Overview

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 46 Researches
7.3
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.7
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
10
 
Total Fat
1 g
1%
Saturated Fat
0 g
0%
Trans Fat
0 g
**
Polyunsaturated Fat
0.5 g
**
Monounsaturated Fat
0 g
**
Cholesterol
10 mg
3%
Omega-3 Fish Oil
1000 mg
**
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
180 mg
**
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
120 mg
**

Top Medical Research Studies

8
Omega-3 benefits joint health in RA
We analyzed various trials to see how omega-3 fish oil affects rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our research included 18 randomized controlled studies with 1,018 RA patients. The results showed omega-3 supplementation significantly increased beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, like EPA and DHA, and reduced triglycerides and tender joint count.

However, it didn't lead to significant changes in some inflammation markers and overall disease activity. While there are positive outcomes regarding certain symptoms, we found no remarkable evidence for its effectiveness in reducing inflammation levels.
Read More
8
Eicosapentaenoic acid aids arthritis
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a key component of omega-3 fatty acids, on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This analysis gathered data from eighteen randomized controlled trials involving over a thousand RA patients, ensuring a comprehensive look at its impact.

Our findings revealed that EPA supplementation significantly increased levels of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Additionally, we noted a reduction in the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio, which is beneficial for overall health.

Moreover, we observed that EPA led to a decrease in triglyceride levels and tender joint counts among RA patients. However, while there were slight decreases in markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, these changes were not statistically significant.

Overall, our analysis supports the idea that EPA has positive effects on lipid profiles and joint tenderness for those with RA, although not all inflammatory markers showed significant improvement.
Read More
9
DHA shows promise for osteoarthritis
We investigated how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) impacts osteoarthritis (OA), which is a common joint disease in older adults. Using both human and rat models, we found that DHA can enhance chondrocyte (cartilage cells) growth while reducing cell death.

Moreover, DHA treatment thickened cartilage and lowered degeneration compared to untreated OA models. Additionally, it improved the overall health of chondrocytes by promoting autophagy, which helps recycle damaged cellular components. Our findings suggest that DHA could be a promising therapy for OA treatment.
Read More

Most Useful Reviews

9.5
Joint health
Fish oil is beneficial for the brain and boosts the immune system. It lowers blood pressure and improves joint mobility, which is vital for those suffering from arthritis. My therapist recommended it to stabilise my cholesterol. This is a high-quality product at a reasonable price. Our family takes it daily, and we notice no side effects. Highly recommended for everyone!
Read More
9.5
Inflammation reduction
Omega-3 supports joint health and can prevent osteoporosis. It alleviates joint pain and reduces inflammation associated with arthritis. I have not experienced any side effects and take it regularly, enjoying excellent value for my money.
Read More
9.5
Pain management
I take large Omega-3 capsules, which are easy to swallow and beneficial for my arthritis. Omega-3 fatty acids help produce hormones that control inflammation and blood clotting, aiding in my overall health and potentially preventing heart disease and related conditions.
Read More

Medical Researches

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 46 Researches
7.3
  • All Researches
9
DHA shows promise for osteoarthritis
We investigated how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) impacts osteoarthritis (OA), which is a common joint disease in older adults. Using both human and rat models, we found that DHA can enhance chondrocyte (cartilage cells) growth while reducing cell death.

Moreover, DHA treatment thickened cartilage and lowered degeneration compared to untreated OA models. Additionally, it improved the overall health of chondrocytes by promoting autophagy, which helps recycle damaged cellular components. Our findings suggest that DHA could be a promising therapy for OA treatment.
Read More
9
l-Serine and EPA effective for pain
We conducted a study to examine the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) combined with l-serine on individuals suffering from chronic low-back and knee pain. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring rigorous evaluation of the treatment's impact.

Over the course of 12 weeks, we assessed participants using well-structured questionnaires to measure their pain levels and overall experience. Our group comprised 120 adults who, despite enduring persistent pain for more than three months, showed promising results from the active treatment.

It appears that EPA, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, alongside l-serine, which supports nerve function, provided noticeable relief from pain. By the end of the study, many participants experienced significant improvements in their pain scores, suggesting that this combination could be a valuable option for those managing arthritis-related discomfort.

