Chronic oral or intraarticular administration of docosahexaenoic acid reduces nociception and knee edema and improves functional outcomes in a mouse model of Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced knee arthritis.
We examined whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could help reduce knee pain and inflammation in a specific mouse model of arthritis. The study involved administering DHA either orally or directly into the joint over a set period.
Our findings indicated that DHA not only reduced pain-related behaviors and swelling but also improved overall function in the mice. This research suggests that DHA might be a promising option to ease the suffering of individuals with arthritis. However, further research is needed to understand its effectiveness in humans.
Read More
7
17-HDHA shows promise for knee pain
Association of the resolvin precursor 17-HDHA, but not D- or E- series resolvins, with heat pain sensitivity and osteoarthritis pain in humans.
We investigated the effects of 17-HDHA, a resolvin precursor, on heat pain sensitivity and knee osteoarthritis pain. Through rigorous testing, including quantitative sensory assessments, we found that higher levels of 17-HDHA were linked to increased heat pain thresholds in healthy volunteers.
In patients with knee osteoarthritis, 17-HDHA was also associated with lower pain scores, suggesting it may provide some relief. However, it’s important to note that other resolvins did not show similar benefits, and no link was found between DHA levels and knee pain.
Read More
7
Fish oil improves knee function
Efficacy and Safety of Fish Oil in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis.
We evaluated how effective fish oil, rich in DHA, is for treating knee osteoarthritis. Seventy-five participants were divided into three groups, receiving either 1,000 mg or 2,000 mg of fish oil daily for eight weeks.
After the treatment, we noted significant improvements in knee function and pain scores compared to a control group. Participants reported high satisfaction, with most feeling positive about the outcomes.
However, we found that while both dosages had benefits, the higher dose did not provide additional advantages over the lower one.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Improved memory
9 people found this helpful
DHA 500 (Omega 3) is excellent for enhancing memory! I purchased it in July 2021 and received it in 10 days without any charges. I take three capsules daily, one before each meal. After two months, I experienced significant improvements in memory and focus for my studies and work, along with relief from my knee pain.
Read More
9
Joint pain relief
5 people found this helpful
Excellent quality. My doctor recommended this product, and after a few weeks, my joint pain and knee pain vanished. It also benefits the brain, heart, and eyes. I find it far more effective for inflammation than any pharmacy anti-inflammatory. I highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Injury inflammation
4 people found this helpful
This is one of the best fish oil products available, highly recommended. It works wonders for joint pain and inflammation and acts quickly. I take 2 to 4 softgels daily with food, depending on the level of pain.
Chronic oral or intraarticular administration of docosahexaenoic acid reduces nociception and knee edema and improves functional outcomes in a mouse model of Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced knee arthritis.
We examined whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could help reduce knee pain and inflammation in a specific mouse model of arthritis. The study involved administering DHA either orally or directly into the joint over a set period.
Our findings indicated that DHA not only reduced pain-related behaviors and swelling but also improved overall function in the mice. This research suggests that DHA might be a promising option to ease the suffering of individuals with arthritis. However, further research is needed to understand its effectiveness in humans.
Read More
9
Omega-3 improves knee pain relief
Efficacy of Extract and/or an Omega-3-Based Product for Improving Pain and Function in People Older Than 40 Years with Persistent Knee Pain: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.
We conducted a compelling study to investigate how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), often found in omega-3 supplements, influences knee pain in individuals aged 40 and older. The research was carefully designed as a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial with four groups over an 8-week period. The participants dealt with persistent knee discomfort, scoring more than 3 on a visual analog scale for pain.
Among the groups, some received DHA alongside an omega-3 product called AvailOm, while others were given the omega-3 product alone or a placebo. Notably, those consuming the combined treatment of DHA and AvailOm showed improvements in both quality of life and muscle strength. There was a significant reduction in pain levels for participants taking AvailOm compared to those on placebo, particularly noticeable by the eighth week.
The study findings suggested that the omega-3 product effectively reduced pain perception and enhanced physical functionalities, including better performance on the Up and Go test. While the overall increase in omega-3 fatty acids was encouraging, the specific contributions of DHA to these improvements remain ambiguous due to the lack of isolation of DHA's effects in the results.
Overall, our study presents promising evidence that omega-3 supplementation can provide relief from knee pain and enhance quality of life in older adults suffering from this condition, though the unique role of DHA warrants further exploration.
Read More
8
DHA reduces muscle soreness
Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players.
We examined whether adding fish oil, rich in DHA, to a protein shake helps soccer players recover from muscle soreness after intense exercise. Over six weeks, players were given different beverages: one with fish oil, another with protein, and a third with carbohydrates.
