Reviewed By
Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 17 Researches
8.1
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 16 Reviews
8.3
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 3 tablets
Serving Per Container: 83
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calcium (as calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium citrate)
1,000 mg
77%
Magnesium (as magnesium oxide, magnesium gluconate, magnesium citrate)
400 mg
95%
Zinc (as zinc gluconate)
15 mg
136%
Sodium†
15 mg
<1%
Top Medical Research Studies
9
We analyzed how magnesium supplementation affects the biology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in mice. By feeding one group a diet rich in magnesium and another a standard diet over 15 days, we examined changes in their tissue responses.
Our findings revealed that increased magnesium intake may alter gene expression linked to oxidative stress and cellular aging, processes that are significant in RA development. This suggests that magnesium could be beneficial for managing RA and potentially other autoimmune disorders by reducing disease severity and joint damage.
Our findings revealed that increased magnesium intake may alter gene expression linked to oxidative stress and cellular aging, processes that are significant in RA development. This suggests that magnesium could be beneficial for managing RA and potentially other autoimmune disorders by reducing disease severity and joint damage.
Read More
9
We investigated how magnesium (Mg) affects the severity of autoimmune lupus in mice. By feeding MRL/lpr female mice a standard or high magnesium diet for nine weeks, we measured impacts on skin lesions and pathogenic autoantibodies.
The results were encouraging: mice on the high magnesium diet showed significant reductions in skin issues and harmful anti-dsDNA antibodies. Plus, their immune systems displayed more regulatory T cells. However, there were no notable differences in other measured health indicators.
Overall, magnesium supplementation may be a cost-effective and safe complementary treatment for lupus.
The results were encouraging: mice on the high magnesium diet showed significant reductions in skin issues and harmful anti-dsDNA antibodies. Plus, their immune systems displayed more regulatory T cells. However, there were no notable differences in other measured health indicators.
Overall, magnesium supplementation may be a cost-effective and safe complementary treatment for lupus.
Read More
9
Zinc supplementation benefits MS models
We explored how dietary zinc levels influence spinal cord damage and gene expressions associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) using a cuprizone-induced rat model. The study included 46 adult male Wistar rats divided into five groups, with some receiving zinc supplementation while others followed a zinc-deficient diet.
After eight weeks of treatment, we found that the rats with MS symptoms showed elevated markers of tissue damage and inflammation, particularly in the groups that lacked zinc. Notably, those receiving zinc supplementation exhibited significantly reduced levels of harmful substances, bringing them back closer to control levels.
Our findings highlight zinc's protective effects in a model of MS, suggesting that incorporating zinc into treatment plans could help alleviate some symptoms associated with this autoimmune disorder. This is promising for future treatment strategies for those affected by MS.
After eight weeks of treatment, we found that the rats with MS symptoms showed elevated markers of tissue damage and inflammation, particularly in the groups that lacked zinc. Notably, those receiving zinc supplementation exhibited significantly reduced levels of harmful substances, bringing them back closer to control levels.
Our findings highlight zinc's protective effects in a model of MS, suggesting that incorporating zinc into treatment plans could help alleviate some symptoms associated with this autoimmune disorder. This is promising for future treatment strategies for those affected by MS.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Joint pain relief
4 people found this helpful
The composition of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc is wonderful. I have ordered this for the second time, and I've noticed the pain in my joints has disappeared.
Read More
9
Stronger nails
2 people found this helpful
I started taking this complex on my doctor’s advice due to hair loss and brittle nails post-pregnancy. After a week, my nails became noticeably stronger, and a month later, my hair grew back and stopped breaking. I'm very satisfied and will order more.