It's encouraging to see how l-serine and EPA can help enhance the quality of life for individuals struggling with painful conditions, reinforcing their importance as potential treatments for arthritis-related pain.
Read More
9
We investigated the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on osteoarthritis (OA) progression through an innovative approach involving gelatin hydrogels. In our study, we divided ten-week-old male mice into six different groups, each receiving various treatments after undergoing surgery that mimicked OA. This design allowed us to effectively compare the benefits of EPA delivered directly and through hydrogels.

Our findings revealed that when EPA was delivered in gelatin hydrogels, it significantly outperformed EPA injection alone in slowing down OA progression. Specifically, we measured several inflammatory markers and found that the group receiving the gelatin hydrogels exhibited lower levels of harmful proteins linked to inflammation and cartilage damage compared to those receiving just the EPA injections.

This suggests that the controlled release of EPA from these hydrogels can be a promising new strategy for treating OA. The potential benefits of gelatin hydrogels in enhancing the effectiveness of EPA treatment present a valuable insight for future therapeutic approaches addressing arthritis.
Read More
9
Docosahexaenoic acid reduces arthritis
We examined the effects of lipid mediators derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on arthritis, particularly focusing on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study utilized a model involving mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) and RAW264.7 cells to investigate the role of these mediators in reducing inflammation and joint damage.

The lipid mediators were produced by soybean lipoxygenase from DHA and included substances known for their anti-inflammatory properties. We found that these mediators significantly reduced symptoms in CAIA mice, evidenced by decreased paw swelling and reduced progression of arthritis. In the cellular studies, these mediators inhibited the formation of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts, while also downregulating key inflammatory markers.

Following treatment, there were notable improvements in serum cytokine levels, with a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, and an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Additionally, joint inflammation and damage were reduced, hinting at a complex relationship involving various signaling pathways.

These findings indicate that lipid mediators derived from DHA may offer a promising approach to alleviating symptoms of RA, though the precise individual contributions of DHA alone are difficult to isolate due to the presence of other components in the intervention.
Read More
9
DHA benefits osteoarthritis treatment
We set out to investigate how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fatty acid known for its health benefits, can affect osteoarthritis (OA), a common degenerative joint disease, particularly among older adults. Using both human chondrocyte models stimulated by IL-1β and rat models created through surgical methods, we aimed to understand DHA's potential to impact chondrocyte behavior and cartilage health.

Our observations revealed that DHA significantly promotes the growth of chondrocytes while reducing cell death, which is a key concern in OA. Notably, we found an increase in autophagosomes—structures that help break down cellular waste—within cells treated with DHA, suggesting enhanced cell health.

In comparing groups, those treated with DHA exhibited healthier cartilage characterized by thickened tissue and a decrease in degeneration when compared to the untreated OA group. We also noted an increase in collagen production, vital for maintaining joint structure. The biochemical analysis indicated that DHA potentially exerts its effects by inhibiting certain pathways associated with cell growth and stress responses, thus enhancing chondrocyte proliferation and survival.

Overall, our findings contribute valuable insights into how DHA can be leveraged as a therapeutic approach for OA, emphasizing its role in protecting and restoring cartilage health.
Read More

User Reviews

USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.7
  • All Reviews
  • Positive Reviews
  • Negative Reviews
9.5
Joint health
Fish oil is beneficial for the brain and boosts the immune system. It lowers blood pressure and improves joint mobility, which is vital for those suffering from arthritis. My therapist recommended it to stabilise my cholesterol. This is a high-quality product at a reasonable price. Our family takes it daily, and we notice no side effects. Highly recommended for everyone!
Read More
9.5
Inflammation reduction
Omega-3 supports joint health and can prevent osteoporosis. It alleviates joint pain and reduces inflammation associated with arthritis. I have not experienced any side effects and take it regularly, enjoying excellent value for my money.
Read More
9.5
Pain management
I take large Omega-3 capsules, which are easy to swallow and beneficial for my arthritis. Omega-3 fatty acids help produce hormones that control inflammation and blood clotting, aiding in my overall health and potentially preventing heart disease and related conditions.
Read More
8.8
Pain relief
"Mega" omega!!! An excellent fish oil with natural concentrate, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. It dramatically reduces cholesterol and acts as a preventive measure for cardiovascular diseases. Omega-3 aids in joint pain from arthritis and improves skin conditions. It also enhances brain function, regulating metabolism and the immune system. I take 3-4 capsules daily with meals. If my review was useful, please click "YES" at the bottom. Wishing you health and happy shopping on iHerb!
Read More
8.8
Joint flexibility
Omega-3 fish oil may prevent osteoporosis, especially in menopausal women. It improves joint health and mobility while reducing inflammation and discomfort from arthritis. The anti-inflammatory effects are notable, especially under menstrual pain.
Read More

Frequently Asked Questions

Arthritis is a general term that refers to inflammation of the joints, which can lead to pain, stiffness, and swelling. It encompasses over 100 different types, with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis being the most common. Osteoarthritis, often associated with aging, occurs when the cartilage that cushions the joints wears down over time. In contrast, rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, leading to chronic inflammation and potential disability if left untreated.

