Overview

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 6 Reviews
8.3
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
5
 
Total Fat
0.5 g
< 1%**
Vitamin A (from Retinyl Palmitate and Cod Liver Oil)
750 mcg 
83%
Vitamin D3 (from Cholecalciferol and Cod Liver Oil)
6.75 mcg (270 IU)
34%
Cod Liver Oil
650 mg

Top Medical Research Studies

9
Cod liver oil reduces arthritis symptoms
In a recent study, we examined the effectiveness of cod liver oil in alleviating symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-three participants took 1 gram of cod liver oil daily for three months. The results were promising.

We observed significant reductions in morning stiffness, with an impressive 52.4% improvement. Additionally, patients reported a 42.7% decrease in painful joints and a 40% reduction in swollen joints. Pain intensity also saw a notable decline of 67.5%.

When asked about their experience, 68% of patients rated the treatment as "good" or "very good" in terms of effectiveness, and an impressive 95% found it tolerable. While some patients reported nonsevere side effects, three of those reactions might have been linked to the cod liver oil.

Overall, we find that cod liver oil could be a beneficial addition to treatment options for those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.
Read More
9
Vitamin A's potential in arthritis treatment
We explored the potential of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a form of vitamin A, in treating autoimmune arthritis. The research focused on how ATRA can help improve the body's immune response while reducing inflammation associated with arthritis.

Through innovative use of biodegradable microparticles, ATRA is released directly in the joints over a sustained period, enhancing the body's immune activity. This unique approach helped transform naïve T cells into protective regulatory T cells, which in turn helped to mitigate inflammatory responses.

Notably, the sustained release of ATRA not only improved joint health but also affected the entire body without leading to widespread immune suppression. In animal models of arthritis, those treated with ATRA showed less joint damage and inflammation compared to untreated counterparts, suggesting a promising avenue for managing this challenging condition.

Overall, these findings illuminate the role of vitamin A in potentially modifying the disease course for those battling autoimmune arthritis, indicating exciting new possibilities for treatment that could offer hope for improved patient outcomes.
Read More
We explored the potential of cod liver oil as a supportive treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, particularly focusing on its ability to lessen the daily need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In a well-structured, dual-center study that spanned nine months, we involved ninety-seven RA patients. They were divided into two groups: one received 10 grams of cod liver oil loaded with omega-3 fatty acids, while the other group took placebo capsules.

Throughout the study, we carefully documented changes in NSAID consumption, disease activity, and safety outcomes at several points—initially, and then at 4, 12, 24, and 36 weeks. Notably, patients were encouraged to gradually decrease, and if possible, stop their NSAID intake by the 12-week mark.

At the end of the study, we discovered that 39% of participants taking cod liver oil reduced their NSAID dosage by more than 30%, compared to only 10% in the placebo group. However, there were no significant differences in disease activity or side effects between the two groups. This suggests that cod liver oil may indeed serve as a helpful adjunct in managing RA by lessening dependence on NSAIDs.
Read More

Most Useful Reviews

8.5
Game-changer for health
I’ve been using NOW Foods Cod Liver Oil, 650 mg, for a while, and it’s transformed my overall health. It significantly reduces inflammation, improving my joint health and alleviating arthritis-related pain. I've also experienced a decrease in anxiety and depression. The softgels are small and easy to swallow, making them a convenient choice. The quality is evident, and I've noticed benefits to my skin and hair, alongside cardiovascular support from the Vitamins A and D3. I highly recommend this product for those seeking natural health improvements.
Read More
9
Effective arthritis remedy
I experience no aftertaste and have found it very effective for my arthritis in my hands, which I have dealt with since my teenage years.
Read More
7.5
Regained strength
My grandfather is 80, and arthritis has impacted his activities. He requested a capsuled version of cod liver oil to avoid the fishy smell. He is pleased with this product, stating it has helped him regain some strength.
Read More

Medical Researches

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.8
  • All Researches
9
Cod liver oil reduces arthritis symptoms
In a recent study, we examined the effectiveness of cod liver oil in alleviating symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-three participants took 1 gram of cod liver oil daily for three months. The results were promising.

We observed significant reductions in morning stiffness, with an impressive 52.4% improvement. Additionally, patients reported a 42.7% decrease in painful joints and a 40% reduction in swollen joints. Pain intensity also saw a notable decline of 67.5%.

When asked about their experience, 68% of patients rated the treatment as "good" or "very good" in terms of effectiveness, and an impressive 95% found it tolerable. While some patients reported nonsevere side effects, three of those reactions might have been linked to the cod liver oil.

Overall, we find that cod liver oil could be a beneficial addition to treatment options for those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.
Read More
9
ATRA enhances RA treatment efficacy
We explored the role of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as an auxiliary treatment alongside methotrexate (MTX) for managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study focused on how ATRA could influence fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), which are crucial in the arthritis process due to their imbalance between cell death and proliferation.

To assess this, we evaluated the impact of ATRA and MTX on human RA FLSs, measuring their viability, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and autophagy (cellular cleaning process). Interestingly, methotrexate alone showed little effect on cell viability and apoptosis. However, when we added ATRA to the treatment regime, we noticed a significant decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis and autophagy.

Mechanistically, we found that ATRA activates the ROS-JNK signaling pathway in these cells, which plays a critical role in promoting cell death and autophagy. We also conducted tests in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in rats, observing a considerable boost in anti-arthritic efficacy when ATRA and MTX were used together compared to MTX alone. Overall, ATRA's ability to enhance apoptosis and inhibit proliferation suggests its potential as a complementary therapy for RA, opening new avenues for more effective treatments.
Read More
9
We established a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in Wistar rats to explore the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a form of vitamin A, on arthritis. Over six weeks of treatment, we noted significant improvements in the arthritis index of the CIA rats. This means that the symptoms of arthritis became less severe, and key indicators of inflammation in the joints were reduced.

Our observations extended beyond just joint health. The treatment with ATRA seemed to restore balance in the immune system, specifically by reversing disruptions in a particular type of immune cell differentiation known as Th17/Treg. Importantly, we also found that ATRA led to a decrease in intestinal inflammation and improved the structural integrity of the gut lining.

Using advanced imaging techniques, we saw that ATRA helped repair the tight junctions in the intestinal walls. This included an increase in proteins that help maintain these junctions, leading to better gut health. Furthermore, ATRA influenced the gut microbiota composition, fostering beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus while reducing those linked to inflammation.

In conclusion, our findings suggest that ATRA has the potential to alleviate symptoms of arthritis by modulating immune responses and supporting gut health. These insights introduce exciting possibilities for using vitamin A in managing arthritis.
Read More
9
Vitamin A's potential in arthritis treatment
We explored the potential of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a form of vitamin A, in treating autoimmune arthritis. The research focused on how ATRA can help improve the body's immune response while reducing inflammation associated with arthritis.

Through innovative use of biodegradable microparticles, ATRA is released directly in the joints over a sustained period, enhancing the body's immune activity. This unique approach helped transform naïve T cells into protective regulatory T cells, which in turn helped to mitigate inflammatory responses.

Notably, the sustained release of ATRA not only improved joint health but also affected the entire body without leading to widespread immune suppression. In animal models of arthritis, those treated with ATRA showed less joint damage and inflammation compared to untreated counterparts, suggesting a promising avenue for managing this challenging condition.

Overall, these findings illuminate the role of vitamin A in potentially modifying the disease course for those battling autoimmune arthritis, indicating exciting new possibilities for treatment that could offer hope for improved patient outcomes.
Read More
9
Vitamin A's Role in Arthritis Therapy
We explored the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a form of vitamin A, on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. Our focus was on delivering ATRA using a specialized nanoparticle designed to target synovial fibroblasts, the cells responsible for joint damage in RA. This innovative approach involved creating nanoparticles coated with a membrane mimicking platelets, which helps guide ATRA directly to the Golgi apparatus in these harmful cells.

Through our study, we observed that ATRA-loaded nanoparticles disrupted the normal function of synovial fibroblasts, leading to a decrease in the production of inflammatory proteins often found in RA. This resulted in a significant reduction of pathogenic factors in joints affected by arthritis, which is crucial because these proteins can exacerbate joint damage and inflammation.

Additionally, further testing in rats with collagen-induced arthritis showed promising results. The targeted nanoparticles distributed specifically to the arthritic joints, successfully lowering levels of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that lead to bone erosion and pain. The outcomes indicated not only potential treatment effectiveness but also minimal toxicity to vital organs, making this method a safe option for rheumatoid arthritis management.

