Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
We examined the effects of omega-3 supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis through a meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials involving over 1,000 patients.
Our findings showed that omega-3 increased beneficial fatty acids and decreased triglyceride levels and tender joint counts.
However, while there were some reductions in inflammation markers, these changes weren't statistically significant, suggesting that omega-3 might not drastically alter disease activity overall.
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4
Limited effectiveness of omega-3
Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
We conducted a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials to investigate whether omega-3 fatty acids can benefit those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our analysis of 23 studies found that while there were some signs of reduced pain and fewer tender and swollen joints, the effects were minimal and not clinically significant.
Additionally, we noted a small reduction in the intake of NSAIDs and c-reactive protein levels, but overall, the evidence quality was low. Thus, omega-3 supplementation appears to have limited effectiveness in managing RA symptoms.
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8
Omega-3 benefits rheumatoid arthritis
Association between Omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disease: Evidence from the umbrella review and Mendelian randomization analysis.
We examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on autoimmune diseases through a comprehensive review and a Mendelian randomization analysis. Our findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce disease activity and lower inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
However, while the evidence is promising for RA, there was no consistent proof of omega-3s aiding other autoimmune conditions. Overall, further research is needed to build on our understanding of omega-3 fatty acids across various autoimmune diseases.
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Most Useful Reviews
9
High efficacy
Great! Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during exacerbations. They effectively combat bone loss and reduce inflammation, addressing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and slowing down the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis. The quality is excellent, the ingredients are natural, and the effectiveness is at its peak.
Read More
7.5
Reduces arthritis symptoms
High quality Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the onset of osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and alleviate pain during flare-ups. These fatty acids combat bone loss, reduce inflammation, and help diminish the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis while slowing the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
Read More
7.5
Fights joint pain
Precoated Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during flare-ups. They combat bone loss and relieve inflammation, assist in reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and slow down the destruction of articular cartilage with arthrosis.
We examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on autoimmune diseases through a comprehensive review and a Mendelian randomization analysis. Our findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce disease activity and lower inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
However, while the evidence is promising for RA, there was no consistent proof of omega-3s aiding other autoimmune conditions. Overall, further research is needed to build on our understanding of omega-3 fatty acids across various autoimmune diseases.
Read More
8
Promising therapy for rheumatoid arthritis
Lipid mediators obtained from docosahexaenoic acid by soybean lipoxygenase attenuate RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and rheumatoid arthritis.
We explored the impact of a lipid mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on rheumatoid arthritis. In our study, the mediator showed promise in reducing inflammation in mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis.
This treatment significantly decreased joint swelling and improved overall arthritis symptoms. Additionally, it lowered levels of harmful cytokines in the serum and boosted protective cytokines.
Our findings suggest that this lipid mediator could be a beneficial addition to rheumatoid arthritis therapy, potentially alleviating symptoms and repairing joint damage.
Read More
8
Omega-3 FAs reduce RA activity
Serum Fatty Acid Profiles Are Associated with Disease Activity in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from the ESPOIR Cohort.
This study focused on how omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids might influence disease activity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined the serum profiles of 669 patients and identified distinct fatty acid patterns.
Our findings revealed that a higher presence of omega-3 fatty acids was linked to lower disease activity after six months. Similarly, an omega-6 profile also showed reduced disease activity. These results suggest that incorporating these fatty acids could beneficially impact RA management.
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8
Omega-3s benefit rheumatoid arthritis
The Relationship between Fatty Acids and the Development, Course and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
We examined the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through a systematic review of 71 studies. Our findings suggest that a diet rich in these fatty acids may help reduce pain and disease activity in RA patients.
Consuming fish, a primary source of omega-3s, could also lower the incidence of RA. Given their anti-inflammatory properties, we believe that integrating omega-3s into treatment plans, alongside standard medications, could significantly enhance the quality of life for those living with RA.
Read More
8
Omega-3s linked to pain relief
Increased Levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and DHA Are Linked to Pain Reduction in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Janus Kinase Inhibitors.
We explored the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on pain relief in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi).
By analyzing lipid levels, we found that those on JAKi showed a significant increase in omega-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Notably, 66.7% of these patients reported manageable pain after 24 weeks, and the reduction in pain correlated with the rise in DHA levels. This suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may play a key role in enhancing the pain-relief benefits of JAKi treatment.
Great! Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during exacerbations. They effectively combat bone loss and reduce inflammation, addressing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and slowing down the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis. The quality is excellent, the ingredients are natural, and the effectiveness is at its peak.