Symptoms of arthritis can vary widely depending on the type but typically include joint pain, swelling, reduced range of motion, and sometimes fatigue. Diagnosis usually involves a combination of physical exams, imaging tests, and blood tests. While there is currently no cure for arthritis, various treatments ranging from lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, and medications can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. For those affected, seeking early diagnosis and intervention is crucial for slowing disease progression and preserving joint function.

Omega-3 fish oil is a nutritional supplement derived from the fatty tissues of fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own. The most significant types of omega-3s found in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both of which are known for their numerous health benefits. These include reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and promoting brain function.

Incorporating omega-3 fish oil into your diet can be beneficial if you don’t consume enough fish regularly. Many health experts recommend oily fish as a part of a balanced diet due to their high omega-3 content. For those who find it difficult to include fish in their meals, fish oil supplements can offer a convenient alternative, providing the same essential fatty acids in concentrated form. However, it’s essential to choose high-quality supplements that are third-party tested for purity and potency to avoid contaminants such as heavy metals or other toxins that can impact health.

Omega-3 fish oil is often touted for its anti-inflammatory properties, which may offer some benefits for individuals suffering from arthritis. Research indicates that omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce joint pain and stiffness, particularly in inflammatory types of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis. These beneficial effects are thought to stem from the ability of omega-3s to inhibit the production of inflammatory compounds in the body. Some studies suggest that regular supplementation with fish oil could lead to a decrease in the need for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in arthritis patients, providing an alternative or complementary approach to traditional treatments.

However, it's essential to note that while omega-3 fish oil can provide symptom relief for certain individuals, it is not a cure for arthritis. The effectiveness can vary based on individual health conditions, the type of arthritis, and the amount of fish oil consumed. Before starting any supplement regimen, including omega-3 fish oil, it's wise to consult with a healthcare professional. They can provide personalized advice based on your specific health needs and help determine whether fish oil could be a beneficial addition to your arthritis management plan.

Based on user reviews, results from taking Omega-3 fish oil for arthritis can vary, but many users report experiencing noticeable benefits within a few weeks to a couple of months. One user highlighted that Omega-3 aids in joint pain from arthritis and improves overall health, suggesting a quick onset of relief as part of their routine ((Read Review)). Others mentioned significant improvements in joint mobility and reduced inflammation, indicating that the effects can accumulate with regular use over time ((Read Review)).

Overall, users emphasize the importance of consistent daily intake to maximize benefits, with many feeling comfortable recommending it for those seeking relief from arthritis. However, as with any supplement, individual responses may vary, and it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.

The research surrounding omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), suggests that these supplements may offer some benefits for managing arthritis, although results are mixed. Studies indicate that increasing dietary omega-3 intake may help alleviate certain symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). For instance, a review of various trials found that EPA supplementation was linked to reduced joint tenderness and pain in RA patients, although significant changes in inflammatory markers were not consistently observed [17]. Further, a study using a mouse model highlighted that DHA can enhance chondrocyte (cartilage cells) growth and health, potentially leading to better joint function in those with OA [36].

However, the overall evidence is not robust enough to decisively claim that omega-3 supplementation can replace conventional arthritis treatments. Many studies emphasize that while omega-3s have anti-inflammatory benefits, the improvements in clinical outcomes may be modest or variable [25]. Thus, while incorporating omega-3s into the diet may be a valuable adjunct strategy for some individuals with arthritis, further research is necessary to fully understand their efficacy and establish clear therapeutic recommendations. Overall, seeking guidance from a healthcare provider would be prudent for anyone considering these supplements for arthritis management.

Based on user reviews, many individuals report significant improvements in their overall health and well-being after incorporating omega-3 fish oil into their routines. Users consistently highlight benefits such as enhanced joint mobility and reduced inflammation, which are particularly important for those suffering from arthritis. One reviewer noted that fish oil is not only beneficial for joint pain but also for lowering blood pressure and stabilizing cholesterol levels ((Read Review)). This suggests that omega-3 may offer comprehensive health advantages beyond just targeting arthritis symptoms.

