We explored the effects of quercetin, a natural compound, on gout arthritis induced by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Our research specifically looked at how quercetin alleviates pain and inflammation associated with gout while examining its interaction with naloxone, a substance known to block opioid receptors.
Mice were treated with quercetin, and we assessed their pain sensitivity from 1 to 24 hours post-MSU injection. Our observations included evaluating the recruitment of white blood cells, levels of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and activation of certain molecular pathways in the knee joints, all measured at 24 hours after the MSU was introduced.
The results were promising: quercetin effectively reduced MSU-induced pain, inflammation, and related oxidative stress. Notably, the presence of naloxone seemed to negate these benefits, indicating that quercetin's effects are linked to opioid pathways. These findings suggest that quercetin could be a valuable therapeutic option for managing gout symptoms, highlighting its dual role as both an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
Read More
8
Quercetin shows promise for gout
Study on the effect and mechanism of quercetin in treating gout arthritis.
We conducted a study to understand how quercetin, a natural compound found in many plants, can help treat gout arthritis (GA). Using a mix of network pharmacology and laboratory experiments, we aimed to uncover its potential effects and the mechanisms behind them.
Through our research, we identified several common targets where quercetin interacts with the pathways involved in gout. These targets mainly include important cellular signaling pathways like interleukin-17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and others that play crucial roles in inflammation and joint damage.
In our experimental model, which involved rats with gout induced by monosodium urate, we observed that quercetin significantly reduced inflammation in the ankle joint. It also helped to protect against bone destruction and alleviate the damaging effects seen in histological analysis. Quercetin lowered the levels of several inflammatory markers linked to the IL-17 pathway and adjusted other immune responses beneficially.
Overall, our findings suggest that quercetin could be a promising alternative for managing gout arthritis through its anti-inflammatory effects and regulation of immune responses.
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7
Quercetin inhibits xanthine oxidase
Mechanistic insights into the inhibition of quercetin on xanthine oxidase.
We’ve examined how quercetin, a common flavonoid found in many foods, affects gout, particularly through its influence on xanthine oxidase (XOD)—the enzyme responsible for producing uric acid. The study showed that quercetin can effectively inhibit both uric acid and superoxide radicals generated by XOD.
The inhibition occurs in a mixed-type manner with a concentration that holds potential significance for treatment. Through a mechanism that resembles a ping-pong process, quercetin interacts with a specific binding site on XOD, significantly affecting its activity. This interaction is largely due to attractive forces like van der Waals and hydrogen bonds, which makes it an interesting candidate for gout management.
Furthermore, our exploration using molecular docking revealed that quercetin attaches to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the XOD domain. By blocking the diffusion of reactive oxygen species, quercetin helps direct the production of hydrogen peroxide instead.
Overall, this study provides promising insights into the potential benefits of quercetin as a nutritional supplement for reducing gout symptoms and oxidative stress. Its ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase could help avoid high uric acid levels, potentially alleviating gout attacks.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Swelling reduced
14 people found this helpful
I suffer from recurring gout. My latest episode affected my right hand, making it unusable. After learning about Quercetin, I ordered a bottle. Within three days, my swelling and pain significantly decreased, and I regained full use of my hand.
Read More
9
Stopped attacks
8 people found this helpful
I’ve found that taking two capsules of this product alongside 250mg of naproxen three times daily can halt a gout attack as soon as symptoms begin.
Read More
9
Excellent for gout
1 people found this helpful
An excellent product for those suffering from gout; I buy it regularly and take it daily.
We examined the effects of quercetin on serum uric acid levels, which play a significant role in gout and hyperuricemia (HUA). In this study, quercetin was shown to lower uric acid in a chicken model known for elevated levels.
By exploring the impact of quercetin on the gut microbiota, we observed that it altered the chicken’s gut environment and increased the abundance of a specific strain of bacteria called Lactobacillus aviarius. This particular strain, known as CML180, was taken a step further by testing its effects on a mouse model of HUA.
Through direct testing, we found that giving the mice CML180 led to a significant reduction in serum uric acid levels. The key to this effect lies in CML180’s ability to degrade purine nucleosides, which are precursors to uric acid production. We also identified a specific gene in CML180 responsible for this degradation, enhancing our understanding of how gut bacteria can influence gout treatment.
Overall, these findings shed light on quercetin’s potential role in managing gout, particularly through its interaction with beneficial gut bacteria.
Read More
9
Quercetin's potential for gout relief
Identification of Inhibitory Activities of Dietary Flavonoids against URAT1, a Renal Urate Re-Absorber: In Vitro Screening and Fractional Approach Focused on Rooibos Leaves.
We investigated the potential of quercetin, a flavonoid found in various plant sources, as a treatment for gout by focusing on its ability to inhibit a protein known as URAT1. This protein plays a key role in reabsorbing urate, which is linked to elevated urate levels and the onset of gout. By blocking URAT1, we could potentially help lower serum urate levels, making quercetin an interesting dietary option for those struggling with this condition.
Our study evaluated 162 plant extracts, and we utilized a cell-based assay to see how effective quercetin could be at inhibiting URAT1 activity. Among other dietary compounds, quercetin stood out, showing significant inhibitory effects with a measured IC value, meaning the concentration at which it was effective.
Although quercetin might offer a promising avenue for managing serum urate levels, more extensive human studies are necessary to fully understand its impact and confirm its effectiveness as a treatment. For now, the findings shed light on how incorporating quercetin-rich foods into our diets could contribute to better health and possibly alleviate some issues related to gout.
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9
Quercetin improves heart health
Effect of quercetin on the echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with gout and essential hypertension.
We explored the potential benefits of quercetin for patients dealing with both gout and essential hypertension (EH). The study included 84 male participants, split into two groups: one receiving quercetin alongside their regular treatment and the other following a treatment plan without it. This design allowed us to make meaningful comparisons regarding the effects of quercetin on heart function over a 12-month period.
Our findings revealed that quercetin seems to offer protective benefits for heart tissue, specifically enhancing the diastolic function of the left ventricle. We observed that patients taking quercetin experienced greater improvements in echocardiographic parameters compared to those who did not, particularly in measures like E/e' and left ventricular mass index.
Moreover, the addition of quercetin not only aided heart function but also helped achieve better control of uric acid levels and improved kidney function. Additionally, patients noted a cumulative reduction in blood pressure without needing higher doses of antihypertensive medications. Overall, these results suggest that incorporating quercetin into treatment regimens can significantly benefit those suffering from gout and hypertension, not just in heart health, but also in improving related metabolic indicators.
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9
Isorhamnetin reduces uric acid levels
Anti-hyperuricemic effect of isorhamnetin in cultured hepatocytes and model mice: structure-activity relationships of methylquercetins as inhibitors of uric acid production.
We explored the effects of isorhamnetin, a natural compound derived from quercetin, on regulating uric acid levels, which is crucial for managing gout. In our study, we utilized both cultured liver cells and mice that suffered from increased uric acid due to purine intake to deeply analyze isorhamnetin's anti-hyperuricemic properties.
Our findings showed that isorhamnetin significantly reduces uric acid production in liver cells. It achieved this through a dose-dependent manner, indicating that higher concentrations led to better results. Moreover, when tested in mice, isorhamnetin not only lowered uric acid levels in the blood and liver but also inhibited an enzyme called xanthine oxidase, which contributes to uric acid production, without altering the amount of the protein itself.
These results indicate that isorhamnetin could serve as a promising option for tackling hyperuricemia, hopefully offering a new avenue for those at risk of gout. It’s thrilling to consider how compounds like isorhamnetin from everyday foods could help in managing such a common condition.
Read More
9
Quercetin alleviates gout symptoms
Quercetin inhibits gout arthritis in mice: induction of an opioid-dependent regulation of inflammasome.
We explored the effects of quercetin, a natural compound, on gout arthritis induced by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Our research specifically looked at how quercetin alleviates pain and inflammation associated with gout while examining its interaction with naloxone, a substance known to block opioid receptors.