The results showed that those taking the fish oil experienced significantly less muscle soreness and lower levels of creatine kinase, a marker for muscle damage, compared to the others. However, there were no notable differences in muscle function or overall soccer performance between the groups.
So, while DHA in fish oil appears to ease post-exercise soreness, it doesn't seem to impact performance directly.
Read More
8
Docosahexaenoic acid reduces knee pain
Omega-3-carboxylic acids provide efficacious anti-inflammatory activity in models of crystal-mediated inflammation.
We explored the anti-inflammatory effects of docosahexaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid, in treating knee pain linked to crystal-induced inflammation. In this study, human cells and rat models were used to assess how well docosahexaenoic acid could mitigate pain and swelling caused by various inflammatory crystals.
Our findings revealed that acute treatment with docosahexaenoic acid notably reduced the production of interleukin-1β, an inflammatory marker. In animal models, we observed a dose-dependent decrease in pain and swelling after administering docosahexaenoic acid alongside a control treatment, indomethacin. Specifically, docosahexaenoic acid helped ease pain by 23%, while indomethacin reduced pain by 41%.
Although both treatments showed promise, the study also highlighted that the overall effectiveness of docosahexaenoic acid could be affected by other components in complex formulations. Nevertheless, these results suggest that omega-3 fatty acids could be beneficial for conditions like crystal arthritis and potentially other inflammatory diseases mediated by interleukin-1β.
Read More
8
Investigating DHA's effects on OA pain
Targeting the D Series Resolvin Receptor System for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Pain.
Our investigation aimed to understand how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), particularly through its connection to resolvin pathways, may help ease knee pain in individuals with osteoarthritis (OA). Using joint tissue samples from OA patients, we looked closely at two resolvin receptors and their correlation with pain-related markers in the body.
We employed two animal models of OA to assess the effects of DHA's precursor, 17(R)-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (17[R]-HDoHE). This involved measuring changes in pain behaviors, joint health, and key inflammatory markers in the spinal cord. Notably, we observed that treatment with 17[R]-HDoHE could reverse established pain behaviors, leading to significant increases in plasma levels of resolvin D2 and a decrease in spinal inflammation.
However, it’s crucial to highlight that while there were positive outcomes in pain relief, the treatment did not affect the underlying joint pathology. Our research underscores a central mechanism through which the D series resolvin pathways can impact pain in OA, providing insights into new therapeutic strategies for managing this debilitating condition.
DHA 500 (Omega 3) is excellent for enhancing memory! I purchased it in July 2021 and received it in 10 days without any charges. I take three capsules daily, one before each meal. After two months, I experienced significant improvements in memory and focus for my studies and work, along with relief from my knee pain.
Read More
9
Joint pain relief
5 people found this helpful
Excellent quality. My doctor recommended this product, and after a few weeks, my joint pain and knee pain vanished. It also benefits the brain, heart, and eyes. I find it far more effective for inflammation than any pharmacy anti-inflammatory. I highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Injury inflammation
4 people found this helpful
This is one of the best fish oil products available, highly recommended. It works wonders for joint pain and inflammation and acts quickly. I take 2 to 4 softgels daily with food, depending on the level of pain.
Read More
8
Knee mobility
4 people found this helpful
This Omega-3 has greatly improved my knee pain. I felt a notable difference when moving my knees, allowing me to train without discomfort. While I haven't noticed other effects, such as hair health, I found it more cost-effective than alternatives I considered. I plan to continue my intake.
Read More
7.5
Effective knee pain
3 people found this helpful
I use high DHA for knee pain relief at night, along with Turmeric and Boswellia. The Now Foods DHA-500 offers the best value for money. It’s easy to swallow with no unpleasant aftertaste, and it’s molecularly distilled, making it my go-to choice.
Knee pain is a common condition that can result from various causes, including injuries, overuse, and underlying medical conditions such as arthritis. The knee joint is a complex structure composed of bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage, all of which work together to enable movement and support body weight. When any of these components are damaged or inflamed, it can lead to discomfort, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility in the affected area.
In many cases, knee pain can manifest as acute pain following an injury, such as a tear in a ligament or cartilage damage. Alternatively, it may develop gradually due to factors like repetitive strain, age-related degeneration, or conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment options vary widely and may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or, in severe cases, surgical interventions. If you're experiencing persistent knee pain, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.
DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, is an omega-3 fatty acid that is crucial for various bodily functions, particularly in brain health and development. Found abundantly in fish oil, algae, and certain other marine sources, DHA plays a significant role in building and maintaining the structure of brain cell membranes. As a primary structural component of the cerebral cortex, retina, and sperm cells, adequate levels of DHA are essential for optimal neurological functioning and overall cognitive health.
