Overview

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 16 Researches
7.6
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 6 Reviews
8.3
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
10
 
Total Fat
1 g
1%
Saturated Fat
0 g
0%
Trans Fat
0 g
**
Polyunsaturated Fat
0.5 g
**
Monounsaturated Fat
0 g
**
Cholesterol
10 mg
3%
Omega-3 Fish Oil
1000 mg
**
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
180 mg
**
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
120 mg
**

Top Medical Research Studies

9
Eicosapentaenoic acid alleviates back pain
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might help in treating intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a major contributor to back pain. Research highlights that this condition often involves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM), key processes that worsen IDD. Our investigation demonstrated that EPA can promote autophagy, a process that helps cells clean up and maintain balance within the ECM.

Through our experiments, we treated nucleus pulposus cells—cells in the discs that often suffer from degeneration—with EPA. We observed that EPA not only boosted autophagy but also suppressed the harmful effects of ER stress, reducing cell death and limiting ECM degradation. Additionally, we utilized a rat model of IDD to see if these protective effects translated into a real-world setting. The findings indicated that EPA improved the health of the discs and effectively slowed down the progression of IDD in these rats.

In summary, this research highlights the potential of EPA as a therapeutic option for managing back pain related to disc degeneration. Our results suggest that EPA could play an important role in supporting the health of intervertebral discs and mitigating some of the common issues associated with chronic back pain.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid aids pain relief
We conducted a thorough investigation into how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could relieve chronic low-back and knee pain in adults. The study was carefully structured as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which helps ensure that the findings are reliable and unbiased.

Our participants, totaling 120 adults who had been suffering from pain in their low back and knees for at least three months, were divided into two groups. One group received a daily dose of 594 mg of l-serine combined with 149 mg of EPA, while the other group received a placebo. Over the course of eight weeks, we tracked their progress using various pain measurement tools.

The results were promising, showing that both l-serine and EPA together led to meaningful reductions in pain scores. This suggests that including EPA in treatment plans could be beneficial for those suffering from persistent low-back pain.

Our trial highlighted the importance of this combination in pain relief, particularly for chronic conditions. The findings from this study hold potential for guiding future treatments aimed at enhancing the quality of life for many suffering from chronic pain.
Read More
We aimed to explore how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, can impact intervertebral disc degeneration, which is a common cause of lower back pain. In the study, we used Sprague Dawley rats that had their lumbar discs punctured to induce degeneration. After the surgery, the rats were split into two groups: one received a daily diet enriched with EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while the other group followed a standard diet.

After a month of the omega-3 supplementation, we noticed a significant drop in specific blood markers indicating inflammation. By the end of the two-month period, advanced imaging techniques and tissue analysis revealed that the rats on the omega-3 diet had maintained better hydration and displayed less damage to their intervertebral discs compared to the control group.

These findings suggest that incorporating eicosapentaenoic acid into the diet could reduce the inflammation linked to disc degeneration, potentially offering a protective effect against the progression of back pain. This research opens pathways to exploring omega-3s as a viable treatment option for people suffering from chronic back issues.
Read More

Most Useful Reviews

9.5
Joint pain relief
I drank two capsules each morning with breakfast for three weeks. I've noticed increased endurance during cardio workouts and no knee pain, which was a previous issue during lunges and squats. This product has worked well for me and my husband, with no mouth or stomach discomfort experienced. I highly recommend it!
Read More
8.3
Reduced back pain
This is my first omega product at 40+. I took it consistently, starting with one capsule and then moving to two daily. After two weeks, I experienced my first month without back pain. I can drink it easily without any regurgitation.
Read More
9.5
Knee pain relief
This Omega-3 has been excellent for me. I tried others, but Natrol's is the best. Previously, I had knee pain during gym training. After a month of taking Omega, the pain disappeared even as I increased my training load. It has truly made a difference.
Read More

Medical Researches

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 16 Researches
7.6
  • All Researches
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid alleviates back pain
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might help in treating intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a major contributor to back pain. Research highlights that this condition often involves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM), key processes that worsen IDD. Our investigation demonstrated that EPA can promote autophagy, a process that helps cells clean up and maintain balance within the ECM.

