Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 5 Researches
7.4
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 258 Reviews
8
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Teaspoon (5 ml)
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
15
Total Carbohydrate
4g
1%**
Elderberry (10:1 Concentrate) (Sambucus nigra) (Fruit)
500 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
8
We explored whether elderberry could help reduce the duration and severity of colds for economy class passengers traveling internationally. In a well-structured randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 312 participants, we looked at how a standardized elderberry extract affected respiratory health during air travel.
Participants tracked their cold episodes, duration, and symptoms in daily diaries, using a scoring method to quantify their experiences. They also completed surveys about their upper respiratory symptoms and quality of life at different points: before traveling and four days post-travel.
While we noted that the group taking the placebo experienced more cold episodes, the difference wasn't statistically significant. However, those taking elderberry had a significantly shorter duration of cold days and a lower average symptom score overall, suggesting that elderberry may significantly lessen the impact of colds during air travel.
Further research is essential to validate our findings and to better understand the broader health benefits of elderberry, both physical and mental.
Participants tracked their cold episodes, duration, and symptoms in daily diaries, using a scoring method to quantify their experiences. They also completed surveys about their upper respiratory symptoms and quality of life at different points: before traveling and four days post-travel.
While we noted that the group taking the placebo experienced more cold episodes, the difference wasn't statistically significant. However, those taking elderberry had a significantly shorter duration of cold days and a lower average symptom score overall, suggesting that elderberry may significantly lessen the impact of colds during air travel.
Further research is essential to validate our findings and to better understand the broader health benefits of elderberry, both physical and mental.
Read More
9
We explored the potential of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) as a natural remedy for upper respiratory symptoms, particularly those associated with colds and flu. In our analysis of the available research, which included 180 participants across various studies, we focused on how elderberry supplementation could provide relief while assessing factors like vaccination status and the underlying causes of these symptoms.
Our findings were promising—elderberry supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory symptoms. The analysis delivered a strong mean effect size, suggesting that elderberry could be a valuable alternative to commonly used over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs, especially given the growing concerns about their safety and efficacy.
As we delve into these results, it’s clear that elderberry presents a safer, more effective option for those dealing with the common cold and flu-like symptoms. This could help reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and provide a more natural route for relief during viral infections.
Our findings were promising—elderberry supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory symptoms. The analysis delivered a strong mean effect size, suggesting that elderberry could be a valuable alternative to commonly used over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs, especially given the growing concerns about their safety and efficacy.
As we delve into these results, it’s clear that elderberry presents a safer, more effective option for those dealing with the common cold and flu-like symptoms. This could help reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and provide a more natural route for relief during viral infections.
Read More
8
We examined the effectiveness of elderberry in treating symptoms of colds and influenza based on five clinical studies involving 936 adults. The research focused particularly on mono-herbal preparations of elderberry, taken within 48 hours of symptom onset.
The studies showed promising results, indicating that these elderberry products might reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms. Participants reported significant symptom relief, experiencing about a 50% improvement on average within just 2 to 4 days of starting treatment.
While the findings were largely positive, there’s still uncertainty about specific symptoms like cough and the need for additional medications. Importantly, elderberry preparations did not show effectiveness for COVID-19, underscoring the need for further research.
Adverse events were rare, and no serious side effects were reported, which adds to the overall safety profile of elderberry use in short-term applications for respiratory infections.
The studies showed promising results, indicating that these elderberry products might reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms. Participants reported significant symptom relief, experiencing about a 50% improvement on average within just 2 to 4 days of starting treatment.
While the findings were largely positive, there’s still uncertainty about specific symptoms like cough and the need for additional medications. Importantly, elderberry preparations did not show effectiveness for COVID-19, underscoring the need for further research.
Adverse events were rare, and no serious side effects were reported, which adds to the overall safety profile of elderberry use in short-term applications for respiratory infections.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Stops cold symptoms
519 people found this helpful
My entire family takes elderberry as preventive care and when unwell. The syrup is given to my child, whilst I take the capsules. It has a sweet and sour taste. As soon as I start taking elderberry, all initial signs of a cold vanish immediately. Although the illness persists, it does not progress further. Elderberry is a staple in my first aid kit, and since it became part of our household, my child has fallen ill less frequently. I highly recommend this remedy as it is far more beneficial for the body since it is natural and plant-based.
Read More
9
Eases cold recovery
32 people found this helpful
Elderberry is an exceptional remedy that aids in staying healthy, bolsters the immune system, has antiviral properties, and helps the body combat infections more quickly. We consume it at the initial stages of a cold, three times daily, at one teaspoon per dose. The progression of the illness is considerably milder. Additionally, it is reasonably priced and lasts a long time. Hence, I wholeheartedly recommend it. If my review was helpful, please give it a thumbs up. Wishing you good health.
Read More
9
Immediate relief
26 people found this helpful
We felt a difference straight away! My family came down with a cold one-by-one. I administered this immediately to one child, and it halted their coughing. I continued to use it three times a day, and by my third day of experiencing a cold, I noticed the symptoms were remarkably mild, allowing me to sleep well.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 5 Researches
7.4
- All Researches
9
We explored the potential of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) as a natural remedy for upper respiratory symptoms, particularly those associated with colds and flu. In our analysis of the available research, which included 180 participants across various studies, we focused on how elderberry supplementation could provide relief while assessing factors like vaccination status and the underlying causes of these symptoms.
Our findings were promising—elderberry supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory symptoms. The analysis delivered a strong mean effect size, suggesting that elderberry could be a valuable alternative to commonly used over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs, especially given the growing concerns about their safety and efficacy.
As we delve into these results, it’s clear that elderberry presents a safer, more effective option for those dealing with the common cold and flu-like symptoms. This could help reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and provide a more natural route for relief during viral infections.
Our findings were promising—elderberry supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory symptoms. The analysis delivered a strong mean effect size, suggesting that elderberry could be a valuable alternative to commonly used over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs, especially given the growing concerns about their safety and efficacy.
As we delve into these results, it’s clear that elderberry presents a safer, more effective option for those dealing with the common cold and flu-like symptoms. This could help reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and provide a more natural route for relief during viral infections.
Read More
8
We examined the effectiveness of elderberry in treating symptoms of colds and influenza based on five clinical studies involving 936 adults. The research focused particularly on mono-herbal preparations of elderberry, taken within 48 hours of symptom onset.
The studies showed promising results, indicating that these elderberry products might reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms. Participants reported significant symptom relief, experiencing about a 50% improvement on average within just 2 to 4 days of starting treatment.
While the findings were largely positive, there’s still uncertainty about specific symptoms like cough and the need for additional medications. Importantly, elderberry preparations did not show effectiveness for COVID-19, underscoring the need for further research.
Adverse events were rare, and no serious side effects were reported, which adds to the overall safety profile of elderberry use in short-term applications for respiratory infections.
The studies showed promising results, indicating that these elderberry products might reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms. Participants reported significant symptom relief, experiencing about a 50% improvement on average within just 2 to 4 days of starting treatment.
While the findings were largely positive, there’s still uncertainty about specific symptoms like cough and the need for additional medications. Importantly, elderberry preparations did not show effectiveness for COVID-19, underscoring the need for further research.
Adverse events were rare, and no serious side effects were reported, which adds to the overall safety profile of elderberry use in short-term applications for respiratory infections.
Read More
8
We explored whether elderberry could help reduce the duration and severity of colds for economy class passengers traveling internationally. In a well-structured randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 312 participants, we looked at how a standardized elderberry extract affected respiratory health during air travel.
Participants tracked their cold episodes, duration, and symptoms in daily diaries, using a scoring method to quantify their experiences. They also completed surveys about their upper respiratory symptoms and quality of life at different points: before traveling and four days post-travel.