Mice were treated with quercetin, and we assessed their pain sensitivity from 1 to 24 hours post-MSU injection. Our observations included evaluating the recruitment of white blood cells, levels of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and activation of certain molecular pathways in the knee joints, all measured at 24 hours after the MSU was introduced.
The results were promising: quercetin effectively reduced MSU-induced pain, inflammation, and related oxidative stress. Notably, the presence of naloxone seemed to negate these benefits, indicating that quercetin's effects are linked to opioid pathways. These findings suggest that quercetin could be a valuable therapeutic option for managing gout symptoms, highlighting its dual role as both an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
I suffer from recurring gout. My latest episode affected my right hand, making it unusable. After learning about Quercetin, I ordered a bottle. Within three days, my swelling and pain significantly decreased, and I regained full use of my hand.
Read More
9
Stopped attacks
8 people found this helpful
I’ve found that taking two capsules of this product alongside 250mg of naproxen three times daily can halt a gout attack as soon as symptoms begin.
Read More
9
Excellent for gout
1 people found this helpful
An excellent product for those suffering from gout; I buy it regularly and take it daily.
Read More
7.5
Ideal combination
Two excellent products combined. Perfect for gout and other health needs.
Read More
7.5
Strong anti-inflammatory
34 people found this helpful
Cospa is highly effective! It appears to lower uric acid levels without affecting purine metabolism. This product also contains bromelain, which alleviates gout inflammation, while kerasetin aids in bromelain absorption. Overall, it seems to offer anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, as well as reduce fat absorption, so I purchased it.
Gout is a type of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and swelling in the joints, often affecting the big toe. It occurs when there's an excess of uric acid in the bloodstream, leading to the formation of sharp crystals in the joints. This condition can be very painful and is often described as feeling like a needle is piercing the affected area. Gout can occur in bouts and may lead to chronic issues if not managed properly.
Several factors can contribute to the development of gout, including diet, genetics, and underlying health conditions. Foods rich in purines, such as red meat, seafood, and sugary beverages, can increase uric acid levels. While anyone can develop gout, it’s more prevalent among middle-aged men and postmenopausal women. Treatment typically involves medications to manage pain during flare-ups and lifestyle changes to prevent future attacks, including dietary modifications and maintaining a healthy weight. Regular consultations with a healthcare provider can help effectively manage the condition and minimize its impact on daily life.
Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid that is found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Known for its antioxidant properties, quercetin is believed to help combat oxidative stress in the body, which can contribute to various health issues. You can commonly find it in foods such as apples, onions, berries, and citrus fruits, as well as in leafy greens. This makes it a popular dietary supplement among health enthusiasts looking to enhance their overall wellness.
Beyond its antioxidant capacity, quercetin is also being researched for its potential anti-inflammatory effects and benefits for immune support. Some studies suggest that it may help reduce allergy symptoms and improve exercise performance by decreasing muscle fatigue. With its wide range of potential health benefits, quercetin is often marketed as a natural remedy for various ailments, although it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen to ensure its safety and effectiveness for your specific needs.
Quercetin, a flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, has been studied for its potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory properties. While some research suggests that quercetin might help reduce inflammation and lower uric acid levels, which are both key factors in gout, the evidence is not definitive. Most studies have been conducted in vitro or in animal models, and there is limited clinical data to support its effectiveness in treating gout specifically.
If you're considering adding quercetin supplements to your regimen for gout management, it’s essential to talk to your healthcare provider first. They can provide guidance based on your overall health and current treatments for gout. It’s also important to approach gout management with a comprehensive strategy that includes dietary changes, hydration, and medication as advised by a physician.
Based on user reviews, the time it takes to notice results from this supplement for gout can vary. Several users reported experiencing significant relief in just a few days. For instance, one reviewer mentioned a marked decrease in swelling and pain within three days after starting the supplement (Read Review). On the other hand, some users indicated longer timeframes with improvements becoming noticeable after about two weeks (Read Review) or roughly three months (Read Review) of consistent usage.
