Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 10 Researches
7.6
USERS' SCORE
Likely Ineffective
Based on 11 Reviews
4.3
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 3 Capsules
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine hydrochloride)
10 mg
588%
Magnesium (as magnesium aspartate, magnesium oxide)
435 mg
104%
Zinc (as zinc aspartate, zinc monomethionine, zinc oxide)
28 mg
255%
Top Medical Research Studies
9.5
We explored the impact of magnesium on secretory diarrhea, particularly in the context of cholera, a significant global health issue. The focus was on understanding how magnesium, often overlooked, could serve as an effective treatment option. In our study, we found that increasing levels of magnesium can significantly inhibit chloride secretion in intestinal cells, which is crucial during episodes of diarrhea.
We observed that magnesium, at concentrations typically seen in stool, reduced this secretory process by a remarkable 65%. This effect primarily occurs through a specific receptor in the intestinal cells known as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Interestingly, we noted that magnesium also counteracted Cl- secretion triggered by cholera toxin and other enterotoxins by about 50%.
Using mouse models, we saw that administering magnesium effectively decreased fluid loss associated with cholera by 40%. In a model mimicking the intestinal environment during cholera, adding magnesium not only curbed fluid secretion but also reversed it, promoting absorption instead. Given that patients suffering from cholera often have negligible magnesium levels in their stool, our findings suggest that oral magnesium supplementation could be a simple but effective therapeutic strategy for managing cholera and potentially other forms of secretory diarrhea.
We observed that magnesium, at concentrations typically seen in stool, reduced this secretory process by a remarkable 65%. This effect primarily occurs through a specific receptor in the intestinal cells known as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Interestingly, we noted that magnesium also counteracted Cl- secretion triggered by cholera toxin and other enterotoxins by about 50%.
Using mouse models, we saw that administering magnesium effectively decreased fluid loss associated with cholera by 40%. In a model mimicking the intestinal environment during cholera, adding magnesium not only curbed fluid secretion but also reversed it, promoting absorption instead. Given that patients suffering from cholera often have negligible magnesium levels in their stool, our findings suggest that oral magnesium supplementation could be a simple but effective therapeutic strategy for managing cholera and potentially other forms of secretory diarrhea.
Read More
9
We explored how zinc oxide (ZnO), often used as a feed additive, affects diarrhea and gut health in piglets infected with the ETEC K88 strain. Through careful observation, we found that piglets suffering from this infection exhibited significantly increased fecal scores compared to those not affected. The ETEC K88 strain harms the small intestine, leading to a loss of villus height and a decrease in important antioxidant activities.
Our findings revealed that ZnO administration counteracts these negative effects effectively. It not only improved the overall health of the intestine but also enhanced its ability to combat oxidative stress. We also observed a balanced restoration of gut microbiota, as ZnO helped normalize the populations of certain beneficial bacteria altered by the infection.
In summary, our study indicates that ZnO can play a vital role in easing diarrhea in piglets infected with ETEC K88 by reducing intestinal damage, supporting antioxidative defenses, and restoring healthy gut flora.
Our findings revealed that ZnO administration counteracts these negative effects effectively. It not only improved the overall health of the intestine but also enhanced its ability to combat oxidative stress. We also observed a balanced restoration of gut microbiota, as ZnO helped normalize the populations of certain beneficial bacteria altered by the infection.
In summary, our study indicates that ZnO can play a vital role in easing diarrhea in piglets infected with ETEC K88 by reducing intestinal damage, supporting antioxidative defenses, and restoring healthy gut flora.
Read More
8
We investigated the relationship between magnesium treatment and diarrhea in patients with HNF1B syndrome, where we found that hypomagnesemia is quite common.
A notable case involved a patient with a de novo heterozygous deletion of the HNF1B gene, who suffered from severe diarrhea due to low magnesium levels. After receiving magnesium supplementation, the patient's diarrhea symptoms improved significantly.
Our findings indicate that those with HNF1B deletion are more likely to experience low magnesium levels compared to individuals with intragenic mutations. In fact, among a large group of patients with HNF1B syndrome, over half experienced hypomagnesemia.
