Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, becomes overactive and produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, energy levels, and overall growth and development. When there's too much of these hormones, it can lead to a variety of symptoms including rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite, sweating, nervousness, and sensitivity to heat. Some individuals may also experience fatigue and changes in their menstrual cycle.
The condition can be caused by several factors, with Graves' disease being the most common cause. This autoimmune disorder prompts the immune system to stimulate the thyroid gland, leading to increased hormone production. Other potential causes include thyroid nodules and inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis). Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests to measure hormone levels, and sometimes imaging studies. Treatment options may include medications to manage hormone levels, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause.