Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.5
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.2
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Softgels
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
20
Total Fat
2 g
3%**
Saturated Fat
0.5 g
3%**
Polyunsaturated Fat
1 g
†
Monounsaturated Fat
0.5 g
†
Fish Oil Concentrate
2 g (2,000 mg)
†
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
360 mg
†
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
240 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
8
Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces MS symptoms
We explored the therapeutic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in tackling multiple sclerosis through a study involving mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mice were given diets enriched with or without EPA. Remarkably, the mice that received the EPA-infused diet displayed significantly lower clinical scores compared to those that did not.
Furthermore, we observed that the production of inflammatory markers like IFN-γ and IL-17 was notably reduced in the EPA-treated mice. This reduction is particularly important, as these markers are associated with the progression of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, there was an enhancement in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors within the CD4T cells infiltrating the central nervous system.
These findings suggest that EPA could serve as a promising new approach to therapy for multiple sclerosis, showcasing its potential in reducing inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in those affected by this condition.
Furthermore, we observed that the production of inflammatory markers like IFN-γ and IL-17 was notably reduced in the EPA-treated mice. This reduction is particularly important, as these markers are associated with the progression of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, there was an enhancement in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors within the CD4T cells infiltrating the central nervous system.
These findings suggest that EPA could serve as a promising new approach to therapy for multiple sclerosis, showcasing its potential in reducing inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in those affected by this condition.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important omega-3 fatty acid, on multiple sclerosis (MS) by investigating its influence on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and T cell migration. MMP-9 is known to contribute to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier, allowing inflammatory T cells to enter and affect the central nervous system—an essential factor in the progression of MS.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
Read More
8
Eicosapentaenoic acid benefits MS treatment
We explored the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, on microglial responses related to myelin damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). In our study, we conducted primary cultures and utilized the cuprizone mouse model to simulate demyelination typical of this disease.
Our findings showed that both EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly inhibited the release of harmful substances from microglia, which are immune cells in the brain. This inhibition helps to reduce inflammation, a known issue in the progression of MS. Additionally, we found that these fatty acids promoted myelin phagocytosis, which is the process where microglia clear out damaged myelin.
We observed that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs, including EPA, led to a reduction in demyelination and improvements in both motor and cognitive functions in the cuprizone model. Importantly, this positive impact was linked to a shift in microglial behavior toward a more beneficial M2 phenotype, which supports recovery and repair.
Our study suggests that eicosapentaenoic acid and other omega-3 fatty acids may offer a promising avenue for treating demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis through their ability to modulate immune responses favorably.
Our findings showed that both EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly inhibited the release of harmful substances from microglia, which are immune cells in the brain. This inhibition helps to reduce inflammation, a known issue in the progression of MS. Additionally, we found that these fatty acids promoted myelin phagocytosis, which is the process where microglia clear out damaged myelin.
We observed that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs, including EPA, led to a reduction in demyelination and improvements in both motor and cognitive functions in the cuprizone model. Importantly, this positive impact was linked to a shift in microglial behavior toward a more beneficial M2 phenotype, which supports recovery and repair.
Our study suggests that eicosapentaenoic acid and other omega-3 fatty acids may offer a promising avenue for treating demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis through their ability to modulate immune responses favorably.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Excellent quality
1 people found this helpful
I've been using this for many years without interruption, despite having multiple sclerosis. The quality is excellent and unmatched by any competitor.
Read More
6
Slowed regression
2 people found this helpful
Omega for health. My wife has multiple sclerosis, and we've been advised to take Omega 3. It’s hard to say how much it has helped, but the progression has slowed down, which is certainly a positive outcome.
Read More
7.5
Helpful supplement
1 people found this helpful
I’ve started taking Omega 3 again, and it’s been helpful for my multiple sclerosis.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.5
- All Researches
9
EPA decreases inflammation in MS
We set out to explore the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a component of fish oil, on individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In our study, 50 patients received either 4 grams of fish oil daily or a placebo for a full year.
Our primary focus was to measure how this supplementation affected markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, particularly looking at cytokines like TNF α, IL-1 β, and IL-6, as well as nitric oxide levels in the bloodstream.
The results were promising; those taking fish oil showed a significant reduction in these inflammatory markers compared to the placebo group. However, we found no noticeable differences in disability progression or the frequency of relapses among participants.
This suggests that while EPA may help reduce specific inflammatory markers, it doesn’t appear to alter the course of the disease in terms of disability or relapse rates.
Our primary focus was to measure how this supplementation affected markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, particularly looking at cytokines like TNF α, IL-1 β, and IL-6, as well as nitric oxide levels in the bloodstream.
The results were promising; those taking fish oil showed a significant reduction in these inflammatory markers compared to the placebo group. However, we found no noticeable differences in disability progression or the frequency of relapses among participants.
This suggests that while EPA may help reduce specific inflammatory markers, it doesn’t appear to alter the course of the disease in terms of disability or relapse rates.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces MS activity
We embarked on a clinical trial to explore whether a specialized formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid could have a positive impact on individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). This study, which lasted 30 months, included 80 participants who were randomly assigned to four groups. Each group either received the active treatment, a variation of it, or a placebo, all while the participants were closely monitored in a double-blind setup to ensure fairness.
We specifically investigated the effectiveness of our new combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, alongside vitamins, to gauge its influence on disease activity. The study aimed to evaluate the annualized relapse rate and the progression of disability in these patients. We were pleased to find that the treatment containing eicosapentaenoic acid, known as PLP10, notably reduced the rate of relapses and lower risk of sustained disability progressions without any serious side effects.
While this study paves the way for further exploration, it is essential to acknowledge that larger studies will be necessary to fully understand the long-term safety and effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on MS. Overall, our findings suggest promising potential for eicosapentaenoic acid as a supportive therapy in managing this challenging condition.
We specifically investigated the effectiveness of our new combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, alongside vitamins, to gauge its influence on disease activity. The study aimed to evaluate the annualized relapse rate and the progression of disability in these patients. We were pleased to find that the treatment containing eicosapentaenoic acid, known as PLP10, notably reduced the rate of relapses and lower risk of sustained disability progressions without any serious side effects.
While this study paves the way for further exploration, it is essential to acknowledge that larger studies will be necessary to fully understand the long-term safety and effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on MS. Overall, our findings suggest promising potential for eicosapentaenoic acid as a supportive therapy in managing this challenging condition.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important omega-3 fatty acid, on multiple sclerosis (MS) by investigating its influence on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and T cell migration. MMP-9 is known to contribute to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier, allowing inflammatory T cells to enter and affect the central nervous system—an essential factor in the progression of MS.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
Read More
We aimed to understand how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) influences multiple sclerosis by exploring its effects in combination with other nutrients. Through a carefully designed study, we assessed the protective benefits of DHA, alongside all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, on a model of multiple sclerosis known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
The study involved female C57BL/6 mice divided into treated and untreated groups to observe the impact of these nutrients on the disease's progression. The results were striking. We found that when DHA was administered with ATRA and vitamin D, there was a significant reduction in clinical symptoms, and less interferon gamma and T-bet gene expression—key contributors to the inflammatory response observed in multiple sclerosis.
While the combination treatment showed clear benefits, it's important to note that the specific role of DHA on its own was difficult to isolate. The intervention collectively reduced the severity of the disease and inflammation, hinting at its potential for treating similar autoimmune conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that exploring DHA within combined therapies might be a promising pathway for managing multiple sclerosis.
The study involved female C57BL/6 mice divided into treated and untreated groups to observe the impact of these nutrients on the disease's progression. The results were striking. We found that when DHA was administered with ATRA and vitamin D, there was a significant reduction in clinical symptoms, and less interferon gamma and T-bet gene expression—key contributors to the inflammatory response observed in multiple sclerosis.
While the combination treatment showed clear benefits, it's important to note that the specific role of DHA on its own was difficult to isolate. The intervention collectively reduced the severity of the disease and inflammation, hinting at its potential for treating similar autoimmune conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that exploring DHA within combined therapies might be a promising pathway for managing multiple sclerosis.
Read More
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, may impact multiple sclerosis (MS). The overarching question was whether this compound can help alleviate symptoms and slow down disease progression in individuals with MS.
Through various studies, we found that EPA has shown potential in reducing inflammation, which is a significant factor in MS. By acting as an anti-inflammatory, eicosapentaenoic acid may help manage symptoms associated with the disease. However, it's essential to note that while there are promising indications, more comprehensive studies are needed to establish clear benefits specifically linked to EPA in MS treatment.
Additionally, it's worth mentioning that current research indicates that EPA's effectiveness could also depend on its use in conjunction with other treatments. This implies that while EPA may be beneficial, it is not a standalone cure for multiple sclerosis. Continued research and randomized clinical trials will be crucial in validating the extent of EPA's impact on MS and determining the appropriate dosages for maximum effectiveness.
Through various studies, we found that EPA has shown potential in reducing inflammation, which is a significant factor in MS. By acting as an anti-inflammatory, eicosapentaenoic acid may help manage symptoms associated with the disease. However, it's essential to note that while there are promising indications, more comprehensive studies are needed to establish clear benefits specifically linked to EPA in MS treatment.