Read More
9
Tremor relief
2 people found this helpful
I experienced direct relief from eye tremors while unwell using Magnesium. I ordered the Sogawa products, and they really helped; the tremors stopped, and I’ve had no recurrence in over a year. The pill size is large, but the effectiveness is worth it.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 17 Researches
8.1
- All Researches
9.5
We investigated how calcium, specifically in the form of two-dimensional layered calcium disilicide nanoparticles (CSNs), can play a role in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Unlike typical RA treatments that primarily focus on reducing inflammation, we observed that CSNs have multifunctional properties that can address the inflammatory aspect while also promoting bone health and repair.
Through a process called hydrolysis, CSNs release several beneficial components, including hydrogen gas, calcium hydroxide, and silica. Each of these components contributes uniquely: hydrogen helps reduce harmful radicals and aids in adjusting surrounding immune cell behavior; calcium hydroxide counters the acidity that can worsen bone loss; and dissolved calcium works with phosphates to encourage bone formation.
We found that the application of CSNs had promising results in tests conducted on both mouse and rabbit models of arthritis. This approach not only targets inflammation but also fosters a healthier bone environment, showing potential as a strong therapeutic option for those living with RA. With high biocompatibility and prospects for clinical transformation, this research suggests a new direction in handling autoimmune disorders using calcium-based therapies.
Through a process called hydrolysis, CSNs release several beneficial components, including hydrogen gas, calcium hydroxide, and silica. Each of these components contributes uniquely: hydrogen helps reduce harmful radicals and aids in adjusting surrounding immune cell behavior; calcium hydroxide counters the acidity that can worsen bone loss; and dissolved calcium works with phosphates to encourage bone formation.
We found that the application of CSNs had promising results in tests conducted on both mouse and rabbit models of arthritis. This approach not only targets inflammation but also fosters a healthier bone environment, showing potential as a strong therapeutic option for those living with RA. With high biocompatibility and prospects for clinical transformation, this research suggests a new direction in handling autoimmune disorders using calcium-based therapies.
Read More
9
We analyzed how magnesium supplementation affects the biology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in mice. By feeding one group a diet rich in magnesium and another a standard diet over 15 days, we examined changes in their tissue responses.
Our findings revealed that increased magnesium intake may alter gene expression linked to oxidative stress and cellular aging, processes that are significant in RA development. This suggests that magnesium could be beneficial for managing RA and potentially other autoimmune disorders by reducing disease severity and joint damage.
Our findings revealed that increased magnesium intake may alter gene expression linked to oxidative stress and cellular aging, processes that are significant in RA development. This suggests that magnesium could be beneficial for managing RA and potentially other autoimmune disorders by reducing disease severity and joint damage.
Read More
9
We investigated how magnesium (Mg) affects the severity of autoimmune lupus in mice. By feeding MRL/lpr female mice a standard or high magnesium diet for nine weeks, we measured impacts on skin lesions and pathogenic autoantibodies.
The results were encouraging: mice on the high magnesium diet showed significant reductions in skin issues and harmful anti-dsDNA antibodies. Plus, their immune systems displayed more regulatory T cells. However, there were no notable differences in other measured health indicators.
Overall, magnesium supplementation may be a cost-effective and safe complementary treatment for lupus.
The results were encouraging: mice on the high magnesium diet showed significant reductions in skin issues and harmful anti-dsDNA antibodies. Plus, their immune systems displayed more regulatory T cells. However, there were no notable differences in other measured health indicators.
Overall, magnesium supplementation may be a cost-effective and safe complementary treatment for lupus.
Read More
9
We explored the potential of a new magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide combined with nano-ceria in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This innovative therapy targets the unhealthy immune environment and the harmful buildup of hydrogen ions associated with RA. By neutralizing excess acidity, we observed improved immune responses, encouraging the body to heal damaged bones. This approach showed promising results in mice models, indicating it may be a viable future treatment for managing RA effectively.
Read More
9
Magnesium aids arthritis through immunity
We explored the effects of a high magnesium diet on rheumatoid arthritis using two mouse models. Our findings suggest that magnesium can significantly reduce arthritis severity and joint damage, while also promoting immune cell types that help combat inflammation.
Interestingly, these benefits seem to hinge on an immune mediator called IL-10 and changes in the gut microbiome, such as increased beneficial bacteria. While our results are promising, it is important to recognize that the protective effects depend on sufficient levels of IL-10, indicating that the relationship between magnesium and immune regulation is quite intricate.
Interestingly, these benefits seem to hinge on an immune mediator called IL-10 and changes in the gut microbiome, such as increased beneficial bacteria. While our results are promising, it is important to recognize that the protective effects depend on sufficient levels of IL-10, indicating that the relationship between magnesium and immune regulation is quite intricate.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 16 Reviews
8.3
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Joint pain relief
4 people found this helpful
The composition of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc is wonderful. I have ordered this for the second time, and I've noticed the pain in my joints has disappeared.
Read More
9
Stronger nails
2 people found this helpful
I started taking this complex on my doctor’s advice due to hair loss and brittle nails post-pregnancy. After a week, my nails became noticeably stronger, and a month later, my hair grew back and stopped breaking. I'm very satisfied and will order more.
Read More
9
Tremor relief
2 people found this helpful
I experienced direct relief from eye tremors while unwell using Magnesium. I ordered the Sogawa products, and they really helped; the tremors stopped, and I’ve had no recurrence in over a year. The pill size is large, but the effectiveness is worth it.
Read More
9
Strong bones support
1 people found this helpful
High-quality supplement! I ordered this for my son as calcium, magnesium, and zinc deficiencies occur in bones due to age. Improvement was felt after two weeks, and the product’s packaging is excellent with a pleasant taste. I've always received great customer support from iHerb.
Read More
9
Cramp relief
1 people found this helpful
It’s been a while since I ordered it. I was experiencing severe eyelid tremors and started taking three pills before bed. The cramps have definitely gone, and I’m feeling a mysterious pleasure in the morning.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Strong bones support
1 people found this helpful
High-quality supplement! I ordered this for my son as calcium, magnesium, and zinc deficiencies occur in bones due to age. Improvement was felt after two weeks, and the product’s packaging is excellent with a pleasant taste. I've always received great customer support from iHerb.
7.5
Leg pain relief
16 people found this helpful
The result is remarkable! I began taking this for leg pain. After about a month and a half, I noticed I could run without pain. Interestingly, my grey hair started to regain colour. This is an excellent calcium preparation, and I’ve ordered a second jar.
7.5
Essential nutrient
2 people found this helpful
My brother introduced me to this product. After a year without it, I experienced tremors under my eyes and aching bones again. I reordered, and after two months, I believe taking Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc together has produced the best results. Essential for middle-aged individuals!
9
Joint pain relief
4 people found this helpful
The composition of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc is wonderful. I have ordered this for the second time, and I've noticed the pain in my joints has disappeared.
9
Stronger nails
2 people found this helpful
I started taking this complex on my doctor’s advice due to hair loss and brittle nails post-pregnancy. After a week, my nails became noticeably stronger, and a month later, my hair grew back and stopped breaking. I'm very satisfied and will order more.
9
Tremor relief
2 people found this helpful
I experienced direct relief from eye tremors while unwell using Magnesium. I ordered the Sogawa products, and they really helped; the tremors stopped, and I’ve had no recurrence in over a year. The pill size is large, but the effectiveness is worth it.
7.5
Less irritability
4 people found this helpful
These are excellent vitamins! My husband and I take them as directed, and our irritability has vanished. Life feels much easier, and the price is very reasonable compared to what it would cost in Russia.
7.5
Less hair loss
1 people found this helpful
My sister’s hair was in a tangle, but after ordering this product alongside zinc from the same company, her hair has significantly stopped falling out. Her nails also improved. However, the price is a bit high, but I trust this excellent company for quality and results.