Read More
7.5
Reduces arthritis symptoms
High quality Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the onset of osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and alleviate pain during flare-ups. These fatty acids combat bone loss, reduce inflammation, and help diminish the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis while slowing the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
Read More
7.5
Fights joint pain
Precoated Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during flare-ups. They combat bone loss and relieve inflammation, assist in reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and slow down the destruction of articular cartilage with arthrosis.
Read More
7.5
Promotes joint health
Omega-3 fatty acids support healthy joints and prevent osteoporosis. They lower inflammation and combat bone loss, relieving joint pain and reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, while also slowing the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
Read More
7.5
Effective against arthritis
High quality Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during exacerbations. They fight bone loss and inflammation, help reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and slow the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints but can also have systemic implications, impacting multiple body systems, including skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium—the lining of the membranes that surround the joints—leading to inflammation, pain, and swelling. Over time, if left untreated, RA can erode bone and cartilage, resulting in diminished joint function and mobility. The precise cause of RA is still uncertain, but factors such as genetics, hormonal changes, and environmental triggers are believed to play a role.
Individuals with RA often experience flares—periods of increased disease activity and symptom severity—followed by remission where symptoms may improve. Common signs and symptoms include pain, tenderness, swelling, and stiffness in the joints, particularly in the morning or after prolonged inactivity. While there is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, a combination of medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle adjustments can significantly manage symptoms and improve the quality of life. Effective treatment plans often include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, as well as biological agents that target specific pathways in the inflammatory process.
Omega-3 fish oil is a nutritional supplement derived from the fatty tissues of fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own. The most significant types of omega-3s found in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both of which are known for their numerous health benefits. These include reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and promoting brain function.
Incorporating omega-3 fish oil into your diet can be beneficial if you don’t consume enough fish regularly. Many health experts recommend oily fish as a part of a balanced diet due to their high omega-3 content. For those who find it difficult to include fish in their meals, fish oil supplements can offer a convenient alternative, providing the same essential fatty acids in concentrated form. However, it’s essential to choose high-quality supplements that are third-party tested for purity and potency to avoid contaminants such as heavy metals or other toxins that can impact health.
Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, have been studied for their potential benefits in managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some research indicates that these fatty acids can help reduce joint pain and stiffness associated with RA, likely due to their anti-inflammatory properties. When incorporated into the diet, Omega-3s may help lower the levels of certain inflammatory markers in the body, which could lead to improved joint function and reduced need for pain medications in some patients.
However, it's important to note that while Omega-3 fish oil can be a valuable addition to the overall management plan for rheumatoid arthritis, it should not replace conventional treatments prescribed by a healthcare provider. The efficacy can vary from person to person, and more extensive studies are needed to fully understand the extent of its benefits. If you are considering Omega-3 supplements for RA, it’s advisable to consult with your doctor to discuss the best approach and ensure it complements your existing treatment plan.
Based on user reviews, individuals taking Omega-3 fatty acids for rheumatoid arthritis often report noticeable improvements in their symptoms within a few weeks of consistent use. While the exact timeline varies from person to person, many users find that inflammation reduction and joint pain relief begin to manifest after approximately 4 to 6 weeks of supplementation (Read Review).
Users consistently highlight that the Omega-3s not only help in alleviating pain during flare-ups but also contribute to better joint health over time, which can lead to longer-term benefits. However, it’s crucial to remember that results may vary, and some users may experience faster relief while others may require more time to feel significant effects (Read Review).
The evidence surrounding omega-3 fatty acids and their role in managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is compelling, though the extent of their effectiveness may vary. Several studies have shown that diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly from sources like oily fish, can help reduce inflammation and improve certain symptoms associated with RA. For instance, a systematic review indicated that omega-3 supplementation could lead to reductions in pain and disease activity, although the effects were often described as minimal and not clinically significant [9]. Additional research has highlighted that increased intake of both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids correlates with a lower risk of developing RA, suggesting a beneficial dietary approach [4].
However, the impact of omega-3s is not uniformly significant. While some studies report improvements in joint tenderness and disease activity, others have indicated that while omega-3s enhance certain bodily mediators, they do not lead to marked improvements in RA-specific inflammation [8]. Overall, while omega-3 fatty acids, especially from fish oil, show potential in alleviating symptoms and possibly lowering disease risk, further research is essential to ascertain their efficacy in broader RA management [12].
Based on user reviews, many individuals taking Omega-3 fatty acids report significant improvements in their symptoms related to rheumatoid arthritis. Users frequently mention that these supplements help alleviate joint pain and reduce inflammation during flare-ups, leading to better overall joint health. They also highlight the benefits of preventing osteoporosis and combating bone loss, which contributes to a more stable condition over time (Read Review, Read Review, Read Review).