Additionally, it's worth mentioning that current research indicates that EPA's effectiveness could also depend on its use in conjunction with other treatments. This implies that while EPA may be beneficial, it is not a standalone cure for multiple sclerosis. Continued research and randomized clinical trials will be crucial in validating the extent of EPA's impact on MS and determining the appropriate dosages for maximum effectiveness.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.2
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Excellent quality
1 people found this helpful
I've been using this for many years without interruption, despite having multiple sclerosis. The quality is excellent and unmatched by any competitor.
Read More
6
Slowed regression
2 people found this helpful
Omega for health. My wife has multiple sclerosis, and we've been advised to take Omega 3. It’s hard to say how much it has helped, but the progression has slowed down, which is certainly a positive outcome.
Read More
7.5
Helpful supplement
1 people found this helpful
I’ve started taking Omega 3 again, and it’s been helpful for my multiple sclerosis.
Read More
9
Preventive measure
I use this high-quality product as a preventative measure against multiple sclerosis. It contains guaranteed ingredients, is suitable for all ages, and has a pleasant taste.
Read More
7.5
Beneficial effects
2 people found this helpful
Okiga 3. O God, may this medicine be beneficial to our bodies and without harm. The packaging is secure, and it’s gentle on the stomach, containing antioxidants and multiple minerals. The quantity is adequate with no taste.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Helpful supplement
1 people found this helpful
I’ve started taking Omega 3 again, and it’s been helpful for my multiple sclerosis.
6
Slowed regression
2 people found this helpful
Omega for health. My wife has multiple sclerosis, and we've been advised to take Omega 3. It’s hard to say how much it has helped, but the progression has slowed down, which is certainly a positive outcome.
9
Excellent quality
1 people found this helpful
I've been using this for many years without interruption, despite having multiple sclerosis. The quality is excellent and unmatched by any competitor.
9
Preventive measure
I use this high-quality product as a preventative measure against multiple sclerosis. It contains guaranteed ingredients, is suitable for all ages, and has a pleasant taste.
7
Eicosapentaenoic acid enhances cognition
We investigated the connection between dietary changes and cognitive performance in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The study involved 77 participants who were tested at different intervals—before and after following either a modified paleolithic (Wahls) diet or a low saturated fat (Swank) diet.
Both dietary approaches led to improvements in essential fatty acids in the participants' blood, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We observed meaningful enhancements in cognitive function, as measured by specific tests, especially at the 12 and 24-week marks.
Notably, we found that the change in omega-3 levels, which include EPA and DHA, was associated with improvements in cognitive scores. This means that while both diets positively influenced cognitive abilities, the increases in these fatty acids were a crucial element of this improvement.
Overall, our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid, as part of a broader dietary approach, can play a significant role in enhancing cognitive function for those affected by MS, although further research is needed to clarify the specific impact of EPA alone.
Both dietary approaches led to improvements in essential fatty acids in the participants' blood, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We observed meaningful enhancements in cognitive function, as measured by specific tests, especially at the 12 and 24-week marks.
Notably, we found that the change in omega-3 levels, which include EPA and DHA, was associated with improvements in cognitive scores. This means that while both diets positively influenced cognitive abilities, the increases in these fatty acids were a crucial element of this improvement.
Overall, our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid, as part of a broader dietary approach, can play a significant role in enhancing cognitive function for those affected by MS, although further research is needed to clarify the specific impact of EPA alone.
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, may impact multiple sclerosis (MS). The overarching question was whether this compound can help alleviate symptoms and slow down disease progression in individuals with MS.
Through various studies, we found that EPA has shown potential in reducing inflammation, which is a significant factor in MS. By acting as an anti-inflammatory, eicosapentaenoic acid may help manage symptoms associated with the disease. However, it's essential to note that while there are promising indications, more comprehensive studies are needed to establish clear benefits specifically linked to EPA in MS treatment.
Additionally, it's worth mentioning that current research indicates that EPA's effectiveness could also depend on its use in conjunction with other treatments. This implies that while EPA may be beneficial, it is not a standalone cure for multiple sclerosis. Continued research and randomized clinical trials will be crucial in validating the extent of EPA's impact on MS and determining the appropriate dosages for maximum effectiveness.
Through various studies, we found that EPA has shown potential in reducing inflammation, which is a significant factor in MS. By acting as an anti-inflammatory, eicosapentaenoic acid may help manage symptoms associated with the disease. However, it's essential to note that while there are promising indications, more comprehensive studies are needed to establish clear benefits specifically linked to EPA in MS treatment.
