic potential [4][4]. Long-term supplementation of N-acetylglucosamine alongside chondroitin sulfate was also associated with positive impacts on knee function in older adults, further supporting its efficacy [3].
While these findings are promising, it is essential to note that some studies showed mixed results, particularly regarding its isolated effectiveness when compared to traditional treatments [5]. Additionally, further research is warranted to fully understand the mechanisms and optimal dosages for human applications. Nevertheless, the evidence does indicate a supportive role of N-acetylglucosamine in the management of arthritis, making it a supplement worth considering for those looking for complementary treatment options [9][16].
Users have reported a range of improvements in their arthritis symptoms after taking this supplement. For many, the effects were noticeable, with one user sharing that their arthritis pain "vanished" almost immediately after starting the supplement following an upset stomach Read Review. Others experienced more gradual benefits, such as moving with greater ease after two weeks Read Review or reporting "virtually no pain" in their knees after a period of use Read Review.
Additionally, users have noted improvements in conjunction with other health issues; for instance, those dealing with both arthritis and digestive complaints found relief in both areas Read Review. Some individuals indicated a positive impact for elderly family members, which suggests a wider efficacy across different ages Read Review. However, results can be variable, with some needing more time to see changes, highlighting that while many users find significant benefit, individual experiences may differ Read Review.
Users have reported positive experiences when combining this supplement with others to manage arthritis symptoms. For instance, one reviewer noted that they take it alongside other medications, observing that it effectively assists their elderly relative with arthritis, albeit in an indirect manner Read Review. Another user mentioned that by switching to this supplement from a standard glucosamine product, they experienced benefits for both their arthritis and interstitial cystitis Read Review.
Additionally, some users shared that they use the supplement for multiple health concerns concurrently. For instance, one individual highlighted that it helped manage both their arthritis and irritable bowel syndrome effectively, allowing them to minimize discomfort from both issues Read Review. Other users also emphasized its impact on intestinal health alongside arthritis treatment, suggesting that this supplement provides versatile benefits for those managing multiple health challenges Read Review. Overall, user reports indicate that combining this supplement with others can result in a multifaceted approach to treating arthritis and related conditions.
Based on user reviews, the right dose of N Acetyl Glucosamine for treating arthritis can vary among individuals, but many users report finding significant relief with a daily intake of one capsule. For instance, one user mentions, "I only require one capsule daily to be effective," indicating that this dosage is sufficient for managing knee pain linked to arthritis Read Review. Another user observed gradual improvement after a month of use, suggesting that some may not experience immediate relief but could benefit from consistent use over time Read Review.
Other users highlighted the supplement's effectiveness in combination with other health issues, like gastrointestinal problems. For example, one individual noted a significant reduction in arthritis pain alongside improvements in intestinal health, underscoring the supplement’s versatility Read Review. Thus, it appears that while many do well with a single capsule per day, the overall efficacy can depend on personal health circumstances and the duration of usage. Tracking pain levels and symptoms over time can help users determine the appropriate dose for their unique needs.
9
Pain relief
15 people found this helpful
I discovered this supplement by chance on the iHerb website. I suffer from various food allergies, digestive issues, and arthritis. After a difficult weekend with an upset stomach and aching arthritis, I began taking this supplement. My stomach felt soothed immediately, and my arthritis pain vanished. I can hardly believe the improvement in my arthritis and digestion. I have no plans to stop taking this supplement.
7.5
Improved mobility
8 people found this helpful
I initially purchased this for a lower intestine issue, and within two weeks, I noticed effects that might also benefit my hip arthritis. I've been moving with more ease in recent months. Based on the reviews, I also bought a bottle for my daughter with a back issue and my elderly mother for her gas problems. My mother's situation has definitely improved.
6
Gradual improvement
I purchased this supplement to improve my arthritis and have been taking it for about a month. While immediate pain relief was lacking, I feel like I am experiencing gradual improvement.
9
Effective treatment
1 people found this helpful
I began using this for arthritis in one knee. I have noticed virtually no pain now and can walk downhill freely, which was previously painful. Additionally, it may assist with intestinal health, but my main focus is on the arthritis aspect. It's good value for the 120 capsules, and I will continue taking it.
7.5
Minimal discomfort
11 people found this helpful
This glucosamine product helps my system significantly. It manages my irritable bowel syndrome and alleviates my back and muscle pain. While I take it, I can keep any discomfort to a minimum. Thank you, iHerb, for providing this product for my benefit.