While we noted that the group taking the placebo experienced more cold episodes, the difference wasn't statistically significant. However, those taking elderberry had a significantly shorter duration of cold days and a lower average symptom score overall, suggesting that elderberry may significantly lessen the impact of colds during air travel.
Further research is essential to validate our findings and to better understand the broader health benefits of elderberry, both physical and mental.
Participants tracked their cold episodes, duration, and symptoms in daily diaries, using a scoring method to quantify their experiences. They also completed surveys about their upper respiratory symptoms and quality of life at different points: before traveling and four days post-travel.
While we noted that the group taking the placebo experienced more cold episodes, the difference wasn't statistically significant. However, those taking elderberry had a significantly shorter duration of cold days and a lower average symptom score overall, suggesting that elderberry may significantly lessen the impact of colds during air travel.
Further research is essential to validate our findings and to better understand the broader health benefits of elderberry, both physical and mental.
Read More
7
Elderberry shows potential against colds
We looked into the effects of elderberry on cold symptoms to see how helpful it might be during those pesky winter months. The research we observed indicated that there is some promise when combining elderberry with other herbs for individuals battling a cold. However, the isolated effects of elderberry were not fully determined, which leaves us wanting more clarity.
While the studies we've reviewed show encouraging results regarding the use of elderberry in combination with other herbs, it’s important to note that the specific benefits of elderberry alone haven't been established through rigorous testing. This means we should be cautious while considering elderberry solely as a remedy for colds.
In short, while elderberry may provide some benefits for cold symptoms when mixed with other ingredients, further research is needed to fully understand its standalone effectiveness. For those interested in alternative treatments, it's a topic well worth exploring, but it’s best approached with an open mind and a critical eye.
While the studies we've reviewed show encouraging results regarding the use of elderberry in combination with other herbs, it’s important to note that the specific benefits of elderberry alone haven't been established through rigorous testing. This means we should be cautious while considering elderberry solely as a remedy for colds.
In short, while elderberry may provide some benefits for cold symptoms when mixed with other ingredients, further research is needed to fully understand its standalone effectiveness. For those interested in alternative treatments, it's a topic well worth exploring, but it’s best approached with an open mind and a critical eye.
Read More
5
We investigated the potential of elderberry as a treatment to help with cold symptoms. In our review, we looked at several clinical trials that specifically examined elderberry's effectiveness in reducing the severity and duration of cold illnesses.
While elderberry might not significantly lower the risk of catching a cold, we found evidence suggesting it could help decrease how long and how severely colds affect us. The data on this was uncertain, though, so we can't say with complete confidence that elderberry is a miracle cure.
Additionally, when comparing elderberry with antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir, there are hints that an elderberry product might lead to fewer complications and side effects for individuals dealing with influenza. It's also worth noting that while elderberry may influence some inflammatory markers, it does not seem to spur excessive immune responses that could lead to negative health outcomes like a “cytokine storm.”
In conclusion, elderberry appears to be a safe option for addressing viral respiratory issues, including colds. However, more research is needed to clearly establish its benefits and any potential downsides.
While elderberry might not significantly lower the risk of catching a cold, we found evidence suggesting it could help decrease how long and how severely colds affect us. The data on this was uncertain, though, so we can't say with complete confidence that elderberry is a miracle cure.
Additionally, when comparing elderberry with antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir, there are hints that an elderberry product might lead to fewer complications and side effects for individuals dealing with influenza. It's also worth noting that while elderberry may influence some inflammatory markers, it does not seem to spur excessive immune responses that could lead to negative health outcomes like a “cytokine storm.”
In conclusion, elderberry appears to be a safe option for addressing viral respiratory issues, including colds. However, more research is needed to clearly establish its benefits and any potential downsides.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 258 Reviews
8
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Stops cold symptoms
519 people found this helpful
My entire family takes elderberry as preventive care and when unwell. The syrup is given to my child, whilst I take the capsules. It has a sweet and sour taste. As soon as I start taking elderberry, all initial signs of a cold vanish immediately. Although the illness persists, it does not progress further. Elderberry is a staple in my first aid kit, and since it became part of our household, my child has fallen ill less frequently. I highly recommend this remedy as it is far more beneficial for the body since it is natural and plant-based.
Read More
9
Eases cold recovery
32 people found this helpful
Elderberry is an exceptional remedy that aids in staying healthy, bolsters the immune system, has antiviral properties, and helps the body combat infections more quickly. We consume it at the initial stages of a cold, three times daily, at one teaspoon per dose. The progression of the illness is considerably milder. Additionally, it is reasonably priced and lasts a long time. Hence, I wholeheartedly recommend it. If my review was helpful, please give it a thumbs up. Wishing you good health.
Read More
9
Immediate relief
26 people found this helpful
We felt a difference straight away! My family came down with a cold one-by-one. I administered this immediately to one child, and it halted their coughing. I continued to use it three times a day, and by my third day of experiencing a cold, I noticed the symptoms were remarkably mild, allowing me to sleep well.
Read More
7.5
Cold-free control
17 people found this helpful
I have a low immune system and have used this for about three years. My son brings home many colds from school, but I have successfully avoided catching them since I started this. When my family falls ill, it significantly reduces the time and severity of colds, which is a huge relief.
Read More
9
Quick flu treatment
15 people found this helpful
The taste is AMAZING! I purchased this after seeing its benefits for colds and flu. When I realised I was feeling the onset of the flu, I took one teaspoon every two hours. By the third dose, I was completely better – no more stuffy nose or body aches. This stuff works brilliantly!
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Fast cold relief
7 people found this helpful
Success with my purchase! I ordered elderberry for my children as a preventive measure. Ironically, the package arrived just as they caught a cold. They took it three times a day, one teaspoon after meals. Within two days, their sore throats and runny noses disappeared. I’ll definitely give it five stars. If my review helps, please give it a thumbs up!
9
Effective cold remedy
I find it difficult to drink in its pure form as it can scratch my throat. However, when diluted with water or juice, it’s tolerable. It effectively helps with colds, lasting for ages, and the price is very reasonable. I take it at the first sign of a cold and see improvement by the second day. This is the best remedy I’ve encountered for colds!
9
Eases cold recovery
32 people found this helpful
Elderberry is an exceptional remedy that aids in staying healthy, bolsters the immune system, has antiviral properties, and helps the body combat infections more quickly. We consume it at the initial stages of a cold, three times daily, at one teaspoon per dose. The progression of the illness is considerably milder. Additionally, it is reasonably priced and lasts a long time. Hence, I wholeheartedly recommend it. If my review was helpful, please give it a thumbs up. Wishing you good health.
10
Excellent Overall Effect
A great syrup with good concentration and composition. We take it daily whenever we feel a cold coming on. Symptoms usually dissipate in 3-4 days, preventing any progression of the illness. I highly recommend it, as there are no allergy issues.
7.5
Stops cold symptoms
519 people found this helpful
My entire family takes elderberry as preventive care and when unwell. The syrup is given to my child, whilst I take the capsules. It has a sweet and sour taste. As soon as I start taking elderberry, all initial signs of a cold vanish immediately. Although the illness persists, it does not progress further. Elderberry is a staple in my first aid kit, and since it became part of our household, my child has fallen ill less frequently. I highly recommend this remedy as it is far more beneficial for the body since it is natural and plant-based.
10
Quick recovery
1 people found this helpful
This supplement is a lifesaver! At the first symptoms of a cold, I give it to my son, and after just three days, he is back to being healthy!
9
Effective treatment cold
3 people found this helpful
An excellent aid at the first sign of a cold! I take 3-4 teaspoons during the day, and the child does as well. Along with double doses of vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc, several days of such treatment help the cold either go away or proceed easily.