This suggests a strong connection between magnesium deficiency and the gastrointestinal issues seen in this condition. It highlights the importance of monitoring magnesium levels in patients, as addressing this deficiency can lead to meaningful relief from diarrhea symptoms.
A notable case involved a patient with a de novo heterozygous deletion of the HNF1B gene, who suffered from severe diarrhea due to low magnesium levels. After receiving magnesium supplementation, the patient's diarrhea symptoms improved significantly.
Our findings indicate that those with HNF1B deletion are more likely to experience low magnesium levels compared to individuals with intragenic mutations. In fact, among a large group of patients with HNF1B syndrome, over half experienced hypomagnesemia.
This suggests a strong connection between magnesium deficiency and the gastrointestinal issues seen in this condition. It highlights the importance of monitoring magnesium levels in patients, as addressing this deficiency can lead to meaningful relief from diarrhea symptoms.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
0
Caused severe diarrhea
12 people found this helpful
It gave me a diarrhoea. This company uses the worst forms of magnesium, particularly aspartate. I experienced severe diarrhoea from this supplement. Some magnesium types, like citrate and glycinate, are better options and less likely to induce diarrhoea. Magnesium citrate is affordable and well-absorbed but functions as a laxative. Other forms like magnesium taurate and malate have their advantages, but care should be taken as some can exacerbate issues. Overall, I advise staying clear of magnesium aspartate, as it caused me significant discomfort.
Read More
0
Severe diarrhea
1 people found this helpful
Caused diarrhea, I experienced severe diarrhoea when I took it.
Read More
0
All-day diarrhea
Dammam, it causes diarrhoea all day long; it might work for those suffering from severe constipation.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 10 Researches
7.6
- All Researches
9.5
We explored the impact of magnesium on secretory diarrhea, particularly in the context of cholera, a significant global health issue. The focus was on understanding how magnesium, often overlooked, could serve as an effective treatment option. In our study, we found that increasing levels of magnesium can significantly inhibit chloride secretion in intestinal cells, which is crucial during episodes of diarrhea.
We observed that magnesium, at concentrations typically seen in stool, reduced this secretory process by a remarkable 65%. This effect primarily occurs through a specific receptor in the intestinal cells known as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Interestingly, we noted that magnesium also counteracted Cl- secretion triggered by cholera toxin and other enterotoxins by about 50%.
Using mouse models, we saw that administering magnesium effectively decreased fluid loss associated with cholera by 40%. In a model mimicking the intestinal environment during cholera, adding magnesium not only curbed fluid secretion but also reversed it, promoting absorption instead. Given that patients suffering from cholera often have negligible magnesium levels in their stool, our findings suggest that oral magnesium supplementation could be a simple but effective therapeutic strategy for managing cholera and potentially other forms of secretory diarrhea.
We observed that magnesium, at concentrations typically seen in stool, reduced this secretory process by a remarkable 65%. This effect primarily occurs through a specific receptor in the intestinal cells known as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Interestingly, we noted that magnesium also counteracted Cl- secretion triggered by cholera toxin and other enterotoxins by about 50%.
Using mouse models, we saw that administering magnesium effectively decreased fluid loss associated with cholera by 40%. In a model mimicking the intestinal environment during cholera, adding magnesium not only curbed fluid secretion but also reversed it, promoting absorption instead. Given that patients suffering from cholera often have negligible magnesium levels in their stool, our findings suggest that oral magnesium supplementation could be a simple but effective therapeutic strategy for managing cholera and potentially other forms of secretory diarrhea.
Read More
9
We observed a fascinating case involving a 70-day-old baby girl from Iran who was suffering from severe hypomagnesemia and secondary hypocalcemia. She exhibited signs like seizures and persistent watery diarrhea shortly after birth, leading to significant health challenges, including failure to thrive.
In her treatment, both magnesium and calcium supplementation were used. Despite an initial struggle with response to the magnesium, we noted that over time, her condition improved, and the diarrhea subsided. This suggests that magnesium might play a crucial role in managing diarrhea, especially in cases related to deficiencies.