Overall, users appear to experience benefits relatively quickly, with many reporting improvement soon after beginning the supplement. However, the best results may accumulate over an extended period, so it might be useful to maintain regular use to manage symptoms effectively and potentially prevent future outbreaks.
The scientific research surrounding quercetin, a key component in various dietary supplements, suggests it has potential benefits for managing gout. Multiple studies highlight quercetin's ability to lower uric acid levels, which is crucial for alleviating gout symptoms. For instance, one study indicated that quercetin effectively reduced serum uric acid levels in animal models, while another study demonstrated its role in inhibiting xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in uric acid production, thereby contributing to gout management [2][9]. Additionally, quercetin was shown to reduce inflammation associated with gout, providing both anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [10].
Despite these promising findings, it's essential to tread carefully. Many of the studies conducted have primarily focused on animal models or used quercetin in conjunction with other treatments, making it difficult to fully assess its isolated effectiveness in humans [11]. While the results thus far indicate that including quercetin-rich foods or supplements in your diet could be beneficial for gout sufferers, further clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and establish clear guidelines for its use in managing this condition.
Users have reported a variety of improvements in symptoms associated with gout after incorporating this supplement into their routines. Many have noted significant reductions in swelling and pain shortly after starting the product. For example, one user found that their symptoms improved dramatically within just three days, regaining full use of their hand after suffering from severe pain (Read Review). Another user highlighted the effectiveness of combining the supplement with over-the-counter medications, stating it can help thwart a gout attack as soon as symptoms start (Read Review).
Additionally, users indicated longer-term benefits, with some experiencing no severe attacks affecting their daily lives after three months of consistent use. This sustained usage seemed to align well with the product's purported ability to reduce uric acid production and inflammation over time (Read Review). As always, individual results can vary, and while many have found relief, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice and treatment plans.
Users have reported positive experiences when combining this supplement with other treatments to manage gout. Notably, one reviewer highlighted that taking this product alongside 250mg of naproxen three times daily can effectively halt a gout attack as soon as symptoms begin. This combination seems to provide a synergistic effect, especially for those prone to frequent flare-ups (Read Review). Additionally, another user noted that the supplement contributes significantly to lowering uric acid levels and alleviating inflammation, indicating that it can work well alongside other supportive ingredients for comprehensive gout care (Read Review).
Furthermore, many users emphasize the supplement's efficacy on its own, but also mention the beneficial effects of regular use or pairing it with additional supplements or medications. This dual approach seems to be beneficial for long-term management, with one user noting no severe episodes disrupting their daily life after using the supplement for about three months (Read Review). Overall, while the supplement shows promise on its own, users have found enhanced results when integrated into a broader treatment plan.Read Review.
Based on user reviews, many individuals suffering from gout reported positive outcomes with Quercetin. The general consensus among users appears to be that dosages in the range of two capsules taken alongside other medications, such as naproxen, can effectively stop a gout attack once symptoms begin to manifest Read Review. Several reviewers noted improvement in symptoms within a few days, with one user experiencing significant decreases in swelling and pain after just three days of use Read Review.
Some users emphasized the importance of consistency, suggesting that taking Quercetin regularly could prevent severe episodes and manage inflammation effectively Read Review. While exact dosages weren't uniformly specified, the combination of Quercetin with other compounds like bromelain was noted to enhance its benefits, further suggesting that users may consider this combination for optimal results against gout symptoms Read Review. Overall, users reported favorable experiences with Quercetin, highlighting its role in managing gout symptoms and enhancing overall health.
9
Swelling reduced
14 people found this helpful
I suffer from recurring gout. My latest episode affected my right hand, making it unusable. After learning about Quercetin, I ordered a bottle. Within three days, my swelling and pain significantly decreased, and I regained full use of my hand.
7.5
Pain and swelling lessened
1 people found this helpful
I acquired this on Dr. Petrik's recommendation. I have some hopes for relief from hay fever and long-term inflammation in my big toe joint. After two weeks of use, I’ve noticed less pain and swelling.