Through our experiments, we treated nucleus pulposus cells—cells in the discs that often suffer from degeneration—with EPA. We observed that EPA not only boosted autophagy but also suppressed the harmful effects of ER stress, reducing cell death and limiting ECM degradation. Additionally, we utilized a rat model of IDD to see if these protective effects translated into a real-world setting. The findings indicated that EPA improved the health of the discs and effectively slowed down the progression of IDD in these rats.

In summary, this research highlights the potential of EPA as a therapeutic option for managing back pain related to disc degeneration. Our results suggest that EPA could play an important role in supporting the health of intervertebral discs and mitigating some of the common issues associated with chronic back pain.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid aids pain relief
We conducted a thorough investigation into how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could relieve chronic low-back and knee pain in adults. The study was carefully structured as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which helps ensure that the findings are reliable and unbiased.

Our participants, totaling 120 adults who had been suffering from pain in their low back and knees for at least three months, were divided into two groups. One group received a daily dose of 594 mg of l-serine combined with 149 mg of EPA, while the other group received a placebo. Over the course of eight weeks, we tracked their progress using various pain measurement tools.

The results were promising, showing that both l-serine and EPA together led to meaningful reductions in pain scores. This suggests that including EPA in treatment plans could be beneficial for those suffering from persistent low-back pain.

Our trial highlighted the importance of this combination in pain relief, particularly for chronic conditions. The findings from this study hold potential for guiding future treatments aimed at enhancing the quality of life for many suffering from chronic pain.
Read More
We aimed to explore how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, can impact intervertebral disc degeneration, which is a common cause of lower back pain. In the study, we used Sprague Dawley rats that had their lumbar discs punctured to induce degeneration. After the surgery, the rats were split into two groups: one received a daily diet enriched with EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while the other group followed a standard diet.

After a month of the omega-3 supplementation, we noticed a significant drop in specific blood markers indicating inflammation. By the end of the two-month period, advanced imaging techniques and tissue analysis revealed that the rats on the omega-3 diet had maintained better hydration and displayed less damage to their intervertebral discs compared to the control group.

These findings suggest that incorporating eicosapentaenoic acid into the diet could reduce the inflammation linked to disc degeneration, potentially offering a protective effect against the progression of back pain. This research opens pathways to exploring omega-3s as a viable treatment option for people suffering from chronic back issues.
Read More
We aimed to find out how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key omega-3 fatty acid, could affect intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, a common cause of lower back pain. In our study, we used a group of 12 rats, all of whom underwent a procedure to induce disc degeneration.

After the injury, half of the rats were given a daily supplement of omega-3 fatty acids, while the other half received only a sugar solution as control. Over the course of the study, we measured various outcomes related to inflammation and disc health.

We observed that the omega-3 group showed a significant reduction in blood markers associated with inflammation. Additionally, the results indicated that those receiving DHA were less affected by disc dehydration, and the tissue damage due to the induced injury was noticeably less severe in this group.

Overall, this suggests that increasing our intake of omega-3 fatty acids, like DHA, may offer protective effects against the degeneration of intervertebral discs and could potentially ease back pain related to this condition.
Read More
We conducted a clinical trial to assess whether omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could alleviate back pain associated with dysmenorrhea in young women. Our study involved 36 participants aged 18 to 22, who were divided into two groups. One group received a daily dose of fish oil containing DHA while the other received a placebo over three months.

After the supplementation, we observed a notable reduction in pain levels, as measured by a visual analogue scale. The fish oil group reported a score of 20.9, significantly lower than the 61.8 from the placebo group, showcasing a clear advantage of the fish oil treatment. Moreover, participants experienced a marked reduction in both back and abdominal pain.

Those taking the fish oil also needed fewer rescue doses of ibuprofen, suggesting that DHA may play a beneficial role in managing pain symptoms. However, it’s important to note that while our findings indicate a reduction in pain, distinguishing the isolated effect of DHA from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was not possible in this study, as both were present in the fish oil used.