Additionally, a genetic analysis revealed a novel alteration in her TRPM6 gene, which is notable because such variants are linked to magnesium transport issues. This connection highlights the importance of magnesium not only in treating diarrhea but also in the overall well-being of individuals with genetic predispositions affecting magnesium levels.
Our follow-up with the patient over two years showed no relapses, indicating a positive response to the treatment plan incorporating magnesium. While our findings centered on this specific instance, they contribute to a broader understanding of magnesium's therapeutic effects on diarrhea and related health problems.
In her treatment, both magnesium and calcium supplementation were used. Despite an initial struggle with response to the magnesium, we noted that over time, her condition improved, and the diarrhea subsided. This suggests that magnesium might play a crucial role in managing diarrhea, especially in cases related to deficiencies.
Additionally, a genetic analysis revealed a novel alteration in her TRPM6 gene, which is notable because such variants are linked to magnesium transport issues. This connection highlights the importance of magnesium not only in treating diarrhea but also in the overall well-being of individuals with genetic predispositions affecting magnesium levels.
Our follow-up with the patient over two years showed no relapses, indicating a positive response to the treatment plan incorporating magnesium. While our findings centered on this specific instance, they contribute to a broader understanding of magnesium's therapeutic effects on diarrhea and related health problems.
Read More
9
In our exploration of how potassium-magnesium sulfate (PMS) impacts diarrhea in weaned piglets, we set out to understand its effects on growth performance, immunity, and gut health. A total of 216 piglets were divided into six groups, with varying levels of PMS in their diets.
Our findings revealed some compelling results: the addition of PMS significantly reduced the diarrhea rate among the piglets. Notably, when we included 0.3% PMS in their diet, we observed improved antioxidant capacity, which plays a crucial role in maintaining overall gut health.
We also discovered that PMS supplementation positively influenced intestinal immunity by lowering certain inflammatory markers, further suggesting its beneficial role in digestive health. Additionally, the changes in gut bacteria composition indicated that magnesium may help foster a healthier gut environment.
Overall, our study sheds light on magnesium's potential role as a treatment option for reducing diarrhea in weaned piglets, emphasizing its effectiveness in fostering both immunity and gut health.
Our findings revealed some compelling results: the addition of PMS significantly reduced the diarrhea rate among the piglets. Notably, when we included 0.3% PMS in their diet, we observed improved antioxidant capacity, which plays a crucial role in maintaining overall gut health.
We also discovered that PMS supplementation positively influenced intestinal immunity by lowering certain inflammatory markers, further suggesting its beneficial role in digestive health. Additionally, the changes in gut bacteria composition indicated that magnesium may help foster a healthier gut environment.
Overall, our study sheds light on magnesium's potential role as a treatment option for reducing diarrhea in weaned piglets, emphasizing its effectiveness in fostering both immunity and gut health.
Read More
9
We conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of magnesium in treating diarrhea, particularly focusing on its role in extracts from (Wall.) leaves. To evaluate this, we utilized several tests that mimic diarrhea conditions. Our findings showed that while magnesium was mentioned in connection with the extracts, it was administered alongside other treatments. This means we're not entirely sure how much of the anti-diarrheal effect was due to magnesium itself.
In our tests, the methanol extract of (Wall.) leaves was particularly noteworthy, showing significant inhibition of diarrhea at a dose of 400 mg/kg. However, the role of magnesium in this context remains ambiguous since it wasn't given alone. In essence, while the extract worked well against diarrhea, the individual contribution of magnesium to this benefit is unclear.
Overall, we support the traditional use of (Wall.) plants in managing diarrhea and pain, but we need more focused research to isolate the effects of magnesium.
In our tests, the methanol extract of (Wall.) leaves was particularly noteworthy, showing significant inhibition of diarrhea at a dose of 400 mg/kg. However, the role of magnesium in this context remains ambiguous since it wasn't given alone. In essence, while the extract worked well against diarrhea, the individual contribution of magnesium to this benefit is unclear.
Overall, we support the traditional use of (Wall.) plants in managing diarrhea and pain, but we need more focused research to isolate the effects of magnesium.