7.5
Prevented episodes
8 people found this helpful
Since taking this product, I have not experienced any severe gout episodes hindering my daily activities. I've used it for about three months. Quercetin reportedly reduces uric acid production, while bromelain enhances its absorption.
9
Stopped attacks
8 people found this helpful
I’ve found that taking two capsules of this product alongside 250mg of naproxen three times daily can halt a gout attack as soon as symptoms begin.
7.5
Strong anti-inflammatory
34 people found this helpful
Cospa is highly effective! It appears to lower uric acid levels without affecting purine metabolism. This product also contains bromelain, which alleviates gout inflammation, while kerasetin aids in bromelain absorption. Overall, it seems to offer anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, as well as reduce fat absorption, so I purchased it.
7.5
Beneficial ingredients
I have greatly benefited from this quality ingredient, Quercetin, for my gout inflammation and my immune and respiratory systems due to its antioxidant properties. It comes in various sizes with a pleasant taste and is a highly effective product!
9
Quercetin reduces uric acid levels
Quercetin-enriched Lactobacillus aviarius alleviates hyperuricemia by hydrolase-mediated degradation of purine nucleosides.
We examined the effects of quercetin on serum uric acid levels, which play a significant role in gout and hyperuricemia (HUA). In this study, quercetin was shown to lower uric acid in a chicken model known for elevated levels.
By exploring the impact of quercetin on the gut microbiota, we observed that it altered the chicken’s gut environment and increased the abundance of a specific strain of bacteria called Lactobacillus aviarius. This particular strain, known as CML180, was taken a step further by testing its effects on a mouse model of HUA.
Through direct testing, we found that giving the mice CML180 led to a significant reduction in serum uric acid levels. The key to this effect lies in CML180’s ability to degrade purine nucleosides, which are precursors to uric acid production. We also identified a specific gene in CML180 responsible for this degradation, enhancing our understanding of how gut bacteria can influence gout treatment.
Overall, these findings shed light on quercetin’s potential role in managing gout, particularly through its interaction with beneficial gut bacteria.
7
Quercetin inhibits xanthine oxidase
Mechanistic insights into the inhibition of quercetin on xanthine oxidase.
We’ve examined how quercetin, a common flavonoid found in many foods, affects gout, particularly through its influence on xanthine oxidase (XOD)—the enzyme responsible for producing uric acid. The study showed that quercetin can effectively inhibit both uric acid and superoxide radicals generated by XOD.
The inhibition occurs in a mixed-type manner with a concentration that holds potential significance for treatment. Through a mechanism that resembles a ping-pong process, quercetin interacts with a specific binding site on XOD, significantly affecting its activity. This interaction is largely due to attractive forces like van der Waals and hydrogen bonds, which makes it an interesting candidate for gout management.
Furthermore, our exploration using molecular docking revealed that quercetin attaches to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the XOD domain. By blocking the diffusion of reactive oxygen species, quercetin helps direct the production of hydrogen peroxide instead.
Overall, this study provides promising insights into the potential benefits of quercetin as a nutritional supplement for reducing gout symptoms and oxidative stress. Its ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase could help avoid high uric acid levels, potentially alleviating gout attacks.
9
Quercetin alleviates gout symptoms
Quercetin inhibits gout arthritis in mice: induction of an opioid-dependent regulation of inflammasome.
We explored the effects of quercetin, a natural compound, on gout arthritis induced by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Our research specifically looked at how quercetin alleviates pain and inflammation associated with gout while examining its interaction with naloxone, a substance known to block opioid receptors.
Mice were treated with quercetin, and we assessed their pain sensitivity from 1 to 24 hours post-MSU injection. Our observations included evaluating the recruitment of white blood cells, levels of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and activation of certain molecular pathways in the knee joints, all measured at 24 hours after the MSU was introduced.
The results were promising: quercetin effectively reduced MSU-induced pain, inflammation, and related oxidative stress. Notably, the presence of naloxone seemed to negate these benefits, indicating that quercetin's effects are linked to opioid pathways. These findings suggest that quercetin could be a valuable therapeutic option for managing gout symptoms, highlighting its dual role as both an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
7
Quercetin may help lower uric acid
Assay systems for screening food and natural substances that have anti-hyperuricemic activity: uric acid production in cultured hepatocytes and purine bodies-induced hyperuricemic model mice.
