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Our analysis further showed that TSN promotes a type of cell death known as ferroptosis and encourages M1 polarization, which is a process that can help recruit immune cells to fight cancer. We dug deeper into the mechanisms at play, discovering that Toosendanin lowers the levels of a protein called USP39, which is linked to the growth and stability of another protein called PLK1. This suggests that TSN might halt cancer progression by disrupting this harmful interplay.
In our studies, we also employed various techniques, including flow cytometry and western blotting, to confirm our findings. At the end of our research, we confirmed that TSN not only effectively slows down tumor growth but does so by targeting the USP39/PLK1 pathway. Altogether, these insights provide valuable information about how TSN could serve as a promising candidate in the battle against prostate cancer.
Our findings showed that TOMM20 levels are significantly higher in PCa tissues and cell lines, and this increase correlates positively with AR levels. Through RNA sequencing analysis, we discovered that reducing TOMM20 led to a drop in the mRNA of AR-regulated genes. This drop was evident in the protein level of KLK3, also known as PSA, a crucial marker for prostate cancer.
Moreover, we noticed that when TOMM20 was depleted, there was a notable reduction in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of AR protein, leading to its degradation via a pathway not involving heat shock proteins. This indicates that TOMM20 has a unique role in stabilizing AR and enhancing its activity, suggesting that targeting TOMM20 might be a promising strategy for PCa treatment.
Overall, our study uncovers TOMM20 as a potential biomarker for monitoring prostate cancer progression and a substantial target for therapeutic intervention.
Through isolation and characterization of sEVs, we measured the levels of CAIX protein. By identifying independent predictors of csPCa, particularly those with a Gleason score of 7 or higher, we developed a predictive model. This model included a novel Nomogram, which proved to be a reliable tool for predicting whether patients had csPCa, thereby helping to avoid unnecessary biopsies.
The results were promising. We found that the presence of sEV-derived CAIX in the plasma correlated strongly with both PCa and csPCa diagnosis. This approach not only aids in accurate diagnosis but may also assist in guiding treatment decisions based on the prognosis indicated by CAIX levels.
Overall, our findings suggest that assessing CAIX levels could be a game-changer in the early detection and management of prostate cancer.
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Our analysis further showed that TSN promotes a type of cell death known as ferroptosis and encourages M1 polarization, which is a process that can help recruit immune cells to fight cancer. We dug deeper into the mechanisms at play, discovering that Toosendanin lowers the levels of a protein called USP39, which is linked to the growth and stability of another protein called PLK1. This suggests that TSN might halt cancer progression by disrupting this harmful interplay.
In our studies, we also employed various techniques, including flow cytometry and western blotting, to confirm our findings. At the end of our research, we confirmed that TSN not only effectively slows down tumor growth but does so by targeting the USP39/PLK1 pathway. Altogether, these insights provide valuable information about how TSN could serve as a promising candidate in the battle against prostate cancer.
By examining prostate cancer cells with both normal and reduced LIG4 levels, we discovered that inhibiting this protein led to DNA damage and cellular aging, which ultimately decreased tumor formation. Furthermore, we found that LIG4 inhibition reduced the cancer stem cell population, suggesting a less aggressive cancer behavior.
Interestingly, some prostate cancers managed to resist the effects of LIG4 inhibition by increasing levels of PD-L1, a protein that helps tumors evade the immune system. However, treatment with an anti-PD-1 antibody showed promise by increasing the infiltration of immune cells into tumors and reducing their size.
Overall, our findings indicate that targeting LIG4 could make prostate cancer more susceptible to immune checkpoint therapies, potentially improving treatment outcomes for patients.
We aimed to measure the effectiveness of this combination therapy by evaluating two main outcomes: pathological complete response (pCR) and minimal residual disease (MRD). The results were promising, showing a combined pCR/MRD rate of 46%, indicating that nearly half of the patients had no detectable disease after treatment. Additionally, 53% of participants remained free of biochemical progression two years post-treatment.