Research indicates that DHA supports brain development in infants and children, making it a vital nutrient during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Furthermore, DHA has been linked to various health benefits, including a potential reduction in the risk of Alzheimer's disease, improved heart health, and anti-inflammatory effects. While our bodies can convert some ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) — another omega-3 fatty acid — into DHA, dietary sources like fatty fish, fish oil supplements, or algae-based supplements can help individuals, especially those who do not consume fish, to achieve sufficient DHA intake for their health needs.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is primarily found in fish oils and is noted for its anti-inflammatory properties. While research specifically linking DHA to knee pain relief is limited, omega-3 fatty acids in general—DHA included—have been shown to help reduce inflammation in the body. This could potentially benefit those suffering from knee pain, especially if it is related to conditions like osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Some studies suggest that regular consumption of omega-3s can lead to reduced joint stiffness and enhanced mobility, making it a possible adjunct to traditional pain management strategies.
However, it’s essential to approach supplementation with DHA thoughtfully. Before starting any new supplement regimen, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider, especially for individuals with existing health conditions or those taking other medications. While incorporating DHA-rich foods (like fatty fish) into your diet may support overall health and possibly alleviate some inflammatory pain, relying solely on it for knee pain relief may not deliver the desired results. Ultimately, a wide-ranging approach that includes physical therapy or tailored exercise may be necessary to manage knee pain effectively.
Based on user reviews, many individuals report experiencing relief from knee pain within a few weeks to a couple of months of taking this supplement. For instance, one user indicated that their joint pain vanished after just a few weeks of use Read Review. Another noted significant improvements in their knee pain after two months Read Review. Additionally, users have shared that they began to notice a reduction in knee pain within the first few days or weeks of taking the supplement Read Review.
Overall, while experiences can vary, it's common for users to report improvements in knee pain relatively quickly, with many indicating benefits within a month. It’s important to consider individual factors such as the severity of knee pain and dosage when evaluating how long it may take to see results.
Based on the available scientific research, several studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), along with krill oil, have potential benefits for managing knee pain, specifically in individuals suffering from osteoarthritis. For instance, one randomized trial involving 235 participants found that krill oil supplementation led to modest improvements in knee pain and physical function over six months, suggesting its efficacy as a safe option for osteoarthritis management [1]. Similarly, another study reported significant improvements in knee function and pain scores for participants taking fish oil, which is rich in DHA, compared to a control group [5].
Furthermore, a separate clinical trial highlighted the benefits of DHA and EPA in reducing knee pain in older adults and demonstrated a marked increase in quality of life and physical abilities among those who took omega-3 supplements [7]. Overall, the collective evidence points to omega-3 fatty acids as a promising supplement for alleviating knee pain, especially related to osteoarthritis, although individual responses may vary and further research is needed to pinpoint the specific mechanisms at play.
According to user reviews, many individuals have reported notable improvements in knee pain and overall joint discomfort after using the DHA 500 supplement. For instance, one user noticed significant enhancements in their knee pain and was able to return to training without discomfort Read Review. Another user highlighted a rapid alleviation of joint pain and inflammation, mentioning that their doctor recommended the product Read Review. In fact, some users experienced relief almost immediately, with one reporting noticeable benefits from the very first day of use Read Review.
Additionally, reviewers have emphasized improvements in other aspects, including memory and general well-being. One user stated that their knee pain disappeared and they also experienced significant memory enhancement Read Review. While individual results can vary based on specific health conditions and adherence to the supplement regimen, the consensus among users is that DHA 500 appears to be effective in alleviating knee pain and enhancing cognitive function. It’s important to remember that personal experiences may differ, and outcomes can depend on a variety of factors.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive experiences when combining this supplement with other supplements to manage knee pain. One user specifically mentioned using high DHA alongside Turmeric and Boswellia for knee pain relief at night, highlighting the effectiveness of this combination in addressing their joint discomfort Read Review. Another user found that the incorporation of DHA in their regimen, along with other health benefits, contributed to noticeable improvements not only in knee pain but also in conditions like shoulder joint discomfort Read Review.
Overall, it seems that users appreciate the synergy that can be achieved by combining DHA with other supplements. While some users highlighted benefits experienced from DHA alone, the addition of complementary supplements like Turmeric may enhance the overall effect on pain relief and inflammation Read Review. This indicates that for optimal results in handling knee pain, users might consider exploring a tailored approach that includes a variety of supportive supplements along with DHA.