We explored how quercetin, a natural polyphenol found in onions and strawberries, might help manage hyperuricemia, a key contributor to gout. Our study examined its effects alongside allopurinol, a common medication, to understand better how quercetin impacts uric acid production.
Using cultured hepatocytes, we tested various nucleosides that are precursors to uric acid. We found that these nucleosides increased uric acid levels significantly in a dose-dependent manner. When we included quercetin in our tests, we observed that it could effectively reduce uric acid production in the liver cells, alongside allopurinol.
Additionally, we assessed how both allopurinol and quercetin affected hyperuricemia in mice, which had elevated uric acid levels induced by purine bodies. Both substances showed a dose-dependent reduction in uric acid levels, indicating potential benefits for managing gout symptoms.
However, it is important to note that since quercetin was tested in combination with allopurinol, conclusions about its effectiveness when used alone are not definitive. This highlights the need for further studies focused specifically on quercetin's solo benefits for gout treatment.
References
Xiang G, Yang L, Qin J, Wang S, Zhang Y, et al. Revealing the potential bioactive components and mechanism of Qianhua Gout Capsules in the treatment of gouty arthritis through network pharmacology, molecular docking and pharmacodynamic study strategies. Heliyon. 2024;10:e30983. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30983
Li D, Zhang M, Teng Zhu La A, Lyu Z, Li X, et al. Quercetin-enriched Lactobacillus aviarius alleviates hyperuricemia by hydrolase-mediated degradation of purine nucleosides. Pharmacol Res. 2023;196:106928. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106928
Feng W, Zhong XQ, Zheng XX, Liu QP, Liu MY, et al. Study on the effect and mechanism of quercetin in treating gout arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;111:109112. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109112
Li X, Jin W, Zhang W, Zheng G. The inhibitory kinetics and mechanism of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and chlorogenic acid derived from Smilax china L. EtOAc fraction on xanthine oxidase. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;213:447. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.188
Toyoda Y, Takada T, Saito H, Hirata H, Ota-Kontani A, et al. Identification of Inhibitory Activities of Dietary Flavonoids against URAT1, a Renal Urate Re-Absorber: In Vitro Screening and Fractional Approach Focused on Rooibos Leaves. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14030575
Adachi SI, Oyama M, Kondo S, Yagasaki K. Comparative effects of quercetin, luteolin, apigenin and their related polyphenols on uric acid production in cultured hepatocytes and suppression of purine bodies-induced hyperuricemia by rutin in mice. Cytotechnology. 2021;73:343. doi:10.1007/s10616-021-00452-9
Kondratiuk VE, Synytsia YP. Effect of quercetin on the echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with gout and essential hypertension. Wiad Lek. 2018;71:1554.
Adachi SI, Kondo S, Sato Y, Yoshizawa F, Yagasaki K. Anti-hyperuricemic effect of isorhamnetin in cultured hepatocytes and model mice: structure-activity relationships of methylquercetins as inhibitors of uric acid production. Cytotechnology. 2019;71:181. doi:10.1007/s10616-018-0275-8
Zhang C, Wang R, Zhang G, Gong D. Mechanistic insights into the inhibition of quercetin on xanthine oxidase. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;112:405. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.190
Ruiz-Miyazawa KW, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Mizokami SS, Domiciano TP, Vicentini FTMC, et al. Quercetin inhibits gout arthritis in mice: induction of an opioid-dependent regulation of inflammasome. Inflammopharmacology. 2017. doi:10.1007/s10787-017-0356-x
Adachi SI, Yoshizawa F, Yagasaki K. Assay systems for screening food and natural substances that have anti-hyperuricemic activity: uric acid production in cultured hepatocytes and purine bodies-induced hyperuricemic model mice. Cytotechnology. 2017;69:435. doi:10.1007/s10616-016-0005-z