Users consistently express satisfaction with the effects of Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically noting their ability to slow the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis and enhance joint maintenance (Read Review, Read Review, Read Review). Nevertheless, it is important to understand that individual results can vary, and while some users experience rapid symptom relief, others may not notice immediate changes (Read Review).
The recommended dosage of Omega-3 fish oil for treating rheumatoid arthritis varies, but studies suggest that doses between 2,000 to 3,000 milligrams of combined EPA and DHA (the two main types of omega-3 fatty acids) are most effective. It’s important to note that individual responses can vary, so working with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage for your specific situation is advisable. For some, lower doses may suffice, while others may benefit from higher amounts depending on the severity of symptoms and overall health.
When considering fish oil supplements, it’s crucial to choose high-quality products that ensure purity and potency. Look for brands that have undergone third-party testing, as this can provide assurance regarding the absence of contaminants like heavy metals or PCBs. Additionally, it can be beneficial to maintain a balanced diet that incorporates other anti-inflammatory foods, thereby complementing the effects of fish oil. Always consult with a healthcare professional before beginning any new supplement regimen, particularly if you are already under treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
When considering omega-3 fish oil for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), research suggests an optimal daily dose of over 2 grams can lead to improvements in pain, joint swelling, and overall disease activity. A meta-analysis involving 1,420 participants indicated that patients who supplemented with at least 2 grams of omega-3 daily experienced more significant benefits compared to those receiving lower doses [11]. However, it's important to note that while these fatty acids showed some potential in alleviating symptoms, the effects on reducing overall disease activity were minimal and not always statistically significant across different studies [9].
Integrating omega-3s into an RA management plan may enhance quality of life, especially when combined with standard medications. It's advisable for patients to consult with their healthcare providers to tailor their omega-3 supplementation effectively, balancing dietary sources and potential therapeutic benefits [12]. As more research explores the impact of oily fish and omega-3 intake on RA, it's clear that while there may be favorable outcomes, the results can vary significantly among individuals and studies [1].
9
High efficacy
Great! Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during exacerbations. They effectively combat bone loss and reduce inflammation, addressing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and slowing down the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis. The quality is excellent, the ingredients are natural, and the effectiveness is at its peak.
7.5
Fights joint pain
Precoated Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during flare-ups. They combat bone loss and relieve inflammation, assist in reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and slow down the destruction of articular cartilage with arthrosis.
7.5
Reduces arthritis symptoms
High quality Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the onset of osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and alleviate pain during flare-ups. These fatty acids combat bone loss, reduce inflammation, and help diminish the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis while slowing the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
7.5
Promotes joint health
Omega-3 fatty acids support healthy joints and prevent osteoporosis. They lower inflammation and combat bone loss, relieving joint pain and reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, while also slowing the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
7.5
Effective against arthritis
High quality Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and relieve pain during exacerbations. They fight bone loss and inflammation, help reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and slow the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
7.5
Natural ingredients
Triglyceride Omega-3 fatty acids prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and alleviate pain during exacerbations. They help combat bone loss and relieve inflammation, effectively reducing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis while slowing articular cartilage destruction in arthrosis.
7.5
Supports joint function
Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintain healthy joints, and help relieve pain during flare-ups. They combat bone loss and inflammation, assist in diminishing the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, and slow down the destruction of articular cartilage in arthrosis.
4
Limited effectiveness of omega-3
Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
We conducted a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials to investigate whether omega-3 fatty acids can benefit those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our analysis of 23 studies found that while there were some signs of reduced pain and fewer tender and swollen joints, the effects were minimal and not clinically significant.
Additionally, we noted a small reduction in the intake of NSAIDs and c-reactive protein levels, but overall, the evidence quality was low. Thus, omega-3 supplementation appears to have limited effectiveness in managing RA symptoms.
7
Omega-3/6 linked to RA risk
Exploring the link between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis risk: NHANES 1999-2020 study.
We assessed the relationship between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk using data from over 50,000 participants in the NHANES study from 1999 to 2020.
By examining dietary recalls and questionnaire responses, we found a notable negative correlation. Specifically, higher intake of both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids was associated with lower odds of developing RA.
This suggests that including these fatty acids in our diet could potentially benefit those at risk for rheumatoid arthritis.
7
Fish oil supplements elevate mediators
Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis.
We examined how over-the-counter fish oil supplements impact specialized pro-resolving mediators in individuals with and without rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Out of 104 participants, those taking fish oil displayed higher levels of beneficial fatty acids and their derivatives, regardless of their arthritis status.