Research indicates that an optimal dose of DHA for managing knee pain tends to be in the range of 1,000 to 2,000 mg per day. In a well-structured study involving 75 participants suffering from knee osteoarthritis, those taking either 1,000 mg or 2,000 mg of fish oil daily, which is rich in DHA, reported significant improvements in knee function and pain scores compared to a control group after just eight weeks [5]. Importantly, the results showed that while both doses were effective, increasing the dosage beyond 1,000 mg did not provide any additional benefits, suggesting that 1,000 mg may be the sweet spot for optimal results [5].
Additionally, other studies highlight the role of DHA in reducing inflammation and discomfort associated with knee pain but emphasize the need for more research to pinpoint its exact effectiveness compared to other treatments [2]. Overall, incorporating a daily dose of 1,000 mg of DHA could be a safe and beneficial strategy for those dealing with knee osteoarthritis, potentially alleviating pain and improving joint function without the side effects often seen with traditional medications [5].
9
Joint pain relief
5 people found this helpful
Excellent quality. My doctor recommended this product, and after a few weeks, my joint pain and knee pain vanished. It also benefits the brain, heart, and eyes. I find it far more effective for inflammation than any pharmacy anti-inflammatory. I highly recommend it.
9
Improved memory
9 people found this helpful
DHA 500 (Omega 3) is excellent for enhancing memory! I purchased it in July 2021 and received it in 10 days without any charges. I take three capsules daily, one before each meal. After two months, I experienced significant improvements in memory and focus for my studies and work, along with relief from my knee pain.
9
Restored normalcy
I experienced significant knee pain after a car accident damaged my heart in 2016. Despite my doctor's advice to rest, I had to work, which was difficult. Walking caused my heart to race and hurt. Improvements only began after I started taking this Omega supplement. From the first day, this brand helped me return to normal.
8
Knee mobility
4 people found this helpful
This Omega-3 has greatly improved my knee pain. I felt a notable difference when moving my knees, allowing me to train without discomfort. While I haven't noticed other effects, such as hair health, I found it more cost-effective than alternatives I considered. I plan to continue my intake.
6
Knee pain improvement
4 people found this helpful
Wonderful Omega! I noticed significant improvement in my memory, and my knee pain has disappeared. My hair has also thickened since starting this product.
7.5
Effective knee pain
3 people found this helpful
I use high DHA for knee pain relief at night, along with Turmeric and Boswellia. The Now Foods DHA-500 offers the best value for money. It’s easy to swallow with no unpleasant aftertaste, and it’s molecularly distilled, making it my go-to choice.
7.5
Alleviated knee pain
2 people found this helpful
I purchased this as my eyes were bothering me, but since I began taking it, my knee pain and shoulder joint discomfort have improved. It seems DHA has a positive effect, unlike Omega 3 with a high EPA ratio. DHA appears beneficial for the brain, so I intend to continue taking it.
7
Krill oil mildly relieves knee pain
Krill oil improved osteoarthritic knee pain in adults with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: a 6-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
We explored the impact of krill oil on knee pain in adults experiencing mild to moderate osteoarthritis. Over six months, 235 participants took either krill oil or a placebo while their knee pain and function were assessed using a standardized scale.
The results showed that krill oil is safe and led to modest improvements in knee pain, stiffness, and physical function. This suggests that krill oil could be a helpful option for managing knee osteoarthritis symptoms without the side effects often seen with traditional medications.
7
Fish oil improves knee function
Efficacy and Safety of Fish Oil in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis.
We evaluated how effective fish oil, rich in DHA, is for treating knee osteoarthritis. Seventy-five participants were divided into three groups, receiving either 1,000 mg or 2,000 mg of fish oil daily for eight weeks.
After the treatment, we noted significant improvements in knee function and pain scores compared to a control group. Participants reported high satisfaction, with most feeling positive about the outcomes.
However, we found that while both dosages had benefits, the higher dose did not provide additional advantages over the lower one.
9
Omega-3 improves knee pain relief
Efficacy of Extract and/or an Omega-3-Based Product for Improving Pain and Function in People Older Than 40 Years with Persistent Knee Pain: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.
We conducted a compelling study to investigate how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), often found in omega-3 supplements, influences knee pain in individuals aged 40 and older. The research was carefully designed as a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial with four groups over an 8-week period. The participants dealt with persistent knee discomfort, scoring more than 3 on a visual analog scale for pain.