7.5
Quality zinc
10 people found this helpful
This quality zinc is essential! I take two tablets daily for skin issues related to my autoimmune disorder and one tablet each day. It's important to choose high-quality vitamins, and this economical packaging does not disappoint. A constant purchase for me.
9
Cramp relief
1 people found this helpful
It’s been a while since I ordered it. I was experiencing severe eyelid tremors and started taking three pills before bed. The cramps have definitely gone, and I’m feeling a mysterious pleasure in the morning.
9.5
We investigated how calcium, specifically in the form of two-dimensional layered calcium disilicide nanoparticles (CSNs), can play a role in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Unlike typical RA treatments that primarily focus on reducing inflammation, we observed that CSNs have multifunctional properties that can address the inflammatory aspect while also promoting bone health and repair.
Through a process called hydrolysis, CSNs release several beneficial components, including hydrogen gas, calcium hydroxide, and silica. Each of these components contributes uniquely: hydrogen helps reduce harmful radicals and aids in adjusting surrounding immune cell behavior; calcium hydroxide counters the acidity that can worsen bone loss; and dissolved calcium works with phosphates to encourage bone formation.
We found that the application of CSNs had promising results in tests conducted on both mouse and rabbit models of arthritis. This approach not only targets inflammation but also fosters a healthier bone environment, showing potential as a strong therapeutic option for those living with RA. With high biocompatibility and prospects for clinical transformation, this research suggests a new direction in handling autoimmune disorders using calcium-based therapies.
Through a process called hydrolysis, CSNs release several beneficial components, including hydrogen gas, calcium hydroxide, and silica. Each of these components contributes uniquely: hydrogen helps reduce harmful radicals and aids in adjusting surrounding immune cell behavior; calcium hydroxide counters the acidity that can worsen bone loss; and dissolved calcium works with phosphates to encourage bone formation.
We found that the application of CSNs had promising results in tests conducted on both mouse and rabbit models of arthritis. This approach not only targets inflammation but also fosters a healthier bone environment, showing potential as a strong therapeutic option for those living with RA. With high biocompatibility and prospects for clinical transformation, this research suggests a new direction in handling autoimmune disorders using calcium-based therapies.
9
We analyzed how magnesium supplementation affects the biology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in mice. By feeding one group a diet rich in magnesium and another a standard diet over 15 days, we examined changes in their tissue responses.
Our findings revealed that increased magnesium intake may alter gene expression linked to oxidative stress and cellular aging, processes that are significant in RA development. This suggests that magnesium could be beneficial for managing RA and potentially other autoimmune disorders by reducing disease severity and joint damage.
Our findings revealed that increased magnesium intake may alter gene expression linked to oxidative stress and cellular aging, processes that are significant in RA development. This suggests that magnesium could be beneficial for managing RA and potentially other autoimmune disorders by reducing disease severity and joint damage.
9
Magnesium aids arthritis through immunity
We explored the effects of a high magnesium diet on rheumatoid arthritis using two mouse models. Our findings suggest that magnesium can significantly reduce arthritis severity and joint damage, while also promoting immune cell types that help combat inflammation.
Interestingly, these benefits seem to hinge on an immune mediator called IL-10 and changes in the gut microbiome, such as increased beneficial bacteria. While our results are promising, it is important to recognize that the protective effects depend on sufficient levels of IL-10, indicating that the relationship between magnesium and immune regulation is quite intricate.
Interestingly, these benefits seem to hinge on an immune mediator called IL-10 and changes in the gut microbiome, such as increased beneficial bacteria. While our results are promising, it is important to recognize that the protective effects depend on sufficient levels of IL-10, indicating that the relationship between magnesium and immune regulation is quite intricate.
8
Magnesium shows promise for NMOSD
Our investigation focused on how magnesium L-threonate might help those with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).
We examined both mice and cultured human cells to see if long-term magnesium treatment could reduce neuroinflammation, demyelination, and strengthen the blood-brain barrier.