Overall, we found that dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3s could be a promising approach for young women suffering from dysmenorrhea-related back pain, although further studies might be necessary to explore the specific contributions of each fatty acid.
Read More

User Reviews

USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 6 Reviews
8.3
  • All Reviews
  • Positive Reviews
  • Negative Reviews
9.5
Joint pain relief
I drank two capsules each morning with breakfast for three weeks. I've noticed increased endurance during cardio workouts and no knee pain, which was a previous issue during lunges and squats. This product has worked well for me and my husband, with no mouth or stomach discomfort experienced. I highly recommend it!
Read More
8.3
Reduced back pain
This is my first omega product at 40+. I took it consistently, starting with one capsule and then moving to two daily. After two weeks, I experienced my first month without back pain. I can drink it easily without any regurgitation.
Read More
9.5
Knee pain relief
This Omega-3 has been excellent for me. I tried others, but Natrol's is the best. Previously, I had knee pain during gym training. After a month of taking Omega, the pain disappeared even as I increased my training load. It has truly made a difference.
Read More
3.8
Acne side effect
I ordered this for myself and my husband. It worked for him, but I developed acne on my back and chest. Upon stopping, the acne disappeared. It seems the product may not have been suitable for me, possibly due to sufficient omega levels.
Read More
8.8
Joint health improvement
Omega-3s have improved my joint health and reduced back pain. They prevent osteoporosis and inflammation, alleviating symptoms of arthritis. I've not experienced heartburn or side effects and take them regularly. Good quality fish oil with excellent value for money.
Read More

Frequently Asked Questions

Back pain is a common ailment that affects millions of people worldwide and can vary significantly in intensity and duration. It can be classified into two main categories: acute and chronic. Acute back pain often arises suddenly due to a specific injury or strain, while chronic back pain persists for a longer duration, typically defined as lasting for 12 weeks or more. The pain can occur in various regions of the back, including the lower, middle, or upper sections, and may be accompanied by additional symptoms such as stiffness, muscle spasms, or reduced mobility.

Causes of back pain can range from poor posture, overexertion, or lifting heavy objects incorrectly to more serious conditions such as herniated discs, arthritis, or spinal abnormalities. Treatment options usually depend on the underlying cause and may include rest, physical therapy, medications, or, in some cases, surgical interventions. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise, proper ergonomics, and strength training can help prevent back pain and improve overall spinal health.

Omega-3 fish oil is a nutritional supplement derived from the fatty tissues of fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own. The most significant types of omega-3s found in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both of which are known for their numerous health benefits. These include reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and promoting brain function.

Incorporating omega-3 fish oil into your diet can be beneficial if you don’t consume enough fish regularly. Many health experts recommend oily fish as a part of a balanced diet due to their high omega-3 content. For those who find it difficult to include fish in their meals, fish oil supplements can offer a convenient alternative, providing the same essential fatty acids in concentrated form. However, it’s essential to choose high-quality supplements that are third-party tested for purity and potency to avoid contaminants such as heavy metals or other toxins that can impact health.

Omega-3 fish oil is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties, which could potentially provide relief for certain types of back pain. Several studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish oil, may help reduce inflammation in the body, potentially alleviating pain associated with conditions like arthritis or general muscle soreness. By decreasing inflammatory markers, omega-3s may aid in easing chronic pain and improving overall mobility, making it a worthwhile consideration for those suffering from back discomfort.

However, it is important to note that while some individuals may experience relief from back pain with the use of omega-3 fish oil, results can vary significantly from person to person. It’s always wise to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially for chronic pain management. They can provide personalized advice based on your specific health needs and the underlying causes of your back pain. Overall, while omega-3 fish oil might help in managing back pain for some, it should be viewed as part of a broader approach that includes physical therapy, exercise, and possibly other treatments.

Based on user reviews, the time it takes to see results from taking this supplement for back pain can vary significantly. Some users reported experiencing noticeable improvements within just two weeks, with one individual celebrating their first month without back pain after consistently taking the supplement ((Read Review)). Other users indicated that a longer duration, such as a month, was necessary for their symptoms to diminish, particularly praising the benefits for joint health and overall pain reduction ((Read Review)).

However, it’s important to note that results aren’t universal. One reviewer expressed disappointment, stating that they did not notice any improvement in their back pain despite regular use ((Read Review)). As such, while many users report positive outcomes after a few weeks to a month, individual experiences will vary, and some may not find the supplement effective for their specific condition.

When it comes to managing back pain, omega-3 fatty acids have garnered attention, particularly in the context of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Several studies have examined the relationship between these fatty acids and chronic pain conditions, including back pain. For instance, a study involving 605 adults found that a higher intake of omega-3s was associated with lower pain levels, although it did not confirm a direct alleviation of back pain [6]. Another study highlighted the potential of EPA in promoting autophagy in cells related to intervertebral disc health, suggesting a protective role against disc degeneration, a common source of back pain [7].

Moreover, research indicated that many participants reported significant improvements in their overall pain levels after incorporating omega-3 supplements into their regimen. For example, 60% of patients in one trial noted a reduction in pain, with many even reducing their reliance on traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [12]. It's worth noting that while results are promising, findings also suggest variations in effectiveness based on factors such as gender [2]. Overall, while scientific research supports the potential of omega-3 fatty acids in aiding back pain management, it also emphasizes the need for further studies to fully understand their impacts.

Users have reported a range of improvements in their symptoms after using this Omega-3 supplement. Many have experienced significant benefits, particularly regarding joint health and pain reduction. For instance, one user noted increased endurance during cardio workouts and the absence of knee pain after just three weeks of consistent use ((Read Review)). Similarly, another reviewer celebrated their first month free from back pain after only two weeks of taking the supplement, emphasizing its ease of consumption ((Read Review)). Additionally, one user highlighted a complete disappearance of knee pain even as they increased their training intensity, which marked a considerable improvement in their fitness routine ((Read Review)).

However, individual experiences can vary widely. While many users reported positive outcomes, such as improved joint health and pain relief from conditions like arthritis ((Read Review)), some have not found the supplement effective at all. One reviewer decisively stated they did not notice any improvement in back pain despite regular use ((Read Review)). Hence, while the anecdotal evidence is largely positive, it's vital to keep in mind that results will vary based on individual health conditions and responses to the supplement.

Users reported varied experiences when combining this Omega-3 supplement with their routines to handle back pain. Many noted significant improvements, particularly in joint health and overall pain reduction. One user experienced relief from back pain within just two weeks of taking the supplement, celebrating their first month pain-free after consistent use ((Read Review)). Another highlighted how the supplement helped alleviate knee pain while increasing training intensity, suggesting that it can effectively support active lifestyles ((Read Review)).

Conversely, not all users found relief. One reviewer expressed disappointment, stating they felt no improvement in their back pain despite regular intake of the supplement ((Read Review)). This disparity indicates that while many users report positive experiences, individual responses can vary significantly. Some users also reported side effects that prompted them to stop using the supplement altogether ((Read Review)). Thus, while the combination of the supplement with an active lifestyle may benefit some, it’s essential to approach it with caution and mindfulness of personal health conditions.

When considering omega-3 fish oil for back pain relief, research suggests that doses around 1,200 mg of omega-3 fatty acids daily may be effective. In a study involving 250 patients suffering from nonsurgical neck and back pain, 60% of participants reported improvements in their pain levels after using this regimen for about a month. Reports indicated that many participants even substituted their traditional NSAIDs with fish oil, highlighting its potential as a safer alternative for pain management [12].

It's noteworthy that the efficacy of omega-3 fish oil can vary based on individual factors, including gender. One study found that men might experience a greater benefit from higher omega-3 intake in reducing pain likelihood compared to women [2]. Furthermore, focusing on specific omega-3 components like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could also provide a protective effect against back pain stemming from conditions like intervertebral disc degeneration. However, more extensive research is needed to confirm these findings and optimize omega-3 supplementation for back pain relief [14].

8.3
Reduced back pain
This is my first omega product at 40+. I took it consistently, starting with one capsule and then moving to two daily. After two weeks, I experienced my first month without back pain. I can drink it easily without any regurgitation.
9.5
Knee pain relief
This Omega-3 has been excellent for me. I tried others, but Natrol's is the best. Previously, I had knee pain during gym training. After a month of taking Omega, the pain disappeared even as I increased my training load. It has truly made a difference.
3.5
No improvement noted
I didn't notice any improvement in my back pain. Unfortunately, I have yet to find success with fish oil supplements for my condition.
9.5
Joint pain relief
I drank two capsules each morning with breakfast for three weeks. I've noticed increased endurance during cardio workouts and no knee pain, which was a previous issue during lunges and squats. This product has worked well for me and my husband, with no mouth or stomach discomfort experienced. I highly recommend it!
8.8
Joint health improvement
Omega-3s have improved my joint health and reduced back pain. They prevent osteoporosis and inflammation, alleviating symptoms of arthritis. I've not experienced heartburn or side effects and take them regularly. Good quality fish oil with excellent value for money.
3.8
Acne side effect
I ordered this for myself and my husband. It worked for him, but I developed acne on my back and chest. Upon stopping, the acne disappeared. It seems the product may not have been suitable for me, possibly due to sufficient omega levels.
We explored how the balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), relates to pain intensity in people suffering from various chronic pain conditions, including back pain. Our study examined 605 adults, assessing their pain levels across five different conditions: orofacial pain, headaches, low back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and bodily pain.

Our analysis revealed that higher ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids were associated with increased pain intensity in orofacial pain, headaches, low back pain, and bodily pain. Specifically, each unit increase in this ratio resulted in significant increases in pain intensity—ranging from 5 to 8 points—across these conditions.

Interestingly, while we did find an overall connection between the fatty acid ratios and pain levels, eicosapentaenoic acid did not stand out as having a distinct and independent effect when compared to the general trend of the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. This suggests that while dietary fats play a role in pain perception, eicosapentaenoic acid alone may not significantly alleviate back pain.
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid alleviates back pain
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might help in treating intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a major contributor to back pain. Research highlights that this condition often involves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM), key processes that worsen IDD. Our investigation demonstrated that EPA can promote autophagy, a process that helps cells clean up and maintain balance within the ECM.

Through our experiments, we treated nucleus pulposus cells—cells in the discs that often suffer from degeneration—with EPA. We observed that EPA not only boosted autophagy but also suppressed the harmful effects of ER stress, reducing cell death and limiting ECM degradation. Additionally, we utilized a rat model of IDD to see if these protective effects translated into a real-world setting. The findings indicated that EPA improved the health of the discs and effectively slowed down the progression of IDD in these rats.

In summary, this research highlights the potential of EPA as a therapeutic option for managing back pain related to disc degeneration. Our results suggest that EPA could play an important role in supporting the health of intervertebral discs and mitigating some of the common issues associated with chronic back pain.
7
EPA proves beneficial for back pain
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a key ingredient in fish oil, can help alleviate back pain as an alternative to traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The backdrop for this investigation stems from the known risks associated with NSAIDs, which can range from gastric ulcers to heart complications. In our assessment, we focused on 250 patients suffering from nonsurgical neck or back pain who were encouraged to take 1200 mg of omega-3 fatty acids daily from fish oil.

After about a month, we gathered feedback via a questionnaire. Among the 125 patients who responded, 60% reported an overall improvement in their pain levels. Interestingly, nearly 59% were able to stop taking their prescribed NSAIDs while using fish oil. Satisfaction was notably high, with 80% of patients expressing contentment with their improvement and 88% wishing to continue the supplement. Furthermore, reports of adverse side effects were minimal, indicating a promising safety profile for fish oil supplements.

Overall, our findings align with existing research suggesting EPA as an effective alternative for managing back pain. It appears that fish oil supplements could serve as a safer, more natural approach to pain relief for individuals looking to reduce their reliance on traditional pain medications.
We examined the connection between the levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the blood and chronic pain conditions like lower back pain. In our study of 503 adults, we found that a higher ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 was linked to increased odds of experiencing both low back pain and temporomandibular disorder.