Interestingly, we found that specific molecular alterations, particularly involving biallelic homologous recombination repair and BRCA2 genes, were tied to quicker declines in prostate-specific antigen levels, which is a key marker for prostate cancer. Genomic analyses done after treatment revealed a reduction in MYC amplification and growth markers, suggesting that the therapy effectively targeted aggressive cancer attributes.
However, it’s important to note that about 23% of patients encountered grade ≥3 adverse events, highlighting some risks associated with this treatment. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of combining these therapies in treating prostate cancer while establishing a foundation for exploring various biomarkers that could inform future research.
To enhance its duration in the body, peptide 5a was linked to a protein called human serum albumin (denoted as 5a-HSA). We tested this combination in laboratory settings to confirm its ability to block the interactions that promote TGFβ activation, particularly in various cancer cells and regulatory T cells, which often help tumors evade immune response.
In real-world scenarios, the study applied 5a-HSA in several mouse models of different cancers, including prostate cancer, to examine its anti-tumor effects when used alone or alongside an immune-modifying agent. The results suggest that this treatment approach could be beneficial in blocking TGFβ activation in tumors while promoting stronger immune responses, indicating a promising avenue in prostate cancer treatment.
Our findings showed that TOMM20 levels are significantly higher in PCa tissues and cell lines, and this increase correlates positively with AR levels. Through RNA sequencing analysis, we discovered that reducing TOMM20 led to a drop in the mRNA of AR-regulated genes. This drop was evident in the protein level of KLK3, also known as PSA, a crucial marker for prostate cancer.
Moreover, we noticed that when TOMM20 was depleted, there was a notable reduction in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of AR protein, leading to its degradation via a pathway not involving heat shock proteins. This indicates that TOMM20 has a unique role in stabilizing AR and enhancing its activity, suggesting that targeting TOMM20 might be a promising strategy for PCa treatment.
Overall, our study uncovers TOMM20 as a potential biomarker for monitoring prostate cancer progression and a substantial target for therapeutic intervention.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate, a small gland that produces seminal fluid and is located below the bladder in men. This disease is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of prostate cells. While it can grow slowly and may not show significant symptoms in its early stages, prostate cancer can sometimes be aggressive, spreading to nearby tissues or even to distant organs. According to the American Cancer Society, it is one of the most common types of cancer among men, second only to skin cancer. Risk factors include age, family history, and race, with African American men being at a higher risk.
Screening for prostate cancer often involves a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test or a digital rectal exam (DRE), which can help detect abnormalities in the prostate. If diagnosed, treatment options may vary depending on the stage of the cancer and can include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or chemotherapy. It's crucial for individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer to discuss the potential benefits and risks of each treatment option with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action tailored to their specific situation.
Pumpkin seeds, often referred to as pepitas, are the edible seeds of certain types of pumpkins and squash. Unlike the traditional hull-on pumpkin seeds that are frequently roasted and consumed as a snack, pepitas are the flat, green seeds that have had their outer shell removed. Not only are they a popular ingredient in various cuisines, particularly in Mexican dishes, but they also pack a significant nutritional punch.
Rich in protein, healthy fats, and a variety of antioxidants, pepitas are a great addition to a balanced diet. They are a good source of magnesium, zinc, and iron, making them an excellent choice for anyone looking to enhance their overall nutrient intake. Pepitas can be enjoyed in numerous ways—sprinkled on salads, added to granola, or blended into smoothies for a boost in nutrition and flavor. Whether eaten raw, roasted, or seasoned, pumpkin seeds are an easy way to incorporate more plant-based goodness into your meals.
While pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas, are a nutritious snack rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, research specifically linking them to prostate cancer prevention or treatment is limited. However, some studies suggest that the antioxidants and phytochemicals found in pumpkin seeds may contribute to overall prostate health. For instance, they are a good source of zinc, which plays a role in maintaining normal prostate function.
It's important to note that while incorporating pumpkin seeds into a healthy diet can be beneficial, they should not be viewed as a substitute for medical treatment or professional advice regarding prostate cancer. If you're considering dietary changes for prostate health or cancer prevention, it's best to consult with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian for personalized guidance.
Based on user reviews, it seems that the time taken to notice results from incorporating pumpkin seeds into your diet for prostate cancer may vary. Many users suggest that consistent use is key, with one reviewer stating, "by using them consistently, I believe you'll notice a significant difference" (Read Review). However, specific timelines for observable impacts aren't consistently detailed, indicating that individual experiences may differ widely.
It's important to note that while users acknowledge the benefits of pumpkin seeds for prostate health, many do not specify an exact timeframe for results. A common theme in the reviews is the recommendation to integrate them into your daily routine for potential long-term benefits, with some users noting improvements in symptoms associated with prostate cancer (Read Review). As always, you should consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
The research surrounding various supplements and treatments for prostate cancer is indeed promising, with several studies highlighting potential strategies that could support effective management of this disease. One notable study investigated the combination of fuzuloparib and abiraterone, revealing a 46% rate of patients achieving no detectable disease post-treatment after six cycles of therapy [1]. This suggests that targeted combinations might be pivotal in enhancing treatment effectiveness, although the associated adverse events should be taken into consideration.
In another noteworthy study, Toosendanin (TSN) was shown to significantly inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, potentially making it a valuable candidate for future treatments [2]. Furthermore, the exploration of proteins like TOMM20 underscores the intricate molecular pathways involved in prostate cancer, pointing toward innovative targets for intervention [4]. Collectively, these findings provide a foundation for developing novel treatment strategies, although ongoing research and clinical trials will be crucial for confirming their efficacy and safety in broader populations.
Users have reported varying degrees of symptom improvement when integrating pumpkin seeds into their diet, particularly in relation to prostate cancer. Many reviewers emphasized the purported benefits of these seeds, highlighting their rich nutrient profile that includes iron, protein, zinc, and phytosterols. One user noted that by consuming pumpkin seeds consistently, one could potentially see a significant difference in their condition (Read Review). Additionally, another reviewer expressed that incorporating pumpkin seeds into a daily routine can aid in alleviating issues related to prostate cancer, suggesting that they may help manage an enlarged prostate (Read Review).
Moreover, anecdotal experiences suggest that users have observed improvements in urinary frequency and overall prostate health after including pumpkin seeds in their diet (Read Review). While many users offered optimistic views on the effectiveness of pumpkin seeds, it's crucial to remember that individual results can vary widely based on personal health conditions and dietary habits. Thus, while these seeds may be beneficial for some, consulting with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance is always advisable.
Users report a generally positive experience when combining pumpkin seeds with other dietary practices to manage prostate cancer. Many have highlighted the nutrient-rich profile of pumpkin seeds, which includes iron, protein, zinc, and phytosterols, believing that these components work together to support prostate health (Read Review). One reviewer mentioned incorporating pumpkin seeds into breakfast meals, mixing them with yogurt or using them in baking, suggesting a versatile approach to enhance their benefits (Read Review).
Additionally, some users recommend grinding the seeds for easier consumption, particularly for those who may find it challenging to consume larger quantities, as in the case of elderly individuals (Read Review). Others noted the effectiveness of integrating pumpkin seeds into their regimen, stating that consistent use could lead to significant improvements in managing prostate-related symptoms (Read Review). This combination of pumpkin seeds with other healthy dietary choices appears to be a common strategy for users seeking natural support in managing prostate cancer.
Users report varying insights on the dosage of pumpkin seeds (pepitas) when considering them for prostate cancer support. One prevalent suggestion is a daily intake of about 5 grams, roughly equivalent to one spoonful, which some users found sufficient for their needs; this advice was backed by a user's feedback on the challenges the elderly face with this dosage, recommending the seeds be ground and mixed with yogurt or beverages for easier consumption (Read Review).
Several users emphasize the importance of regular consumption, asserting that consistent intake can lead to noticeable benefits in managing prostate cancer-related symptoms (Read Review). Moreover, users have noted the nutritional advantages of pumpkin seeds, such as their high iron, zinc, and protein content, which could contribute positively to prostate health (Read Review). While specific dosages may vary among individuals, many agree that incorporating these seeds into the daily diet can potentially aid prostate health.