Read More
9
We explored how zinc oxide (ZnO), often used as a feed additive, affects diarrhea and gut health in piglets infected with the ETEC K88 strain. Through careful observation, we found that piglets suffering from this infection exhibited significantly increased fecal scores compared to those not affected. The ETEC K88 strain harms the small intestine, leading to a loss of villus height and a decrease in important antioxidant activities.
Our findings revealed that ZnO administration counteracts these negative effects effectively. It not only improved the overall health of the intestine but also enhanced its ability to combat oxidative stress. We also observed a balanced restoration of gut microbiota, as ZnO helped normalize the populations of certain beneficial bacteria altered by the infection.
In summary, our study indicates that ZnO can play a vital role in easing diarrhea in piglets infected with ETEC K88 by reducing intestinal damage, supporting antioxidative defenses, and restoring healthy gut flora.
Our findings revealed that ZnO administration counteracts these negative effects effectively. It not only improved the overall health of the intestine but also enhanced its ability to combat oxidative stress. We also observed a balanced restoration of gut microbiota, as ZnO helped normalize the populations of certain beneficial bacteria altered by the infection.
In summary, our study indicates that ZnO can play a vital role in easing diarrhea in piglets infected with ETEC K88 by reducing intestinal damage, supporting antioxidative defenses, and restoring healthy gut flora.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Likely Ineffective
Based on 11 Reviews
4.3
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
0
Caused severe diarrhea
12 people found this helpful
It gave me a diarrhoea. This company uses the worst forms of magnesium, particularly aspartate. I experienced severe diarrhoea from this supplement. Some magnesium types, like citrate and glycinate, are better options and less likely to induce diarrhoea. Magnesium citrate is affordable and well-absorbed but functions as a laxative. Other forms like magnesium taurate and malate have their advantages, but care should be taken as some can exacerbate issues. Overall, I advise staying clear of magnesium aspartate, as it caused me significant discomfort.
Read More
0
Severe diarrhea
1 people found this helpful
Caused diarrhea, I experienced severe diarrhoea when I took it.
Read More
0
All-day diarrhea
Dammam, it causes diarrhoea all day long; it might work for those suffering from severe constipation.
Read More
0
More serious
Diarrhoea is more serious than I expected.
Read More
0
Real storm
3 people found this helpful
It's beneficial for men's vitality, but I can assure you that diarrhoea hits you the next morning like a real storm. This product is very good for male vitality.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
0
Real storm
3 people found this helpful
It's beneficial for men's vitality, but I can assure you that diarrhoea hits you the next morning like a real storm. This product is very good for male vitality.
4
Start small
2 people found this helpful
Eating three will lead to diarrhoea. I recommend starting with a small dose.
0
All-day diarrhea
Dammam, it causes diarrhoea all day long; it might work for those suffering from severe constipation.
1
Ineffective for me
It didn't work for me and caused diarrhoea. My wife and parents seem to tolerate it well.
0
Stopped use
3 people found this helpful
I have no idea why, but I have decided to stop. Initially, I bought it but took it with multivitamins, felt hungry, and stopped after one dose. After some time of drinking it again, I developed a stomach ache and then had diarrhoea. It didn't suit me. The domestic maker was normal.
1
Strange smell issue
I detected a strange smell, and three tablets led to diarrhoea. I believe it might be due to lactose intolerance from the protein powder. It took me a long time to figure out that this was the cause.
0
Magnesium effect
1 people found this helpful
This causes diarrhoea due to the type of magnesium it contains (Oxide).
9.5
We explored the impact of magnesium on secretory diarrhea, particularly in the context of cholera, a significant global health issue. The focus was on understanding how magnesium, often overlooked, could serve as an effective treatment option. In our study, we found that increasing levels of magnesium can significantly inhibit chloride secretion in intestinal cells, which is crucial during episodes of diarrhea.
We observed that magnesium, at concentrations typically seen in stool, reduced this secretory process by a remarkable 65%. This effect primarily occurs through a specific receptor in the intestinal cells known as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Interestingly, we noted that magnesium also counteracted Cl- secretion triggered by cholera toxin and other enterotoxins by about 50%.