In conclusion, our findings suggest that ATRA therapy, particularly when delivered through this innovative nanotechnology, could offer a new direction in treating rheumatoid arthritis by minimizing the harmful substances that these synovial fibroblasts produce.
Read More

User Reviews

USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 6 Reviews
8.3
  • All Reviews
  • Positive Reviews
  • Negative Reviews
8.5
Game-changer for health
I’ve been using NOW Foods Cod Liver Oil, 650 mg, for a while, and it’s transformed my overall health. It significantly reduces inflammation, improving my joint health and alleviating arthritis-related pain. I've also experienced a decrease in anxiety and depression. The softgels are small and easy to swallow, making them a convenient choice. The quality is evident, and I've noticed benefits to my skin and hair, alongside cardiovascular support from the Vitamins A and D3. I highly recommend this product for those seeking natural health improvements.
Read More
9
Effective arthritis remedy
I experience no aftertaste and have found it very effective for my arthritis in my hands, which I have dealt with since my teenage years.
Read More
7.5
Regained strength
My grandfather is 80, and arthritis has impacted his activities. He requested a capsuled version of cod liver oil to avoid the fishy smell. He is pleased with this product, stating it has helped him regain some strength.
Read More
7.5
Reduces inflammation
4 people found this helpful
Cod liver oil offers numerous benefits for bodily function. It lowers inflammation, alleviates pain related to arthritis, reduces anxiety and depression, diminishes diabetes risk, and supports a healthy immune system. It's a fantastic source of Vitamins A and D3 and is excellent for cardiovascular health.
Read More
7.5
Supports immune system
Cod liver oil provides multiple benefits for overall bodily function. It lowers inflammation, eases arthritis pain, reduces anxiety and depression, decreases diabetes risk, and supports a healthy immune system. It's an excellent source of Vitamins A and D3 and supports cardiovascular health.
Read More

Frequently Asked Questions

8.5
Game-changer for health
I’ve been using NOW Foods Cod Liver Oil, 650 mg, for a while, and it’s transformed my overall health. It significantly reduces inflammation, improving my joint health and alleviating arthritis-related pain. I've also experienced a decrease in anxiety and depression. The softgels are small and easy to swallow, making them a convenient choice. The quality is evident, and I've noticed benefits to my skin and hair, alongside cardiovascular support from the Vitamins A and D3. I highly recommend this product for those seeking natural health improvements.
9
Effective arthritis remedy
I experience no aftertaste and have found it very effective for my arthritis in my hands, which I have dealt with since my teenage years.
7.5
Regained strength
My grandfather is 80, and arthritis has impacted his activities. He requested a capsuled version of cod liver oil to avoid the fishy smell. He is pleased with this product, stating it has helped him regain some strength.
7.5
Reduces inflammation
4 people found this helpful
Cod liver oil offers numerous benefits for bodily function. It lowers inflammation, alleviates pain related to arthritis, reduces anxiety and depression, diminishes diabetes risk, and supports a healthy immune system. It's a fantastic source of Vitamins A and D3 and is excellent for cardiovascular health.
We explored the potential of cod liver oil as a supportive treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, particularly focusing on its ability to lessen the daily need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In a well-structured, dual-center study that spanned nine months, we involved ninety-seven RA patients. They were divided into two groups: one received 10 grams of cod liver oil loaded with omega-3 fatty acids, while the other group took placebo capsules.

Throughout the study, we carefully documented changes in NSAID consumption, disease activity, and safety outcomes at several points—initially, and then at 4, 12, 24, and 36 weeks. Notably, patients were encouraged to gradually decrease, and if possible, stop their NSAID intake by the 12-week mark.

At the end of the study, we discovered that 39% of participants taking cod liver oil reduced their NSAID dosage by more than 30%, compared to only 10% in the placebo group. However, there were no significant differences in disease activity or side effects between the two groups. This suggests that cod liver oil may indeed serve as a helpful adjunct in managing RA by lessening dependence on NSAIDs.
9
Cod liver oil reduces arthritis symptoms
In a recent study, we examined the effectiveness of cod liver oil in alleviating symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-three participants took 1 gram of cod liver oil daily for three months. The results were promising.

We observed significant reductions in morning stiffness, with an impressive 52.4% improvement. Additionally, patients reported a 42.7% decrease in painful joints and a 40% reduction in swollen joints. Pain intensity also saw a notable decline of 67.5%.

When asked about their experience, 68% of patients rated the treatment as "good" or "very good" in terms of effectiveness, and an impressive 95% found it tolerable. While some patients reported nonsevere side effects, three of those reactions might have been linked to the cod liver oil.