Among the groups, some received DHA alongside an omega-3 product called AvailOm, while others were given the omega-3 product alone or a placebo. Notably, those consuming the combined treatment of DHA and AvailOm showed improvements in both quality of life and muscle strength. There was a significant reduction in pain levels for participants taking AvailOm compared to those on placebo, particularly noticeable by the eighth week.
The study findings suggested that the omega-3 product effectively reduced pain perception and enhanced physical functionalities, including better performance on the Up and Go test. While the overall increase in omega-3 fatty acids was encouraging, the specific contributions of DHA to these improvements remain ambiguous due to the lack of isolation of DHA's effects in the results.
Overall, our study presents promising evidence that omega-3 supplementation can provide relief from knee pain and enhance quality of life in older adults suffering from this condition, though the unique role of DHA warrants further exploration.
4
DHA reduces inflammation, soreness
Supplementation of Re-Esterified Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Reduce Inflammatory and Muscle Damage Markers after Exercise in Endurance Athletes: A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial.
We explored how a 10-week supplementation of DHA and EPA affects knee pain and muscle damage in endurance athletes. Using a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design, fifteen athletes took either the supplement or a placebo.
While we observed a reduction in inflammatory markers and muscle soreness after taking DHA and EPA, there was no significant improvement in strength deficits related to knee pain. This suggests that while DHA may help manage inflammation and discomfort, it doesn't enhance muscle strength after exercise.
References
Stonehouse W, Benassi-Evans B, Bednarz J, Vincent AD, Hall S, et al. Krill oil improved osteoarthritic knee pain in adults with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis: a 6-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116:672. 10.1093/ajcn/nqac125
Ramos-Campo DJ, Ávila-Gandía V, López-Román FJ, Miñarro J, Contreras C, et al. Supplementation of Re-Esterified Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Reduce Inflammatory and Muscle Damage Markers after Exercise in Endurance Athletes: A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12. 10.3390/nu12030719
Valdes AM, Ravipati S, Menni C, Abhishek A, Metrustry S, et al. Association of the resolvin precursor 17-HDHA, but not D- or E- series resolvins, with heat pain sensitivity and osteoarthritis pain in humans. Sci Rep. 2017;7:10748. 10.1038/s41598-017-09516-3
Philpott JD, Donnelly C, Walshe IH, MacKinley EE, Dick J, et al. Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28:26. 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0161
Peanpadungrat P. Efficacy and Safety of Fish Oil in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98 Suppl 3:S110.
Torres-Guzman AM, Morado-Urbina CE, Alvarado-Vazquez PA, Acosta-Gonzalez RI, Chávez-Piña AE, et al. Chronic oral or intraarticular administration of docosahexaenoic acid reduces nociception and knee edema and improves functional outcomes in a mouse model of Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced knee arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:R64. 10.1186/ar4502
Pérez-Piñero S, Muñoz-Carrillo JC, Victoria-Montesinos D, García-Muñoz AM, Andreu-Caravaca L, et al. Efficacy of Extract and/or an Omega-3-Based Product for Improving Pain and Function in People Older Than 40 Years with Persistent Knee Pain: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2023;15. 10.3390/nu15173848
Kubo Y, Ikeya M, Sugiyama S, Takachu R, Tanaka M, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on quadriceps weakness immediately after total knee arthroplasty: a pilot, randomized, open-label clinical trial. J Phys Ther Sci. 2023;35:93. 10.1589/jpts.35.93
Iverson C, Bacong A, Liu S, Baumgartner S, Lundström T, et al. Omega-3-carboxylic acids provide efficacious anti-inflammatory activity in models of crystal-mediated inflammation. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1217. 10.1038/s41598-018-19252-x
Huang J, Burston JJ, Li L, Ashraf S, Mapp PI, et al. Targeting the D Series Resolvin Receptor System for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Pain. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:996. 10.1002/art.40001
Barden AE, Moghaddami M, Mas E, Phillips M, Cleland LG, et al. Specialised pro-resolving mediators of inflammation in inflammatory arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2016;107:24. 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.004
Gruenwald J, Petzold E, Busch R, Petzold HP, Graubaum HJ. Effect of glucosamine sulfate with or without omega-3 fatty acids in patients with osteoarthritis. Adv Ther. 2009;26:858. 10.1007/s12325-009-0060-3
Sasahara I, Yamamoto A, Takeshita M, Suga Y, Suzuki K, et al. l-Serine and EPA Relieve Chronic Low-Back and Knee Pain in Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2020;150:2278. 10.1093/jn/nxaa156
Kubo Y, Sugiyama S, Takachu R, Tanaka M, Ikeya M, et al. Association between serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and quadriceps weakness immediately after total knee arthroplasty. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0228460. 10.1371/journal.pone.0228460