7.5
Effective help
3 people found this helpful
I bought this supplement for an elderly woman. In conjunction with other medications, it effectively assists with her arthritis. The impact may be indirect, but it is definitely present.
7.5
Positive effects
4 people found this helpful
This supplement is different from typical commercial arthritis products. I switched from glucosamine to N-acetyl glucosamine after reading about its benefits for interstitial cystitis. It seems to be helping both my arthritis and IC.
7.5
Reliable brand
1 people found this helpful
NAG can be hard to find, so I stock up on this reliable brand. I use it for my arthritis in my ankles and for intestinal health, as advised by Dr. d'Adamo.
7.5
Knee pain relief
1 people found this helpful
I use this product to keep my knee pain-free. I have some arthritis in that knee, and as a golfer who walks a lot, I find it beneficial. While I wear a knee band for golf, I don't need it for walking now. The price is reasonable for the quantity, and I only require one capsule daily to be effective.
8
Movardol® shows promise for OA
Movardol® (N-acetylglucosamine, Boswellia serrata, ginger) supplementation in the management of knee osteoarthritis: preliminary results from a 6-month registry study.
This registry study involved 54 individuals with moderate knee osteoarthritis. Participants chose between standard management and an enhanced treatment that included Movardol®, which contains N-acetyl-glucosamine, ginger, and Boswellia serrata.
Over six months, we assessed a range of outcomes, such as pain levels, mobility, and inflammatory markers. The preliminary findings suggest that Movardol® supplementation is both effective and safe for managing knee osteoarthritis symptoms.
Overall, this points to a promising option for those seeking relief from their condition.
8
N-acetyl glucosamine aids arthritis treatment
Collagen-induced arthritis: severity and immune response attenuation using multivalent N-acetyl glucosamine.
We explored how N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) could help in treating collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Through a thorough analysis, we discovered that GlcNAc reduced inflammation and altered immune responses. Notably, it minimized the severity and even delayed the onset of arthritis symptoms in a significant number of cases. While it showed promise in alleviating inflammation and clinical symptoms associated with arthritis, it's essential to understand that further research is needed for broader human applications. This study may pave the way for innovative approaches to arthritis treatment.
8
N-acetyl glucosamine benefits knee function
Effects of N-acetyl glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplementation on knee pain and self-reported knee function in middle-aged and older Japanese adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
We examined the effects of a 24-week treatment with N-acetyl glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on knee pain and function in older adults. Our study involved 50 participants who received either the treatment or a placebo.
After 12 weeks, we observed positive outcomes in self-reported knee function and overall physical activity among those taking the supplements. However, we did not find significant changes in pain levels compared to the control group.
Overall, this suggests that long-term use of N-acetyl glucosamine may benefit knee function in individuals experiencing pain or stiffness.
4
N-acetyl glucosamine shows limited benefits
Evaluation of intra-articular hyaluronan, sodium chondroitin sulfate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine combination versus saline (0.9% NaCl) for osteoarthritis using an equine model.
We conducted a thorough study to explore the effects of a treatment combining hyaluronan, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine on horses with osteoarthritis. Using a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial design, we injected this combination into one carpal joint of 16 horses with induced OA.
While we observed a temporary 16% reduction in pain and some mild improvements in bone and cartilage conditions, most measures showed no significant differences compared to the placebo. Thus, while there may be slight benefits, overall results suggest limited effectiveness of this treatment for arthritis in this model.
8
N-acetyl glucosamine shows promise in OA
Biological activities of glucosamine and its related substances.
We explored the effects of glucosamine, including its derivative N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, on osteoarthritis (OA). The study showed that glucosamine significantly boosts the production of hyaluronic acid (HA) by synovial cells, an important factor for joint health.
Additionally, it enhances the expression of enzymes that synthesize HA and promotes healthy bone metabolism by supporting bone-forming cells while reducing factors that lead to bone loss. Overall, glucosamine appears to be beneficial for OA management, potentially aiding cartilage health and improving bone stability.
8
N-acetylglucosamine derivatives show promise
Novel biologically active series of N-acetylglucosamine derivatives for the suppressive activities on GAG release.
We focused our research on the potential of N-acetylglucosamine, a modified form of glucosamine, to impact osteoarthritis, a common degenerative joint disease. Our investigations revealed that N-acetylglucosamine could enhance the oral bioavailability of glucosamine and is reported to have better in vitro chondroprotective effects compared to its parent compound.