10
Effective vitamin arsenal
1 people found this helpful
A magical remedy for the initial signs of a cold. As soon as I feel unwell, I take elderberry along with vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc picolinate, and the cold disappears. I rarely get sick as I have a collection of vitamins ready to use immediately. Wishing everyone good health!
9
Natural antiviral agent
1 people found this helpful
A brilliant remedy for colds, I bought it for my son. At the first signs of illness, I mix a teaspoon with warm water three times a day. I also include vitamin C and zinc, but I believe in elderberry's antiviral properties! The taste is excellent, and my child enjoys drinking it warm. It's crucial that the ingredients are natural, free from sugar and additives.
8
We examined the effectiveness of elderberry in treating symptoms of colds and influenza based on five clinical studies involving 936 adults. The research focused particularly on mono-herbal preparations of elderberry, taken within 48 hours of symptom onset.
The studies showed promising results, indicating that these elderberry products might reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms. Participants reported significant symptom relief, experiencing about a 50% improvement on average within just 2 to 4 days of starting treatment.
While the findings were largely positive, there’s still uncertainty about specific symptoms like cough and the need for additional medications. Importantly, elderberry preparations did not show effectiveness for COVID-19, underscoring the need for further research.
Adverse events were rare, and no serious side effects were reported, which adds to the overall safety profile of elderberry use in short-term applications for respiratory infections.
The studies showed promising results, indicating that these elderberry products might reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms. Participants reported significant symptom relief, experiencing about a 50% improvement on average within just 2 to 4 days of starting treatment.
While the findings were largely positive, there’s still uncertainty about specific symptoms like cough and the need for additional medications. Importantly, elderberry preparations did not show effectiveness for COVID-19, underscoring the need for further research.
Adverse events were rare, and no serious side effects were reported, which adds to the overall safety profile of elderberry use in short-term applications for respiratory infections.
9
We explored the potential of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) as a natural remedy for upper respiratory symptoms, particularly those associated with colds and flu. In our analysis of the available research, which included 180 participants across various studies, we focused on how elderberry supplementation could provide relief while assessing factors like vaccination status and the underlying causes of these symptoms.
Our findings were promising—elderberry supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory symptoms. The analysis delivered a strong mean effect size, suggesting that elderberry could be a valuable alternative to commonly used over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs, especially given the growing concerns about their safety and efficacy.
As we delve into these results, it’s clear that elderberry presents a safer, more effective option for those dealing with the common cold and flu-like symptoms. This could help reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and provide a more natural route for relief during viral infections.
Our findings were promising—elderberry supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory symptoms. The analysis delivered a strong mean effect size, suggesting that elderberry could be a valuable alternative to commonly used over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs, especially given the growing concerns about their safety and efficacy.
As we delve into these results, it’s clear that elderberry presents a safer, more effective option for those dealing with the common cold and flu-like symptoms. This could help reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and provide a more natural route for relief during viral infections.
5
We investigated the potential of elderberry as a treatment to help with cold symptoms. In our review, we looked at several clinical trials that specifically examined elderberry's effectiveness in reducing the severity and duration of cold illnesses.
While elderberry might not significantly lower the risk of catching a cold, we found evidence suggesting it could help decrease how long and how severely colds affect us. The data on this was uncertain, though, so we can't say with complete confidence that elderberry is a miracle cure.
Additionally, when comparing elderberry with antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir, there are hints that an elderberry product might lead to fewer complications and side effects for individuals dealing with influenza. It's also worth noting that while elderberry may influence some inflammatory markers, it does not seem to spur excessive immune responses that could lead to negative health outcomes like a “cytokine storm.”
In conclusion, elderberry appears to be a safe option for addressing viral respiratory issues, including colds. However, more research is needed to clearly establish its benefits and any potential downsides.
While elderberry might not significantly lower the risk of catching a cold, we found evidence suggesting it could help decrease how long and how severely colds affect us. The data on this was uncertain, though, so we can't say with complete confidence that elderberry is a miracle cure.
Additionally, when comparing elderberry with antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir, there are hints that an elderberry product might lead to fewer complications and side effects for individuals dealing with influenza. It's also worth noting that while elderberry may influence some inflammatory markers, it does not seem to spur excessive immune responses that could lead to negative health outcomes like a “cytokine storm.”
In conclusion, elderberry appears to be a safe option for addressing viral respiratory issues, including colds. However, more research is needed to clearly establish its benefits and any potential downsides.
8
We explored whether elderberry could help reduce the duration and severity of colds for economy class passengers traveling internationally. In a well-structured randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 312 participants, we looked at how a standardized elderberry extract affected respiratory health during air travel.
Participants tracked their cold episodes, duration, and symptoms in daily diaries, using a scoring method to quantify their experiences. They also completed surveys about their upper respiratory symptoms and quality of life at different points: before traveling and four days post-travel.
While we noted that the group taking the placebo experienced more cold episodes, the difference wasn't statistically significant. However, those taking elderberry had a significantly shorter duration of cold days and a lower average symptom score overall, suggesting that elderberry may significantly lessen the impact of colds during air travel.
Further research is essential to validate our findings and to better understand the broader health benefits of elderberry, both physical and mental.
Participants tracked their cold episodes, duration, and symptoms in daily diaries, using a scoring method to quantify their experiences. They also completed surveys about their upper respiratory symptoms and quality of life at different points: before traveling and four days post-travel.
While we noted that the group taking the placebo experienced more cold episodes, the difference wasn't statistically significant. However, those taking elderberry had a significantly shorter duration of cold days and a lower average symptom score overall, suggesting that elderberry may significantly lessen the impact of colds during air travel.
Further research is essential to validate our findings and to better understand the broader health benefits of elderberry, both physical and mental.
7
Elderberry shows potential against colds
We looked into the effects of elderberry on cold symptoms to see how helpful it might be during those pesky winter months. The research we observed indicated that there is some promise when combining elderberry with other herbs for individuals battling a cold. However, the isolated effects of elderberry were not fully determined, which leaves us wanting more clarity.
While the studies we've reviewed show encouraging results regarding the use of elderberry in combination with other herbs, it’s important to note that the specific benefits of elderberry alone haven't been established through rigorous testing. This means we should be cautious while considering elderberry solely as a remedy for colds.
In short, while elderberry may provide some benefits for cold symptoms when mixed with other ingredients, further research is needed to fully understand its standalone effectiveness. For those interested in alternative treatments, it's a topic well worth exploring, but it’s best approached with an open mind and a critical eye.
While the studies we've reviewed show encouraging results regarding the use of elderberry in combination with other herbs, it’s important to note that the specific benefits of elderberry alone haven't been established through rigorous testing. This means we should be cautious while considering elderberry solely as a remedy for colds.
In short, while elderberry may provide some benefits for cold symptoms when mixed with other ingredients, further research is needed to fully understand its standalone effectiveness. For those interested in alternative treatments, it's a topic well worth exploring, but it’s best approached with an open mind and a critical eye.
References
- Wieland LS, Piechotta V, Feinberg T, Ludeman E, Hutton B, et al. Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: a systematic review. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21:112. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03283-5
- Harnett J, Oakes K, Carè J, Leach M, Brown D, et al. The effects of berry on acute respiratory viral infections: A rapid review of clinical studies. Adv Integr Med. 2020;7:240. doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.08.001
- Hawkins J, Baker C, Cherry L, Dunne E. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019;42:361. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004
- Tiralongo E, Wee SS, Lea RA. Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2016;8:182. doi:10.3390/nu8040182
- Jaber R. Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract infections to asthma. Prim Care. 2002;29:231.