The results were promising; magnesium supplementation appeared to alleviate damage linked to NMOSD by improving blood-brain barrier integrity and dampening inflammation.
This suggests magnesium could be a novel approach to treating NMOSD.
We examined both mice and cultured human cells to see if long-term magnesium treatment could reduce neuroinflammation, demyelination, and strengthen the blood-brain barrier.
The results were promising; magnesium supplementation appeared to alleviate damage linked to NMOSD by improving blood-brain barrier integrity and dampening inflammation.
This suggests magnesium could be a novel approach to treating NMOSD.
9
We investigated how magnesium (Mg) affects the severity of autoimmune lupus in mice. By feeding MRL/lpr female mice a standard or high magnesium diet for nine weeks, we measured impacts on skin lesions and pathogenic autoantibodies.
The results were encouraging: mice on the high magnesium diet showed significant reductions in skin issues and harmful anti-dsDNA antibodies. Plus, their immune systems displayed more regulatory T cells. However, there were no notable differences in other measured health indicators.
Overall, magnesium supplementation may be a cost-effective and safe complementary treatment for lupus.
The results were encouraging: mice on the high magnesium diet showed significant reductions in skin issues and harmful anti-dsDNA antibodies. Plus, their immune systems displayed more regulatory T cells. However, there were no notable differences in other measured health indicators.
Overall, magnesium supplementation may be a cost-effective and safe complementary treatment for lupus.
4
We examined the connection between dietary zinc intake and the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), particularly focusing on Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The study analyzed data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including nearly 5,500 participants—273 with AIT and 5,194 without it.
Our findings revealed that higher dietary zinc intake is associated with an increased risk of AIT, acting as an independent risk factor. This is concerning, as excessive zinc could disrupt our immune balance, potentially leading to other autoimmune disorders.
While it’s clear that zinc plays a role in thyroid health, we must be cautious about how much we consume. The study suggests that dietary zinc should be carefully monitored in those at risk for AIT, and it highlights the need for further research to establish safe consumption levels.
Our findings revealed that higher dietary zinc intake is associated with an increased risk of AIT, acting as an independent risk factor. This is concerning, as excessive zinc could disrupt our immune balance, potentially leading to other autoimmune disorders.
While it’s clear that zinc plays a role in thyroid health, we must be cautious about how much we consume. The study suggests that dietary zinc should be carefully monitored in those at risk for AIT, and it highlights the need for further research to establish safe consumption levels.
7
We aimed to explore how zinc supplementation might influence immune responses, particularly focusing on neutrophil activity in the context of autoimmune diseases. To do this, we simulated inflammatory conditions typically seen in such disorders using specific cytokines, interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.
Our findings indicated that elevating zinc levels significantly reduced the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are often implicated in tissue damage during autoimmune flare-ups. We also discovered that zinc supplementation lowered the expression of a protein called peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), which is associated with NET formation.
Interestingly, zinc not only decreased harmful neutrophil activity but also boosted the production of beneficial proteins like interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL-8 in the activated cells. Overall, maintaining adequate zinc levels seems crucial for preserving healthy immune function and preventing the harmful overactivity of neutrophils, suggesting its potential as an adjunct treatment in managing autoimmune conditions.
Our findings indicated that elevating zinc levels significantly reduced the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are often implicated in tissue damage during autoimmune flare-ups. We also discovered that zinc supplementation lowered the expression of a protein called peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), which is associated with NET formation.
Interestingly, zinc not only decreased harmful neutrophil activity but also boosted the production of beneficial proteins like interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL-8 in the activated cells. Overall, maintaining adequate zinc levels seems crucial for preserving healthy immune function and preventing the harmful overactivity of neutrophils, suggesting its potential as an adjunct treatment in managing autoimmune conditions.