To delve deeper into this, we examined N-acetylglucosamine derivatives modified specifically at the N position, using different chemical groups such as benzenesulfonyl and isoxazole. Among the many compounds we tested, we found that the derivatives with 3-(2-chlorobenzene)-5-methyl-isoxazole formyl chloride and p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride were particularly effective at promoting chondrocyte health in our laboratory studies.
Our findings suggest that these newly developed compounds may hold promise as future treatments for osteoarthritis by enhancing joint health and potentially improving the quality of life for those affected by this condition.
References
Bolognesi G, Belcaro G, Feragalli B, Cornelli U, Cotellese R, et al. Movardol® (N-acetylglucosamine, Boswellia serrata, ginger) supplementation in the management of knee osteoarthritis: preliminary results from a 6-month registry study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:5198.
Şükür E, Talu C, Akman YE, Çirci E, Öztürkmen Y, et al. Comparison of the chondroprotective effect of a novel hydrogel compound and traditional hyaluronate on rat cartilage in a papain-induced osteoarthritis model. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2016;50:458. doi:10.1016/j.aott.2016.07.008
Tsuji T, Yoon J, Kitano N, Okura T, Tanaka K. Effects of N-acetyl glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplementation on knee pain and self-reported knee function in middle-aged and older Japanese adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28:197. doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0412-6
Richter J, Capková K, Hříbalová V, Vannucci L, Danyi I, et al. Collagen-induced arthritis: severity and immune response attenuation using multivalent N-acetyl glucosamine. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;177:121. doi:10.1111/cei.12313
Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE, Werpy NM. Evaluation of intra-articular hyaluronan, sodium chondroitin sulfate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine combination versus saline (0.9% NaCl) for osteoarthritis using an equine model. Vet J. 2013;197:824. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.033
Coburn JM, Wo L, Bernstein N, Bhattacharya R, Aich U, et al. Short-chain fatty acid-modified hexosamine for tissue-engineering osteoarthritic cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19:2035. doi:10.1089/ten.TEA.2012.0317
Einarsson JM, Bahrke S, Sigurdsson BT, Ng CH, Petersen PH, et al. Partially acetylated chitooligosaccharides bind to YKL-40 and stimulate growth of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;434:298. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.122
Azuma K, Osaki T, Wakuda T, Tsuka T, Imagawa T, et al. Suppressive effects of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine on rheumatoid arthritis mouse models. Inflammation. 2012;35:1462. doi:10.1007/s10753-012-9459-0
Nagaoka I, Igarashi M, Sakamoto K. Biological activities of glucosamine and its related substances. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2012;65:337. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416003-3.00022-6
Hayashi M, Kadomatsu K, Kojima T, Ishiguro N. Keratan sulfate and related murine glycosylation can suppress murine cartilage damage in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;409:732. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.077
Ali AA, Lewis SM, Badgley HL, Allaben WT, Leakey JE. Oral glucosamine increases expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA in rat cartilage and kidney: implications for human efficacy and toxicity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011;510:11. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2011.03.014
Uitterlinden EJ, Koevoet JL, Verkoelen CF, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Jahr H, et al. Glucosamine increases hyaluronic acid production in human osteoarthritic synovium explants. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:120. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-120
Riegger J, Baumert J, Zaucke F, Brenner RE. The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Therapeutic Target after Cartilage Trauma: Modification of Chondrocyte Survival and Metabolism by Glucosamine Derivatives and PUGNAc in an Ex Vivo Model. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22. doi:10.3390/ijms22147247
McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ. Glucosamine for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: The Time Has Come for Higher-Dose Trials. J Diet Suppl. 2019;16:179. doi:10.1080/19390211.2018.1448920
Kubomura D, Ueno T, Yamada M, Tomonaga A, Nagaoka I. Effect of N-acetylglucosamine administration on cartilage metabolism and safety in healthy subjects without symptoms of arthritis: A case report. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13:1614. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4140
Cao T, Li Y, Jiang L, Yuan L, Dong L, et al. Novel biologically active series of N-acetylglucosamine derivatives for the suppressive activities on GAG release. Carbohydr Res. 2016;433:73. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.004
Kim HB, Lee SW, Mun CH, Yoon JY, Pai J, et al. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation of p65 aggravated the inflammation in both fibroblast-like synoviocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α and mice with collagen induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:248. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0762-7
Serpi M, Bibbo R, Rat S, Roberts H, Hughes C, et al. Novel phosphoramidate prodrugs of N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine with antidegenerative activity on bovine and human cartilage explants. J Med Chem. 2012;55:4629. doi:10.1021/jm300074y