Additionally, users have praised the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids, noting relief from conditions like osteoporosis and menstrual pain ((Read Review)). Another reviewer mentioned that the capsules are easy to swallow and contribute to their overall health, indicating that the positive impacts can extend to promoting heart health and immune system function as well ((Read Review)). It's important to remember that individual results may vary, and potential users should consult healthcare professionals for tailored advice.

Users report a positive experience when combining Omega-3 fish oil with other supplements for handling arthritis. Many have found that incorporating Omega-3 into their daily routine significantly supports joint health and reduces inflammation. One user highlighted the importance of Omega-3 in alleviating joint pain associated with arthritis, explaining that it helps produce hormones that control inflammation, ultimately contributing to overall health and well-being ((Read Review)). Additionally, other reviewers mentioned that after taking Omega-3 regularly, they have experienced improved joint mobility and effective pain relief, making it a highly recommended supplement for those seeking to manage arthritis symptoms ((Read Review)).

Moreover, users who have combined Omega-3 with other supplements report feeling comprehensive health improvements beyond joint support. One user noted its positive impact on cholesterol and cardiovascular health, indicating that Omega-3 could potentially complement other heart-related supplements effectively ((Read Review)). This suggests that those considering combining Omega-3 fish oil with additional supplements for arthritis management may expect synergistic benefits, particularly for reducing inflammation and enhancing overall health.

Based on user reviews, it appears that the dosage of Omega-3 fish oil for treating arthritis varies, with many users suggesting a range. One reviewer indicates that they take 3-4 capsules daily, stating it significantly helps with joint pain and overall health (Read Review). Others reported benefits from taking Omega-3 capsules regularly, which supports joint health, alleviates pain, and reduces inflammation associated with arthritis (Read Review).

Additionally, multiple reviews emphasize the general benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids, such as improved joint mobility and pain relief. Even a reviewer mentioned large capsules that are easy to swallow and beneficial for arthritis, highlighting the positive impact of omega fatty acids on hormone production that controls inflammation (Read Review). Overall, while specific doses may differ, users collectively endorse the regular intake of Omega-3 fish oil for managing arthritis symptoms effectively.

8.8
Pain relief
"Mega" omega!!! An excellent fish oil with natural concentrate, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. It dramatically reduces cholesterol and acts as a preventive measure for cardiovascular diseases. Omega-3 aids in joint pain from arthritis and improves skin conditions. It also enhances brain function, regulating metabolism and the immune system. I take 3-4 capsules daily with meals. If my review was useful, please click "YES" at the bottom. Wishing you health and happy shopping on iHerb!
9.5
Inflammation reduction
Omega-3 supports joint health and can prevent osteoporosis. It alleviates joint pain and reduces inflammation associated with arthritis. I have not experienced any side effects and take it regularly, enjoying excellent value for my money.
9.5
Joint health
Fish oil is beneficial for the brain and boosts the immune system. It lowers blood pressure and improves joint mobility, which is vital for those suffering from arthritis. My therapist recommended it to stabilise my cholesterol. This is a high-quality product at a reasonable price. Our family takes it daily, and we notice no side effects. Highly recommended for everyone!
8.8
Joint flexibility
Omega-3 fish oil may prevent osteoporosis, especially in menopausal women. It improves joint health and mobility while reducing inflammation and discomfort from arthritis. The anti-inflammatory effects are notable, especially under menstrual pain.
9.5
Pain management
I take large Omega-3 capsules, which are easy to swallow and beneficial for my arthritis. Omega-3 fatty acids help produce hormones that control inflammation and blood clotting, aiding in my overall health and potentially preventing heart disease and related conditions.
8
Eicosapentaenoic acid aids arthritis
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a key component of omega-3 fatty acids, on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This analysis gathered data from eighteen randomized controlled trials involving over a thousand RA patients, ensuring a comprehensive look at its impact.

Our findings revealed that EPA supplementation significantly increased levels of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Additionally, we noted a reduction in the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio, which is beneficial for overall health.

Moreover, we observed that EPA led to a decrease in triglyceride levels and tender joint counts among RA patients. However, while there were slight decreases in markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, these changes were not statistically significant.