Overall, we find that cod liver oil could be a beneficial addition to treatment options for those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.
2
Cod liver oil ineffective for arthritis
We embarked on an exploration to assess the effectiveness of cod liver oil when used alongside non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for managing arthritis. In a carefully designed double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 86 patients participated, receiving either 10 ml of cod liver oil or an olive oil placebo daily for 24 weeks while continuing their regular NSAID treatment.

Throughout the study, patients were monitored by their general practitioners every four weeks, focusing on joint pain, levels of inflammation, and how much arthritis disrupted their daily activities. Additionally, participants recorded their pain levels on a visual scale to quantify its impact on their day-to-day lives.

Unfortunately, we found no significant benefits for those taking cod liver oil compared to those on the placebo. This suggests that while cod liver oil might be a popular supplement, it did not provide the expected improvement when used in conjunction with NSAIDs for treating arthritis.
8
Cod liver oil shows promise
We explored the effects of cod liver oil on arthritis, a common condition that often leads to joint replacement surgery. The study reviewed several clinical trials, animal studies, and laboratory experiments that investigated how fish oils, including cod liver oil, can alleviate the symptoms associated with joint issues.

Our findings indicated that cod liver oil does show promise in providing relief from some of the pathological effects of arthritis. The evidence gathered supports the idea that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil may help in reducing inflammation that contributes to cartilage destruction.

While we found some positive results, it's important to note that the overall scientific understanding of the mechanisms behind these benefits is still limited. In addition to cod liver oil, other nutraceuticals like green tea and glucosamine were mentioned as having potential benefits, but again, the lack of in-depth studies means we cannot fully understand how or why they work.

Overall, while there is hope in the use of cod liver oil for arthritis treatment, more research is needed to fully comprehend its effectiveness and the cellular processes involved.
7
Cod liver oil aids arthritis management
We explored how the use of cod liver oil could impact the daily intake of Diclofenac Sodium for people with rheumatoid arthritis. In a recent study conducted over 24 weeks, 30 participants aged 19 to 60 received five cod liver oil capsules twice daily while switching from various anti-inflammatory medications to a maximum dose of 200 mg of Diclofenac Sodium.

Throughout the study, we monitored the participants' pain levels using the Visual Analogue Scale and recorded their daily Diclofenac usage. The results indicated a reduction in the average daily dosage of Diclofenac, suggesting that cod liver oil might help to lessen the need for this medication.

This finding is particularly relevant as Diclofenac is commonly used but can lead to adverse side effects. By incorporating cod liver oil—which is rich in essential fatty acids—into their treatment regimen, patients may enjoy improved management of their arthritis symptoms and potentially decrease their intake of Diclofenac.

In conclusion, our study suggests that cod liver oil can play a beneficial role in arthritis care by reducing the reliance on Diclofenac Sodium and possibly mitigating its side effects. This could pave the way for developing more holistic approaches to managing rheumatoid arthritis.
8
Cod liver oil aids arthritis relief
We explored the effectiveness of cod liver oil, particularly its omega-3 fatty acids, in treating arthritis. Research has shown that this natural remedy, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, can provide significant relief for those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. By reducing pain and morning stiffness, cod liver oil may be a valuable tool in managing symptoms.

This treatment not only offers benefits on its own but also allows for a reduction in the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are often prescribed for inflammatory conditions. This is an encouraging option for those looking for alternative therapies to enhance their overall quality of life while controlling arthritis symptoms.

Importantly, daily supplementation with cod liver oil can lead to fewer complications related to chronic inflammation, making it particularly appealing for individuals with a high risk of preterm delivery or other related conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that cod liver oil could play a role in effective arthritis management, alongside conventional treatments.

