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The results showed that vitamin K1 significantly slowed the progression of coronary artery calcifications by 55%, compared to the placebo group. This finding suggests vitamin K1 may offer an important benefit in managing heart health for those with chronic kidney disease.
While apixaban showed promising results, rivaroxaban had more mixed findings, yet overall, the effectiveness and safety were largely in line with the original trials. This suggests that these medications can be appropriately used in everyday medical practice.
Surprisingly, we found that both treatments led to similar rates of serious complications, like strokes or bleeding. However, those on VKAs showed a significantly higher overall mortality. This suggests that while both anticoagulants may work similarly for immediate outcomes, VKAs might come with increased risks for longer-term survival. Further research is needed to clarify the best options for these patients.
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The results showed that vitamin K1 significantly slowed the progression of coronary artery calcifications by 55%, compared to the placebo group. This finding suggests vitamin K1 may offer an important benefit in managing heart health for those with chronic kidney disease.
Our findings reveal that those on DOACs had significantly fewer cardioembolic events and complications following left atrial appendage closure.
In contrast, patients on VKAs did not show the same benefit, which suggests that DOACs may be a more effective option for ongoing treatment in these cases.
While apixaban showed promising results, rivaroxaban had more mixed findings, yet overall, the effectiveness and safety were largely in line with the original trials. This suggests that these medications can be appropriately used in everyday medical practice.
Interestingly, while we noted predictors for these clinical outcomes—like previous thromboembolism or bleeding—no significant improvement in heart disease was directly linked to vitamin K treatment itself. Instead, factors such as age and kidney function played crucial roles in determining patient outcomes.
Surprisingly, we found that both treatments led to similar rates of serious complications, like strokes or bleeding. However, those on VKAs showed a significantly higher overall mortality. This suggests that while both anticoagulants may work similarly for immediate outcomes, VKAs might come with increased risks for longer-term survival. Further research is needed to clarify the best options for these patients.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Heart disease refers to a range of conditions that affect the heart's function and overall health. This umbrella term includes various cardiovascular issues such as coronary artery disease, which is caused by the buildup of plaque in the arteries; heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias); and heart defects present at birth (congenital heart defects). Additionally, heart disease encompasses conditions related to the heart muscle, such as cardiomyopathy, and the heart's valves, which might not open or close properly. The effects of heart disease can be significant, impacting not only physical health but also quality of life, making prevention and timely medical intervention crucial.
Several risk factors contribute to the development of heart disease, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking. Genetics also play a role, as heart disease can run in families. To mitigate the risks, healthcare professionals typically recommend lifestyle changes such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco use. For those already diagnosed with heart disease, treatment options can vary widely, ranging from lifestyle modifications to medications and, in severe cases, surgical interventions. Understanding the nature of heart disease and its risk factors is an essential step toward prevention and effective management.
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for various bodily functions, particularly in the clotting process of blood. It exists in two primary forms: K1 (phylloquinone), which is primarily found in leafy green vegetables like spinach and kale, and K2 (menaquinone), which is found in fermented foods and certain animal products. Vitamin K plays a significant role in the synthesis of proteins that regulate blood coagulation and is also essential for bone metabolism, assisting in the binding of calcium to bones and other tissues.
Deficiencies in vitamin K can lead to increased bleeding and bruising, and in severe cases, it may contribute to bone weakness. While most people can obtain adequate amounts of vitamin K through a balanced diet rich in vegetables and fermented foods, those with certain medical conditions or who are on specific medications may require monitoring and supplementation. Incorporating a variety of nutrient-dense foods into your diet is the best way to ensure you get enough vitamin K for optimal health.
Recent studies suggest that Vitamin K may play a beneficial role in heart health, primarily due to its involvement in the regulation of calcium in the arteries. Vitamin K helps activate proteins that prevent calcium buildup in the arteries, which is a significant risk factor for heart disease. Some research has indicated that higher intake of vitamin K might be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, although the evidence is still emerging and further studies are needed to establish a definitive link.
However, while Vitamin K can contribute to cardiovascular health, it is not a standalone solution for heart disease prevention or management. A well-rounded approach, including a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, regular physical activity, and other lifestyle modifications, should be your primary strategy. As always, consult with healthcare professionals before making any significant changes to your diet or supplement regimen.
Based on user reviews, many individuals report varying timeframes for experiencing benefits when taking Vitamin K2, particularly in relation to heart health. Some users note improvements in heart-related issues such as irregular heartbeat and calcium deposits within about six months of consistent use of K2 supplements, coupled with other dietary changes and supplements like Vitamin D3 (Read Review). For example, one individual mentioned a remarkable reduction in chest tightness after five months of taking MK-7 (Read Review).
Others have highlighted that while benefits may become noticeable relatively quickly, maintaining proper dosage and consistency is crucial for long-term cardiovascular health. A user reported that after two years of taking the supplement, their heart condition remained stable, which suggests that the effects are cumulative and may also take time to manifest fully (Read Review). Generally, users seem to think a commitment of at least several months is advisable to start seeing positive changes.
This supplement, particularly Vitamin K and its antagonists, has mixed support in the context of heart disease. For instance, one study found no significant improvement in heart disease-related outcomes in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists compared to other factors like age and kidney function ([1]). Similarly, a review of anti-thrombotic therapies showed inconsistent results, indicating that certain treatments, including VKAs, did not significantly reduce thromboembolic events and had variable bleeding rates, suggesting the need for more structured future research ([3]).