Overall, our analysis supports the idea that EPA has positive effects on lipid profiles and joint tenderness for those with RA, although not all inflammatory markers showed significant improvement.
9
DHA benefits osteoarthritis treatment
We set out to investigate how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fatty acid known for its health benefits, can affect osteoarthritis (OA), a common degenerative joint disease, particularly among older adults. Using both human chondrocyte models stimulated by IL-1β and rat models created through surgical methods, we aimed to understand DHA's potential to impact chondrocyte behavior and cartilage health.

Our observations revealed that DHA significantly promotes the growth of chondrocytes while reducing cell death, which is a key concern in OA. Notably, we found an increase in autophagosomes—structures that help break down cellular waste—within cells treated with DHA, suggesting enhanced cell health.

In comparing groups, those treated with DHA exhibited healthier cartilage characterized by thickened tissue and a decrease in degeneration when compared to the untreated OA group. We also noted an increase in collagen production, vital for maintaining joint structure. The biochemical analysis indicated that DHA potentially exerts its effects by inhibiting certain pathways associated with cell growth and stress responses, thus enhancing chondrocyte proliferation and survival.

Overall, our findings contribute valuable insights into how DHA can be leveraged as a therapeutic approach for OA, emphasizing its role in protecting and restoring cartilage health.
4
Eicosapentaenoic acid shows limited benefits
We conducted a systematic review to understand how eicosapentaenoic acid, a type of n-3 fatty acid, might influence arthritis symptoms. Our search covered various studies comparing eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation to a placebo, specifically looking for effects on pain, joint tenderness, and swelling in people with rheumatoid arthritis.

The results we found were quite revealing. We observed only a small reduction in pain and tenderness, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -0.16 for pain and -0.20 for tender joint count. The swollen joint count showed a slight difference as well, with an SMD of -0.10. While there was some indication that eicosapentaenoic acid might help reduce the need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), this effect was negligible.

Importantly, we noted that the quality of evidence was generally very low to low, suggesting that the benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid for arthritis management are limited, and our findings sync with earlier reports indicating similar outcomes. Given these insights, it's clear that while eicosapentaenoic acid was studied for its potential benefits in improving arthritis symptoms, the effects may not be significant or clinically impactful.