Using mouse models, we saw that administering magnesium effectively decreased fluid loss associated with cholera by 40%. In a model mimicking the intestinal environment during cholera, adding magnesium not only curbed fluid secretion but also reversed it, promoting absorption instead. Given that patients suffering from cholera often have negligible magnesium levels in their stool, our findings suggest that oral magnesium supplementation could be a simple but effective therapeutic strategy for managing cholera and potentially other forms of secretory diarrhea.
We observed that magnesium, at concentrations typically seen in stool, reduced this secretory process by a remarkable 65%. This effect primarily occurs through a specific receptor in the intestinal cells known as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Interestingly, we noted that magnesium also counteracted Cl- secretion triggered by cholera toxin and other enterotoxins by about 50%.
Using mouse models, we saw that administering magnesium effectively decreased fluid loss associated with cholera by 40%. In a model mimicking the intestinal environment during cholera, adding magnesium not only curbed fluid secretion but also reversed it, promoting absorption instead. Given that patients suffering from cholera often have negligible magnesium levels in their stool, our findings suggest that oral magnesium supplementation could be a simple but effective therapeutic strategy for managing cholera and potentially other forms of secretory diarrhea.
8
We investigated the relationship between magnesium treatment and diarrhea in patients with HNF1B syndrome, where we found that hypomagnesemia is quite common.
A notable case involved a patient with a de novo heterozygous deletion of the HNF1B gene, who suffered from severe diarrhea due to low magnesium levels. After receiving magnesium supplementation, the patient's diarrhea symptoms improved significantly.
Our findings indicate that those with HNF1B deletion are more likely to experience low magnesium levels compared to individuals with intragenic mutations. In fact, among a large group of patients with HNF1B syndrome, over half experienced hypomagnesemia.
This suggests a strong connection between magnesium deficiency and the gastrointestinal issues seen in this condition. It highlights the importance of monitoring magnesium levels in patients, as addressing this deficiency can lead to meaningful relief from diarrhea symptoms.
A notable case involved a patient with a de novo heterozygous deletion of the HNF1B gene, who suffered from severe diarrhea due to low magnesium levels. After receiving magnesium supplementation, the patient's diarrhea symptoms improved significantly.
Our findings indicate that those with HNF1B deletion are more likely to experience low magnesium levels compared to individuals with intragenic mutations. In fact, among a large group of patients with HNF1B syndrome, over half experienced hypomagnesemia.
This suggests a strong connection between magnesium deficiency and the gastrointestinal issues seen in this condition. It highlights the importance of monitoring magnesium levels in patients, as addressing this deficiency can lead to meaningful relief from diarrhea symptoms.
8
We explored the role of vitamin B6 in managing diarrhea, particularly in the context of Salmonella infections. The study utilized a mouse model treated with streptomycin to induce Salmonella colitis. This method allowed us to look deeply into how vitamin B6, along with Bacteroides spp., could influence gut health during diarrhea.
Our findings indicated that RegIIIβ, a lectin produced by intestinal cells, can actually encourage Salmonella to stay in the gut longer and intensify the associated digestive issues. Notably, we noticed that low levels of vitamin B6 in the gut were linked to prolonged sickness. However, when we supplemented with vitamin B6 or added Bacteroides spp., we observed quicker clearance of Salmonella and improved gut recovery.
This suggests a promising direction: increasing vitamin B6 in the diet might help in treating diarrhea linked to Salmonella infections. By supporting gut health, we could see beneficial changes in how we manage these infections.
Our findings indicated that RegIIIβ, a lectin produced by intestinal cells, can actually encourage Salmonella to stay in the gut longer and intensify the associated digestive issues. Notably, we noticed that low levels of vitamin B6 in the gut were linked to prolonged sickness. However, when we supplemented with vitamin B6 or added Bacteroides spp., we observed quicker clearance of Salmonella and improved gut recovery.
This suggests a promising direction: increasing vitamin B6 in the diet might help in treating diarrhea linked to Salmonella infections. By supporting gut health, we could see beneficial changes in how we manage these infections.
5
We explored how vitamin B6 (VB6) impacts diarrhea and intestinal health in weaned piglets fed a high-protein diet. In our study, eighteen piglets were divided into three groups and given diets with varying VB6 levels: none, 4 mg/kg, and 7 mg/kg, over a period of 14 days.