On a more positive note, another study highlighted that intravenous Vitamin K1 slowed the progression of coronary artery calcifications by 55% in hemodialysis patients, indicating a potential beneficial effect on heart health for those with chronic kidney disease ([5]). However, overall, the findings suggest that while Vitamin K may have certain advantages, its role in heart disease management remains unclear, and alternatives like direct oral anticoagulants are often preferred due to their better outcomes in various situations ([6]).
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported notable improvements in cardiovascular and overall health after incorporating Vitamin K2, particularly in its MK-7 form, into their daily routines. For instance, users have mentioned significant reductions in irregular heartbeats, chest tightness, and even improvements in calcium distribution, leading to better heart stability and enhancements in joint mobility (Read Review) (Read Review). After consistent use, one user noted a remarkable improvement where previously long-standing issues like nosebleeds had ceased entirely, indicating a broader impact on health beyond just heart function (Read Review).
In addition to heart health, many users highlighted benefits for bone strength and density, illustrating Vitamin K2's role in calcium absorption and reduction of osteoporosis risk (Read Review). Reported positive effects encompassed decreased arterial stiffness and improved overall vitality, reinforcing the supplement's importance in supporting both cardiovascular and skeletal systems (Read Review). However, as with all supplements, individual results can vary widely, and it’s crucial to approach supplementation with consideration of personal health needs and possible interactions with other medications, such as statins (Read Review).
Users have reported that combining Vitamin K2 (especially in its MK-7 form) with other supplements, particularly Vitamin D3, can be highly beneficial for heart health. Many individuals emphasize the importance of this combination, as it helps ensure that calcium is directed to the bones rather than accumulating in arteries, potentially preventing heart disease and improving arterial elasticity (Read Review)(Read Review). One user noted remarkable improvement in irregular heartbeat after taking MK-7, LactoBif 30, and ubiquinol, showcasing the synergistic effects of multiple quality ingredients (Read Review).
Additionally, reviews highlighted that those on statin medications should consider supplementing with Vitamin K2, as statins can reduce vitamin K levels, which may impede calcium regulation necessary for heart health (Read Review). Users consistently report improved outcomes, including reduced symptoms related to heart conditions and better overall cardiovascular health when integrating K2 with other supplements like D3, magnesium, and calcium (Read Review). Overall, the feedback suggests a thoughtful approach to mixing supplements can enhance their efficacy in managing heart disease.
Based on user reviews, a daily dose of 180 mcg of Vitamin K2 (MK-7) is frequently recommended, particularly for postmenopausal women and older men. Users report that this dosage aids in calcium absorption, directing calcium to bones instead of arteries, which can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease and coronary artery calcification (Read Review). Many users emphasize the importance of pairing Vitamin K2 with vitamin D3 to ensure optimal calcium usage in the body, supporting heart health alongside bone density (Read Review).
Interestingly, while we noted predictors for these clinical outcomes—like previous thromboembolism or bleeding—no significant improvement in heart disease was directly linked to vitamin K treatment itself. Instead, factors such as age and kidney function played crucial roles in determining patient outcomes.
The results showed that vitamin K1 significantly slowed the progression of coronary artery calcifications by 55%, compared to the placebo group. This finding suggests vitamin K1 may offer an important benefit in managing heart health for those with chronic kidney disease.
Our findings reveal that those on DOACs had significantly fewer cardioembolic events and complications following left atrial appendage closure.
In contrast, patients on VKAs did not show the same benefit, which suggests that DOACs may be a more effective option for ongoing treatment in these cases.
References
- Liporace IL, Oliveira GBF, Alves LBO, Galassi NM, Jeronimo AD, et al. Incidence and Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Valvular and Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Using Vitamin K Antagonists. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025;122:e20240147. doi:10.36660/abc.20240147
- Schipper JH, Sommer AS, Nies RJ, Metze C, Meertens MM, et al. Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Vitamin K Antagonists After Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Single-Center Observational Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038834. doi:10.1161/JAHA.124.038834
- Babadagli HE, Ye J, Chen J, Turgeon R, Wang EH. Efficacy and safety of anti-thrombotic therapy after surgical mitral valve repair: a scoping review. Open Heart. 2025;12. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2024-003158
- Himmelreich JCL, Virdone S, Camm AJ, Pieper K, Harskamp RE, et al. Emulation of ARISTOTLE and ROCKET AF trials in real-world atrial fibrillation patients results in similar efficacy and safety as original landmark trials: insights from the GARFIELD-AF registry. Open Heart. 2025;12. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2024-002966
- Macias-Cervantes HE, Ocampo-Apolonio MA, Guardado-Mendoza R, Baron-Manzo M, Pereyra-Nobara TA, et al. Effect of vitamin K1 supplementation on coronary calcifications in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Nephrol. 2025;38:511. doi:10.1007/s40620-024-02154-9
- Preda A, Falasconi G, Melillo F, Margonato D, Posteraro GA, et al. Left atrial appendage closure in patients with failure of anticoagulation therapy: A multicenter comparative study on the hybrid strategy using DOACs and VKAs. Int J Cardiol. 2025;421:132875. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132875