References

  1. Marushack GK, Savadipour A, Tang R, Garcia-Castorena JM, Rashidi N, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress PIEZO ion channel mechanotransduction in articular chondrocytes. FASEB J. 2025;39:e70290. doi:10.1096/fj.202400544RR
  2. Wang Y, Hu S, Zhang W, Zhang B, Yang Z. Dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis: new perspectives from a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Br J Nutr. 2025;133:107. doi:10.1017/S0007114524002721
  3. Wang W, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zang Y. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43:2479. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07040-0
  4. Scherer D, Leite BF, Morimoto MA, Oliveira TL, Klemz BNC, et al. Nutritional effect on lipoproteins and their subfractions in patients with Psoriatic Arthritis: a 12-week randomized trial-the DIETA trial. Adv Rheumatol. 2024;64:47. doi:10.1186/s42358-024-00389-5
  5. Liu Y, Song F, Liu M, Huang X, Xue S, et al. Association between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and osteoarthritis: results from the NHANES 2003-2016 and Mendelian randomization study. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23:147. doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02139-4
  6. Kang T, Xi Y, Qian T, Lu S, Du M, et al. Exploring the link between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis risk: NHANES 1999-2020 study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42:1720. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/91tmfb
  7. Laevski AM, Doucet MR, Doucet MS, LeBlanc AA, Pineau PE, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids modulate the production of platelet-derived microvesicles in an in vivo inflammatory arthritis model. Eur J Nutr. 2024;63:2221. doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03397-9
  8. Doucet MR, Laevski AM, Doiron JA, Boudreau LH, Surette ME. Locomotor activity as an effective measure of the severity of inflammatory arthritis in a mouse model. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0291399. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291399
  9. Xiong T, Huang S, Wang X, Shi Y, He J, et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate the progression of obesity-related osteoarthritis and protect cartilage through inhibiting the HMGB1-RAGE/TLR4 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;128:111498. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111498
  10. Yu H, Gong Z, Wang G, Cao R, Yin H, et al. DHA attenuates cartilage degeneration by mediating apoptosis and autophagy in human chondrocytes and rat models of osteoarthritis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2023;59:455. doi:10.1007/s11626-023-00781-3
  11. Léger T, Brun A, Lanchais K, Rigaudière JP, Briat A, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid and etanercept could reduce functional and metabolic alterations during collagen-induced arthritis in rats without any synergistic effect. Life Sci. 2023;327:121826. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121826
  12. Marchand NE, Choi MY, Oakes EG, Cook NR, Stevens E, et al. Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;190:102542. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102542
  13. Feng L, Yang Z, Li Y, Hou N, Yang B, et al. Malat1 attenuated the rescuing effects of docosahexaenoic acid on osteoarthritis treatment via repressing its chondroprotective and chondrogenesis activities. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;154:113608. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113608
  14. Gkiouras K, Grammatikopoulou MG, Myrogiannis I, Papamitsou T, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:16. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104210
  15. Sigaux J, Bellicha A, Buscail C, Julia C, Flipo RM, et al. Serum Fatty Acid Profiles Are Associated with Disease Activity in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from the ESPOIR Cohort. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14142947
  16. Stonehouse W, Benassi-Evans B, Bednarz J, Vincent AD, Hall S, et al. Krill oil improved osteoarthritic knee pain in adults with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: a 6-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116:672. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac125
  17. Wang W, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zang Y. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43:2479. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07040-0
  18. Jannas-Vela S, Candia AA, Peñailillo L, Barrios-Troncoso P, Zapata-Urzúa J, et al. Role of specialized pro-resolving mediators on inflammation, cardiometabolic health, disease progression, and quality of life after omega-3 PUFA supplementation and aerobic exercise training in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized 16-week, placebo-controlled interventional trial. F1000Res. 2023;12:942. doi:10.12688/f1000research.138392.1
  19. Deng C, Presle N, Pizard A, Guillaume C, Bianchi A, et al. Beneficial Impact of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on the Adverse Effects Induced by Palmitate and Hyperglycemia on Healthy Rat Chondrocyte. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms25031810
  20. Poggioli R, Hirani K, Jogani VG, Ricordi C. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27:7380. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202308_33310
  21. Wadell AT, Bärebring L, Hulander E, Gjertsson I, Landberg R, et al. Dietary biomarkers and food records indicate compliance to study diets in the ADIRA (Anti-inflammatory Diet In Rheumatoid Arthritis) trial. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1209787. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1209787
  22. Marchand NE, Choi MY, Oakes EG, Cook NR, Stevens E, et al. Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;190:102542. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102542
  23. Lindqvist HM, Winkvist A, Gjertsson I, Calder PC, Armando AM, et al. Influence of Dietary n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Oxylipins in Erythrocytes of Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Molecules. 2023;28. doi:10.3390/molecules28020717
  24. Kuang X, Shao X, Li H, Jiang D, Gao T, et al. Lipid extract from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) improves glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetic mellitus patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Sci Food Agric. 2023;103:2970. doi:10.1002/jsfa.12346
  25. Gkiouras K, Grammatikopoulou MG, Myrogiannis I, Papamitsou T, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:16. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104210
  26. Stonehouse W, Benassi-Evans B, Bednarz J, Vincent AD, Hall S, et al. Krill oil improved osteoarthritic knee pain in adults with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: a 6-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116:672. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac125
  27. Eckert T, Jährling-Butkus M, Louton H, Burg-Roderfeld M, Zhang R, et al. Efficacy of Chondroprotective Food Supplements Based on Collagen Hydrolysate and Compounds Isolated from Marine Organisms. Mar Drugs. 2021;19. doi:10.3390/md19100542
  28. Ceotto BH, Figueroba SR, Ferreira LEN, Amorim KS, Sánchez JB, et al. The effect of association of aspirin and omega 3 in rat temporomandibular joint with induced arthritis. Ann Anat. 2022;239:151812. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151812
  29. Fan Z, Ross RP, Stanton C, Hou B, Zhao J, et al. CCFM1074 Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats Balancing Treg/Th17 and Modulating the Metabolites and Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol. 2021;12:680073. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.680073
  30. Sasahara I, Yamamoto A, Takeshita M, Suga Y, Suzuki K, et al. l-Serine and EPA Relieve Chronic Low-Back and Knee Pain in Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2020;150:2278. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa156
  31. Brown Z, Metcalf R, Bednarz J, Spargo L, Lee A, et al. Modifiable Lifestyle Factors Associated With Response to Treatment in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2020;2:371. doi:10.1002/acr2.11132
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