References

  1. Gupta VK, Khan ZY, Ahmad M. The concomitant consumption of cod liver oil causes a reduction in the daily diclofenac sodium usage in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a pilot study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:1347. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6266.3126
  2. Galarraga B, Ho M, Youssef HM, Hill A, McMahon H, et al. Cod liver oil (n-3 fatty acids) as an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sparing agent in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:665. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken024
  3. Vermel' AE. [Clinical application of omega-3-fatty acids (cod-liver oil)]. Klin Med (Mosk). 2005;83:51.
  4. Curtis CL, Harwood JL, Dent CM, Caterson B. Biological basis for the benefit of nutraceutical supplementation in arthritis. Drug Discov Today. 2004;9:165.
  5. Gruenwald J, Graubaum HJ, Harde A. Effect of cod liver oil on symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Ther. 2002;19:101.
  6. Blaser J, Triebel S, Maasjosthusmann U, Romisch J, Krahl-Mateblowski U, et al. Determination of metalloproteinases, plasminogen-activators and their inhibitors in the synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis during chemical synoviorthesis. Clin Chim Acta. 1996;244:17.
  7. Stammers T, Sibbald B, Freeling P. Efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;51:128.
  8. Ni Y, Cao Y, Qiu Y, Li Y. Association between dietary retinol intake and rheumatoid arthritis based on NHANES database. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2167. doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19620-5
  9. Zhang Y, Shi J, Xie Y, Shao H, Ning Y, et al. Exploring the supplementary potential of all-trans retinoic acid with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: modulation of synovial cell apoptosis and autophagy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42:1387. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/3pd9rp
  10. Zhang Y, Luo Y, Shi J, Xie Y, Shao H, et al. All-trans retinoic acid alleviates collagen-induced arthritis and promotes intestinal homeostasis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:1811. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52322-x
  11. McBride DA, Kerr MD, Johnson WT, Nguyen A, Zoccheddu M, et al. Immunomodulatory Microparticles Epigenetically Modulate T Cells and Systemically Ameliorate Autoimmune Arthritis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023;10:e2202720. doi:10.1002/advs.202202720
  12. Deng C, Zhao X, Chen Y, Ai K, Zhang Y, et al. Engineered Platelet Microparticle-Membrane Camouflaged Nanoparticles for Targeting the Golgi Apparatus of Synovial Fibroblasts to Attenuate Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS Nano. 2022;16:18430. doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c06584
  13. Zhou X, Mi J, Liu Z. Causal association of diet-derived circulating antioxidants with the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A Mendelian randomization study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022;56:152079. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152079
  14. Cai Q, Li Y, Lyu F, Zhou M, Lu K, et al. Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid on the Optimization of Synovial Explant Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2020;66:300. doi:10.3177/jnsv.66.300
  15. Mosquera N, Rodriguez-Trillo A, Blanco FJ, Mera-Varela A, Gonzalez A, et al. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Inhibits Migration and Invasiveness of Rheumatoid Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2020;372:185. doi:10.1124/jpet.119.261370
  16. Rafati A, Ramezani R, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Bahrami S, Alvanegh AG, et al. Calcitriol Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulated Immune Response in Collagen-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in BALB/c Mice. Transplant Proc. 2025;57:355. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2024.12.020
  17. Liu P, Zhou J, Cui H, Xu J, Ruan G, et al. 1,25(OH)D induces chondrocyte autophagy and reduces the loss of proteoglycans in osteoarthritis through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44:811. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07281-z
  18. Wielińska J, Górna K, Świerkot J, Bugaj B, Kolossa K, et al. Polymorphic Variants in the Vitamin D Receptor and Clinical Parameters of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Undergoing Anti-TNF Treatment. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2024;72. doi:10.2478/aite-2024-0023
  19. Elfituri S. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on disease activity and fatigue in Libyan rheumatoid arthritis patients. Reumatologia. 2024;62:109. doi:10.5114/reum/187391
  20. Kim S, Chen N, Reid P. Current and future advances in practice: aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2024;8:rkae024. doi:10.1093/rap/rkae024
  21. Tekeli SÖ, Köse Ö, Yapar D, Tekeli FY, Asoğlu MM, et al. Relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis: A retrospective study on 3424 subjects. Technol Health Care. 2024;32:3649. doi:10.3233/THC-230802
  22. Huovinen J, Palosaari S, Pesonen P, Huhtakangas JA, Lehenkari P. 1,25(OH)D and its analogue calcipotriol inhibit the migration of human synovial and mesenchymal stromal cells in a wound healing model - A comparison with glucocorticoids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;233:106373. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106373
  23. Zhu W, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Zhang W, Si Z, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D regulates macrophage activation through FBP1/PKR and ameliorates arthritis in TNF-transgenic mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;228:106251. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106251
  24. Chen J, Zhang J, Li J, Qin R, Lu N, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Deficiency Accelerates Aging-related Osteoarthritis via Downregulation of Sirt1 in Mice. Int J Biol Sci. 2023;19:610. doi:10.7150/ijbs.78785
  25. Divjak A, Jovanovic I, Matic A, Lucic AT, Gajovic N, et al. The influence of vitamin D supplementation on the expression of mediators of inflammation in knee osteoarthritis. Immunol Res. 2023;71:442. doi:10.1007/s12026-022-09354-0
image