Although we observed a trend suggesting that the group receiving 7 mg/kg of VB6 experienced fewer diarrhea episodes, the results were not statistically significant (P = 0.065). This means that while there might be a beneficial effect, the findings weren't strong enough to firmly conclude that higher VB6 leads to less diarrhea.
Other notable insights from the study included that the blood levels of total protein and cholesterol increased significantly in the group with 7 mg/kg of VB6. However, when we examined the intestinal structure and inflammation, we didn’t find major differences in criteria like villus height or crypt depth across the groups.
Overall, our findings hint that dietary vitamin B6 could have a role in promoting intestinal health, potentially by affecting how the body manages proteins and inflammatory responses, but more research is needed to clarify its effectiveness in reducing diarrhea in these young piglets.
Although we observed a trend suggesting that the group receiving 7 mg/kg of VB6 experienced fewer diarrhea episodes, the results were not statistically significant (P = 0.065). This means that while there might be a beneficial effect, the findings weren't strong enough to firmly conclude that higher VB6 leads to less diarrhea.
Other notable insights from the study included that the blood levels of total protein and cholesterol increased significantly in the group with 7 mg/kg of VB6. However, when we examined the intestinal structure and inflammation, we didn’t find major differences in criteria like villus height or crypt depth across the groups.
Overall, our findings hint that dietary vitamin B6 could have a role in promoting intestinal health, potentially by affecting how the body manages proteins and inflammatory responses, but more research is needed to clarify its effectiveness in reducing diarrhea in these young piglets.
References
- Li J, Yin L, Wang L, Li J, Huang P, et al. Effects of vitamin B6 on growth, diarrhea rate, intestinal morphology, function, and inflammatory factors expression in a high-protein diet fed to weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci. 2019;97:4865. doi:10.1093/jas/skz338
- Miki T, Goto R, Fujimoto M, Okada N, Hardt WD. The Bactericidal Lectin RegIIIβ Prolongs Gut Colonization and Enteropathy in the Streptomycin Mouse Model for Salmonella Diarrhea. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;21:195. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.12.008
- de Souza Goncalves L, Chu T, Master R, Chhetri PD, Gao Q, et al. Mg2+ supplementation treats secretory diarrhea in mice by activating calcium-sensing receptor in intestinal epithelial cells. J Clin Invest. 2024;134. doi:10.1172/JCI171249
- Wang Y, Xiao X, Lin Q, Song R, Wang X, et al. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1B deletion, but not intragenic mutation, might be more susceptible to hypomagnesemia. J Diabetes Investig. 2024;15:121. doi:10.1111/jdi.14084
- Costello R, Rosanoff A, Nielsen F, West C. Perspective: Call for Re-evaluation of the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Magnesium Supplementation in Adults. Adv Nutr. 2023;14:973. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.008
- Kamali F, Jamee M, Sayer JA, Sadeghi-Bojd S, Golchehre Z, et al. Intestinal hypomagnesemia in an Iranian patient with a novel TRPM6 variant: a case report and review of the literature. CEN Case Rep. 2023;12:413. doi:10.1007/s13730-023-00785-8
- Cao S, Huang K, Wen X, Gao J, Cui B, et al. Dietary supplementation with potassium-magnesium sulfate modulates the antioxidant capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota in weaned piglets. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:961989. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.961989
- Takemura M, Niki K, Miyaguchi S, Ueda M. Naldemedine-laxative combination: retrospective inpatient study. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2024;13:e816. doi:10.1136/spcare-2022-003685
- Sarkar KK, Mitra T, Rahman MA, Raja IM, Aktaruzzaman M, et al. Bioactivities of (Wall.) and Study against Cyclooxygenase Enzymes. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:1331758. doi:10.1155/2022/1331758
- Zhang Y, Liu J, Li M, Dong Y, Li Z, et al. Zinc Oxide Administration Relieves the Diarrhea of ETEC K88-Infected Piglets by Reducing Ileal Apoptosis and Maintaining Gut Microbial Balance. Vet Sci. 2025;12. doi:10.3390/vetsci12020115