We aimed to measure the effectiveness of this combination therapy by evaluating two main outcomes: pathological complete response (pCR) and minimal residual disease (MRD). The results were promising, showing a combined pCR/MRD rate of 46%, indicating that nearly half of the patients had no detectable disease after treatment. Additionally, 53% of participants remained free of biochemical progression two years post-treatment.
Interestingly, we found that specific molecular alterations, particularly involving biallelic homologous recombination repair and BRCA2 genes, were tied to quicker declines in prostate-specific antigen levels, which is a key marker for prostate cancer. Genomic analyses done after treatment revealed a reduction in MYC amplification and growth markers, suggesting that the therapy effectively targeted aggressive cancer attributes.
However, it’s important to note that about 23% of patients encountered grade ≥3 adverse events, highlighting some risks associated with this treatment. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of combining these therapies in treating prostate cancer while establishing a foundation for exploring various biomarkers that could inform future research.
Our analysis further showed that TSN promotes a type of cell death known as ferroptosis and encourages M1 polarization, which is a process that can help recruit immune cells to fight cancer. We dug deeper into the mechanisms at play, discovering that Toosendanin lowers the levels of a protein called USP39, which is linked to the growth and stability of another protein called PLK1. This suggests that TSN might halt cancer progression by disrupting this harmful interplay.
In our studies, we also employed various techniques, including flow cytometry and western blotting, to confirm our findings. At the end of our research, we confirmed that TSN not only effectively slows down tumor growth but does so by targeting the USP39/PLK1 pathway. Altogether, these insights provide valuable information about how TSN could serve as a promising candidate in the battle against prostate cancer.
Our findings showed that TOMM20 levels are significantly higher in PCa tissues and cell lines, and this increase correlates positively with AR levels. Through RNA sequencing analysis, we discovered that reducing TOMM20 led to a drop in the mRNA of AR-regulated genes. This drop was evident in the protein level of KLK3, also known as PSA, a crucial marker for prostate cancer.
Moreover, we noticed that when TOMM20 was depleted, there was a notable reduction in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of AR protein, leading to its degradation via a pathway not involving heat shock proteins. This indicates that TOMM20 has a unique role in stabilizing AR and enhancing its activity, suggesting that targeting TOMM20 might be a promising strategy for PCa treatment.
Overall, our study uncovers TOMM20 as a potential biomarker for monitoring prostate cancer progression and a substantial target for therapeutic intervention.
References
- Zhang T, Wang B, Wei Y, Gan H, Fang B, et al. Neoadjuvant fuzuloparib combined with abiraterone for localized high-risk prostate cancer (FAST-PC): A single-arm phase 2 study. Cell Rep Med. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102018
- Shen S, Xue G, Zeng Z, Peng L, Nie W, et al. Toosendanin promotes prostate cancer cell apoptosis, ferroptosis and M1 polarization via USP39-mediated PLK1 deubiquitination. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025. doi:10.1007/s00210-025-03916-3
- Gasparri AM, Pocaterra A, Colombo B, Taiè G, Gnasso C, et al. Blockade of αvβ6 and αvβ8 integrins with a chromogranin A-derived peptide inhibits TGFβ activation in tumors and suppresses tumor growth. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2025;44:88. doi:10.1186/s13046-025-03352-4
- Yin L, Dai Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Ye Y, et al. A mitochondrial outer membrane protein TOMM20 maintains protein stability of androgen receptor and regulates AR transcriptional activity in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene. 2025. doi:10.1038/s41388-025-03328-w
- Wu J, Lagunas AM, Crowe DL. DNA Ligase 4 Inhibition Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Immune Checkpoint Blockade . Anticancer Res. 2025;45:883. doi:10.21873/anticanres.17476
- Wang L, He D, Li Q, Orren D, Wang C, et al. PLK1 phosphorylates WRN at replication forks. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2025;392:100051. doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2024.100051
- Chen H, Pang B, Liu Z, Li B, Wang Q, et al. The Diagnostic Value of Plasma Small Extracellular Vesicle-Derived CAIX Protein in Prostate Cancer and Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: A Study on Predictive Models. Prostate. 2025. doi:10.1002/pros.24879