Additionally, it's worth mentioning that current research indicates that EPA's effectiveness could also depend on its use in conjunction with other treatments. This implies that while EPA may be beneficial, it is not a standalone cure for multiple sclerosis. Continued research and randomized clinical trials will be crucial in validating the extent of EPA's impact on MS and determining the appropriate dosages for maximum effectiveness.
4
Eicosapentaenoic acid and MS impact
We explored the potential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), part of the omega-3 fatty acid family, on multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory gene expression. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, examining multiple studies with a total of 1,353 participants over various periods ranging from 3 to 144 weeks.
Our findings revealed that EPA, along with other omega-3 fatty acids, did not show a significant association with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, meaning that it may not directly influence the progression of disability in MS patients. However, we did see some benefits relating to inflammatory gene expression, where omega-3 fatty acids tended to positively impact certain genes relevant to inflammation, which could be pivotal in managing MS.
It's exciting to note, though, that while EPA showed promise as part of a broader omega-3 strategy, more detailed and focused clinical trials are essential to truly understand its role and benefits in the management of multiple sclerosis.
Our findings revealed that EPA, along with other omega-3 fatty acids, did not show a significant association with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, meaning that it may not directly influence the progression of disability in MS patients. However, we did see some benefits relating to inflammatory gene expression, where omega-3 fatty acids tended to positively impact certain genes relevant to inflammation, which could be pivotal in managing MS.
It's exciting to note, though, that while EPA showed promise as part of a broader omega-3 strategy, more detailed and focused clinical trials are essential to truly understand its role and benefits in the management of multiple sclerosis.
9
EPA decreases inflammation in MS
We set out to explore the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a component of fish oil, on individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In our study, 50 patients received either 4 grams of fish oil daily or a placebo for a full year.
Our primary focus was to measure how this supplementation affected markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, particularly looking at cytokines like TNF α, IL-1 β, and IL-6, as well as nitric oxide levels in the bloodstream.
The results were promising; those taking fish oil showed a significant reduction in these inflammatory markers compared to the placebo group. However, we found no noticeable differences in disability progression or the frequency of relapses among participants.
This suggests that while EPA may help reduce specific inflammatory markers, it doesn’t appear to alter the course of the disease in terms of disability or relapse rates.
Our primary focus was to measure how this supplementation affected markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, particularly looking at cytokines like TNF α, IL-1 β, and IL-6, as well as nitric oxide levels in the bloodstream.
The results were promising; those taking fish oil showed a significant reduction in these inflammatory markers compared to the placebo group. However, we found no noticeable differences in disability progression or the frequency of relapses among participants.
This suggests that while EPA may help reduce specific inflammatory markers, it doesn’t appear to alter the course of the disease in terms of disability or relapse rates.
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces MS activity
We embarked on a clinical trial to explore whether a specialized formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid could have a positive impact on individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). This study, which lasted 30 months, included 80 participants who were randomly assigned to four groups. Each group either received the active treatment, a variation of it, or a placebo, all while the participants were closely monitored in a double-blind setup to ensure fairness.
We specifically investigated the effectiveness of our new combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, alongside vitamins, to gauge its influence on disease activity. The study aimed to evaluate the annualized relapse rate and the progression of disability in these patients. We were pleased to find that the treatment containing eicosapentaenoic acid, known as PLP10, notably reduced the rate of relapses and lower risk of sustained disability progressions without any serious side effects.
While this study paves the way for further exploration, it is essential to acknowledge that larger studies will be necessary to fully understand the long-term safety and effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on MS. Overall, our findings suggest promising potential for eicosapentaenoic acid as a supportive therapy in managing this challenging condition.
We specifically investigated the effectiveness of our new combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, alongside vitamins, to gauge its influence on disease activity. The study aimed to evaluate the annualized relapse rate and the progression of disability in these patients. We were pleased to find that the treatment containing eicosapentaenoic acid, known as PLP10, notably reduced the rate of relapses and lower risk of sustained disability progressions without any serious side effects.
While this study paves the way for further exploration, it is essential to acknowledge that larger studies will be necessary to fully understand the long-term safety and effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on MS. Overall, our findings suggest promising potential for eicosapentaenoic acid as a supportive therapy in managing this challenging condition.
References
- Saxby SM, Haas C, Shemirani F, Titcomb TJ, Eyck PT, et al. Association Between Improved Serum Fatty Acid Profiles and Cognitive Function During a Dietary Intervention Trial in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2024;26:61. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2023-037
- Poggioli R, Hirani K, Jogani VG, Ricordi C. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27:7380. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202308_33310
- Ghasemi Darestani N, Bahrami A, Mozafarian MR, Esmalian Afyouni N, Akhavanfar R, et al. Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14214627
- Hassanshahi G, Noroozi Karimabad M, Jebali A. The therapeutic effect of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils and its efficacy to attenuate inflammation in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial phase I. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;362:577768. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577768
- Siegert E, Paul F, Rothe M, Weylandt KH. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on central nervous system remyelination in fat-1 mice. BMC Neurosci. 2017;18:19. doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0312-5
- Chen S, Zhang H, Pu H, Wang G, Li W, et al. n-3 PUFA supplementation benefits microglial responses to myelin pathology. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7458. doi:10.1038/srep07458
- Di Biase A, Salvati S, Di Benedetto R, Attorri L, Martinelli A, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid pre-treatment reduces biochemical changes induced in total brain and myelin of weanling Wistar rats by cuprizone feeding. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2014;90:99. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2013.11.004
- Zanella SG, Roberti di Sarsina P. Personalization of multiple sclerosis treatments: using the chelation therapy approach. Explore (NY). 2013;9:244. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2013.04.003
- Ramirez-Ramirez V, Macias-Islas MA, Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moises F, Torres-Sanchez ED, et al. Efficacy of fish oil on serum of TNF α , IL-1 β , and IL-6 oxidative stress markers in multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1b. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:709493. doi:10.1155/2013/709493
- Salvati S, Di Biase A, Attorri L, Di Benedetto R, Sanchez M, et al. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ameliorates the clinical course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in dark agouti rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1645. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.005
- Pantzaris MC, Loukaides GN, Ntzani EE, Patrikios IS. A novel oral nutraceutical formula of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with vitamins (PLP10) in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2013;3. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002170
- Løken-Amsrud KI, Myhr KM, Bakke SJ, Beiske AG, Bjerve KS, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis--association and prediction. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54417. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054417
- Unoda K, Doi Y, Nakajima H, Yamane K, Hosokawa T, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;256:7. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.12.003
- Torkildsen O, Wergeland S, Bakke S, Beiske AG, Bjerve KS, et al. ω-3 fatty acid treatment in multiple sclerosis (OFAMS Study): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1044. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.283
- Shinto L, Marracci G, Bumgarner L, Yadav V. The effects of omega-3 Fatty acids on matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and cell migration in human immune cells: implications for multiple sclerosis. Autoimmune Dis. 2011;2011:134592. doi:10.4061/2011/134592
- Kong W, Yen JH, Ganea D. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents dendritic cell maturation, inhibits antigen-specific Th1/Th17 differentiation and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:872. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.012
- Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Galván A, Valdelvira ME, Caballero-Villarraso J, et al. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2024;124:109497. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109497
- Grajchen E, Loix M, Baeten P, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, et al. Fatty acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:666. doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01011-2
- Kim JS, Soto-Diaz K, Bingham TW, Steelman AJ, Das A. Role of omega-3 endocannabinoids in the modulation of T-cell activity in a multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. J Biol Chem. 2023;299:102886. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102886
- Nasl-Khameneh AM, Mirshafiey A, Moghadasi AN, Yekaninejad MS, Parastouei K, et al. The immunomodulatory effects of all-trans retinoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid combination treatment on the expression of IL-2, IL-4, T-bet, and GATA3 genes in PBMCs of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Res. 2023;45:510. doi:10.1080/01616412.2022.2162222
- Feng C, Li L, Li Q, Switzer K, Liu M, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates autoimmune inflammation by activating GPR120 signaling pathway in dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;97:107698. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107698
- Adkins Y, Soulika AM, Mackey B, Kelley DS. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) Ameliorated the Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Lipids. 2019;54:13. doi:10.1002/lipd.12130
- Mousavi Nasl-Khameneh A, Mirshafiey A, Naser Moghadasi A, Chahardoli R, Mahmoudi M, et al. Combination treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibit IL-17 and RORγt gene expression in PBMCs of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res. 2018;40:11. doi:10.1080/01616412.2017.1382800
- Bernardo A, Giammarco ML, De Nuccio C, Ajmone-Cat MA, Visentin S, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation via PPAR-γ signalling and prevents tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent maturational arrest. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2017;1862:1013. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.014
- Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Mirshafiee A, Parastouei K, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Yekaninejad S, et al. A Novel Combination of Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, and 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Reduces T-Bet Gene Expression, Serum Interferon Gamma, and Clinical Scores but Promotes PPARγ Gene Expression in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci. 2016;60:498.