This suggests that while fish oil may enhance certain mediators in the body, it does not necessarily lead to significant improvements specifically in RA-related inflammation. Interestingly, both RA and non-RA patients experienced similar benefits from supplementation.
8
Omega-3s benefit rheumatoid arthritis
The Relationship between Fatty Acids and the Development, Course and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
We examined the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through a systematic review of 71 studies. Our findings suggest that a diet rich in these fatty acids may help reduce pain and disease activity in RA patients.
Consuming fish, a primary source of omega-3s, could also lower the incidence of RA. Given their anti-inflammatory properties, we believe that integrating omega-3s into treatment plans, alongside standard medications, could significantly enhance the quality of life for those living with RA.
7
Omega-3 improves rheumatoid arthritis symptoms
Impact of type and dose of oral polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on disease activity in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
We examined how oral supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3 from animal sources, affects rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms.
The study involved 30 randomized controlled trials with 1,420 participants, revealing that patients taking over 2 grams of omega-3 daily experienced improvements in pain, joint swelling, and overall disease activity.
While omega-3 showed more significant benefits compared to vegetable sources, it’s essential to note that not all inflammatory rheumatic diseases responded the same way.
7
Oily fish may lower RA risk
Dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis: new perspectives from a Mendelian randomisation analysis.
We aimed to uncover how dietary factors, particularly omega 3-rich oily fish, influence the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Using a robust Mendelian randomization analysis, we assessed data from large genome-wide studies.
Our findings indicated that higher intake of oily fish is associated with a lower risk of RA, along with cereal consumption. However, we didn't find significant protective effects from other dietary factors. This suggests that RA patients and those at higher risk may benefit from dietary adjustments, especially with increased oily fish intake.
References
Wang Y, Hu S, Zhang W, Zhang B, Yang Z. Dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis: new perspectives from a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Br J Nutr. 2025;133:107. doi:10.1017/S0007114524002721
Hong K, Hun M, Wu F, Mao J, Wang Y, et al. Association between Omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disease: Evidence from the umbrella review and Mendelian randomization analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23:103651. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103651
Wang W, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zang Y. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43:2479. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07040-0
Kang T, Xi Y, Qian T, Lu S, Du M, et al. Exploring the link between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis risk: NHANES 1999-2020 study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42:1720. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/91tmfb
Laevski AM, Doucet MR, Doucet MS, LeBlanc AA, Pineau PE, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids modulate the production of platelet-derived microvesicles in an in vivo inflammatory arthritis model. Eur J Nutr. 2024;63:2221. doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03397-9
Su Y, Han Y, Choi HS, Lee GY, Cho HW, et al. Lipid mediators obtained from docosahexaenoic acid by soybean lipoxygenase attenuate RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;171:116153. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116153
Léger T, Brun A, Lanchais K, Rigaudière JP, Briat A, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid and etanercept could reduce functional and metabolic alterations during collagen-induced arthritis in rats without any synergistic effect. Life Sci. 2023;327:121826. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121826
Marchand NE, Choi MY, Oakes EG, Cook NR, Stevens E, et al. Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;190:102542. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102542
Gkiouras K, Grammatikopoulou MG, Myrogiannis I, Papamitsou T, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:16. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104210
Sigaux J, Bellicha A, Buscail C, Julia C, Flipo RM, et al. Serum Fatty Acid Profiles Are Associated with Disease Activity in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from the ESPOIR Cohort. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14142947
Sigaux J, Mathieu S, Nguyen Y, Sanchez P, Letarouilly JG, et al. Impact of type and dose of oral polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on disease activity in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2022;24:100. doi:10.1186/s13075-022-02781-2
Tański W, Świątoniowska-Lonc N, Tabin M, Jankowska-Polańska B. The Relationship between Fatty Acids and the Development, Course and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14051030
Amjad S, Ahmad N, Afreen A, Ashraf S, Ahmed Z. Efficacy of Flaxseed and Fish Oils on Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72:22. doi:10.47391/JPMA.02-290
Hahn J, Cook NR, Alexander EK, Friedman S, Walter J, et al. Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2022;376:e066452. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-066452
Chang CK, Chen PK, Chen CC, Chang SH, Chen CH, et al. Increased Levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and DHA Are Linked to Pain Reduction in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Janus Kinase Inhibitors. Nutrients. 2021;13. doi:10.3390/nu13093050
Kucharská J, Poništ S, Vančová O, Gvozdjáková A, Uličná O, et al. Treatment with coenzyme Q10, omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and their combination improved bioenergetics and levels of coenzyme Q9 and Q10 in skeletal muscle mitochondria in experimental model of arthritis. Physiol Res. 2021;70:723.