Interestingly, while men benefited from higher levels of omega-3 causing lower pain likelihood, the same effect wasn't seen for women. Overall, our findings suggest that omega-3 could play a role in managing back pain, although the results vary by gender.
We aimed to find out how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key omega-3 fatty acid, could affect intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, a common cause of lower back pain. In our study, we used a group of 12 rats, all of whom underwent a procedure to induce disc degeneration.

After the injury, half of the rats were given a daily supplement of omega-3 fatty acids, while the other half received only a sugar solution as control. Over the course of the study, we measured various outcomes related to inflammation and disc health.

We observed that the omega-3 group showed a significant reduction in blood markers associated with inflammation. Additionally, the results indicated that those receiving DHA were less affected by disc dehydration, and the tissue damage due to the induced injury was noticeably less severe in this group.

Overall, this suggests that increasing our intake of omega-3 fatty acids, like DHA, may offer protective effects against the degeneration of intervertebral discs and could potentially ease back pain related to this condition.

References

  1. Sanders AE, Weatherspoon ED, Ehrmann BM, Soma PS, Shaikh SR, et al. Circulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Pain Intensity in Five Chronic Pain Conditions. J Pain. 2023;24:478. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.10.008
  2. Sanders AE, Weatherspoon ED, Ehrmann BM, Soma PS, Shaikh SR, et al. Circulating Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Painful Temporomandibular Disorder and Low Back Pain. J Pain. 2022;23:1724. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.05.008
  3. Sasahara I, Yamamoto A, Takeshita M, Suga Y, Suzuki K, et al. l-Serine and EPA Relieve Chronic Low-Back and Knee Pain in Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2020;150:2278. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa156
  4. NaPier Z, Kanim LEA, Arabi Y, Salehi K, Sears B, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Reduces Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:9531. doi:10.12659/MSM.918649
  5. Maroon JC, Bost JW. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an anti-inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain. Surg Neurol. 2006;65:326.
  6. Sanders AE, Weatherspoon ED, Ehrmann BM, Soma PS, Shaikh SR, et al. Circulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Pain Intensity in Five Chronic Pain Conditions. J Pain. 2023;24:478. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.10.008
  7. Lin Z, Ni L, Teng C, Zhang Z, Wu L, et al. Eicosapentaenoic Acid-Induced Autophagy Attenuates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Extracellular Matrix Degradation, and Apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:745621. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.745621
  8. Sasahara I, Yamamoto A, Takeshita M, Suga Y, Suzuki K, et al. l-Serine and EPA Relieve Chronic Low-Back and Knee Pain in Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2020;150:2278. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa156
  9. NaPier Z, Kanim LEA, Arabi Y, Salehi K, Sears B, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Reduces Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:9531. doi:10.12659/MSM.918649
  10. Kawabata F, Tsuji T. Effects of dietary supplementation with a combination of fish oil, bilberry extract, and lutein on subjective symptoms of asthenopia in humans. Biomed Res. 2011;32:387.
  11. Moghadamnia AA, Mirhosseini N, Abadi MH, Omranirad A, Omidvar S. Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:408.
  12. Maroon JC, Bost JW. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an anti-inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain. Surg Neurol. 2006;65:326.
  13. Dai Y, Chen Y, Gu R, Zhang C, Jiang R. Causal association of polyunsaturated fatty acids with chronic pain: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1265928. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1265928
  14. NaPier Z, Kanim LEA, Arabi Y, Salehi K, Sears B, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Reduces Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:9531. doi:10.12659/MSM.918649
  15. Kawabata F, Tsuji T. Effects of dietary supplementation with a combination of fish oil, bilberry extract, and lutein on subjective symptoms of asthenopia in humans. Biomed Res. 2011;32:387.
  16. Moghadamnia AA, Mirhosseini N, Abadi MH, Omranirad A, Omidvar S. Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:408.
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