References
- Ji P, Qiu S, Huang J, Wang L, Wang Y, et al. Hydrolysis of 2D Nanosheets Reverses Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Anti-Inflammation and Osteogenesis. Adv Mater. 2025;37:e2415543. 10.1002/adma.202415543
- Toaima DN, Abdel-Maksoud KS, Atef HM, Salah NY. Magnesium, fibrinolysis and clotting interplay among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus; potential mediators of diabetic microangiopathy. Nutr Diabetes. 2025;15:13. 10.1038/s41387-025-00368-9
- Laragione T, Harris C, Gulko PS. Magnesium Supplementation Modifies Arthritis Synovial and Splenic Transcriptomic Signatures Including Ferroptosis and Cell Senescence Biological Pathways. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16234247
- Fu C, Huang L, Lian C, Yue J, Lin P, et al. Effects of long-term magnesium L-threonate supplementation on neuroinflammation, demyelination and blood-brain barrier integrity in mice with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Brain Res. 2025;1846:149234. 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149234
- Yan Y, Yao C, Zhang B, Yang Z, Xie J, et al. Olanzapine vs. magnesium valproate vs. lamotrigine in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor encephalitis: a retrospective study. BMC Neurol. 2024;24:331. 10.1186/s12883-024-03811-z
- Verlato A, Laragione T, Bin S, Kim RH, Salem F, et al. Revised version with tracked changes oral Magnesium reduces levels of pathogenic autoantibodies and skin disease in murine lupus. BMC Immunol. 2024;25:58. 10.1186/s12865-024-00650-y
- Liu H, Zhang K, Xiong L. Dietary magnesium intake and rheumatoid arthritis patients' all-cause mortality: evidence from the NHANES database. J Health Popul Nutr. 2024;43:112. 10.1186/s41043-024-00597-1
- Fu H, Guo Y, Fang W, Wang J, Hu P, et al. Anti-Acidification and Immune Regulation by Nano-Ceria-Loaded Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11:e2307094. 10.1002/advs.202307094
- Fang J, Cao T, Liu C, Wang D, Zhang H, et al. Association between magnesium, copper, and potassium intakes with risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). BMC Public Health. 2023;23:2085. 10.1186/s12889-023-16906-y
- Laragione T, Harris C, Azizgolshani N, Beeton C, Bongers G, et al. Magnesium increases numbers of Foxp3+ Treg cells and reduces arthritis severity and joint damage in an IL-10-dependent manner mediated by the intestinal microbiome. EBioMedicine. 2023;92:104603. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104603
- Li Z, Chen K, Shao Q, Lu H, Zhang X, et al. Nanoparticulate MgH ameliorates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20:16. 10.1186/s12974-023-02696-y
- Shao Y, Mu Q, Wang R, Luo H, Song Z, et al. SLC39A10 is a key zinc transporter in T cells and its loss mitigates autoimmune disease. Sci China Life Sci. 2025. 10.1007/s11427-024-2817-y
- Chen L, Yan C, Huang C, Jiang Z, Lin R, et al. Higher dietary zinc intake increases the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis. Postgrad Med J. 2025. 10.1093/postmj/qgae202
- Wu R, Li Y, Peng H, Yang Z, Wang Y, et al. Association Between Serum Trace Elements Level and Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025;24:e16740. 10.1111/jocd.16740
- Bayiroglu AF, Acar G, Gulbahce-Mutlu E, Baltaci SB, Mogulkoc R, et al. Dietary zinc status is associated with ZnT3 (SLC30A3), IL-6 gene expressions and spinal cord tissue damage in spinal cord tissue in a cuprizone-induced rat Multiple Sclerosis model. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2024;86:127540. 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127540
- Fang D, Jiang D, Shi G, Song Y. The association between dietary zinc intake and osteopenia, osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25:710. 10.1186/s12891-024-07768-5
- Cheng J, Rink L, Wessels I. Zinc Supplementation Reduces the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Decreasing the Expression of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2024;68:e2400013. 10.1002/mnfr.202400013
