Overview

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 32 Reviews
8
Supplement Facts
Serving Size:  1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
15
Total Fat
1.5 g
2%**
Wild Caught Fish Oil Concentrate
1250 mg
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids as TG
1055 mg
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
690 mg
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
310 mg
Other Omega-3 Fatty Acids
55 mg

Top Medical Research Studies

8
Eicosapentaenoic acid benefits MS
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to explore the effects of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils on inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). During the study, we treated MS patients with these nanoliposomes enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid known for its potential health benefits.

After the treatment, we observed significant improvements in various markers of inflammation. Notably, the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids increased, while the level of matrix metallopeptidase-9, an enzyme linked to inflammation, decreased. This shift indicates a favorable response in how the patients’ bodies were managing inflammation.

Moreover, we noted a Th2-biased response in cytokine levels, which typically suggests a less inflammatory environment. The results showed a significant reduction in the frequency of relapses, lower disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients treated with the nanoliposomes. Overall, our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid treatment may offer promising benefits for managing inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis.
9
Eicosapentaenoic Acid aids autoimmunity
We explored the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex autoimmune disease that causes widespread inflammation in the body. In a carefully designed study using a mouse model of SLE, we discovered that dietary supplementation with EPA-rich fish oil significantly improved various autoimmune symptoms.

Our findings revealed that, after treatment, the mice showed reductions in fluid accumulation, abnormal tissue growth, and levels of certain autoantibodies in their blood. Notably, EPA also led to improvements in kidney health, evidenced by reduced protein levels in urine and decreased inflammation in kidney tissues.

Delving into the mechanisms, we found that EPA influenced how immune cells, particularly B cells, develop. It helped in reducing the overall number of B cells, which are often overactive in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, EPA encouraged the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine called IL-10. This is significant because IL-10 plays a crucial role in controlling immune responses and curbing inflammation.

Overall, our research suggests that integrating omega-3 fatty acids like EPA into diets could serve as a promising approach to managing autoimmune conditions, such as SLE. By balancing the intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, we may better control the onset and severity of this challenging disease.
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid aids lupus management
We sought to understand how dietary fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), influence autoimmune diseases like lupus. Through our research on both drug-induced and spontaneous mouse models of lupus, we observed that supplementing with EPA significantly eased symptoms associated with the disease.

Some of the notable improvements included reduced autoantibody production and diminished immunocomplex deposits in the kidneys. Our examinations through lipidomic and membrane dynamics analyses revealed that EPA changes the lipid composition and fluidity of B cell membranes. This adjustment appears to restrict the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that produce harmful autoantibodies.

Overall, our findings indicate a promising new pathway by which fatty acids like EPA can potentially help manage autoimmunity. This suggests that EPA supplementation might serve as a beneficial treatment option for individuals with lupus.

Most Useful Reviews

9
Improved health
184 people found this helpful
EXCELLENT QUALITY OMEGA! This was my first order from this manufacturer, and I’m impressed. I take omega regularly, especially since I don't consume fish often. After three months on it, I noticed significant improvements in my hair growth, nail strength, and overall cheerfulness. My skin is also hydrated and nourished. The quality-to-price ratio is excellent, making it a must-buy!
9
Improved activity
6 people found this helpful
This quality Omega-3 fish oil is truly the best. I bought it for my son per our doctor's prescription due to his thyroid issues. After two months of use, there's a visible benefit: he’s more active and cheerful. An ultrasound showed commendable results for his thyroid, along with improved skin and hair health. His overall well-being has significantly improved. We’re satisfied and plan to order again.
7.5
Cleaner fish oil
6 people found this helpful
By far the cleanest and safest among IFOS 5 stars, this fish oil effectively reduces triglycerides and increases HDL. I was initially a domestic believer but realised that marine pollution could contaminate supplements. Hence, we switched to IFOS 5-star products which are thoroughly inspected for safety. After taking this for over 2 years and 8 months, my husband's triglycerides maintain between 50-85 and HDL at 56-76. Omega-3 hasn't lowered my LDL, so I require additional supplements. Individual biochemistry varies, so effects may differ.

Medical Researches

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.8
  • All Researches
9
Eicosapentaenoic Acid aids autoimmunity
We explored the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex autoimmune disease that causes widespread inflammation in the body. In a carefully designed study using a mouse model of SLE, we discovered that dietary supplementation with EPA-rich fish oil significantly improved various autoimmune symptoms.

Our findings revealed that, after treatment, the mice showed reductions in fluid accumulation, abnormal tissue growth, and levels of certain autoantibodies in their blood. Notably, EPA also led to improvements in kidney health, evidenced by reduced protein levels in urine and decreased inflammation in kidney tissues.

Delving into the mechanisms, we found that EPA influenced how immune cells, particularly B cells, develop. It helped in reducing the overall number of B cells, which are often overactive in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, EPA encouraged the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine called IL-10. This is significant because IL-10 plays a crucial role in controlling immune responses and curbing inflammation.

Overall, our research suggests that integrating omega-3 fatty acids like EPA into diets could serve as a promising approach to managing autoimmune conditions, such as SLE. By balancing the intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, we may better control the onset and severity of this challenging disease.
9
Combination therapy shows promise
We set out to understand if adding eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) could improve outcomes for patients with autoimmune disorders and cholestatic liver diseases. By evaluating how this combination affects key factors like bile acid management, cell apoptosis, and inflammation, we aimed to see if EPA could bolster the effects of UDCA, especially in patients who typically do not respond well to this treatment.

Interestingly, we found that when EPA was combined with a lower dose of UDCA, the results were quite appealing. The combination helped reduce the expression of certain inflammatory genes and showed a notable decrease in cell damage caused by bile acids, even when compared to higher doses of UDCA alone. This means that with EPA, we could potentially achieve better therapeutic outcomes without escalating the drug dosage.

Our findings suggest that incorporating EPA alongside UDCA not only enhances the benefits but could also widen the therapeutic window for patients struggling with liver issues linked to autoimmune disorders. This exciting pharmaco-nutraceutical approach may pave the way for more effective treatments in the future.
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid aids lupus management
We sought to understand how dietary fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), influence autoimmune diseases like lupus. Through our research on both drug-induced and spontaneous mouse models of lupus, we observed that supplementing with EPA significantly eased symptoms associated with the disease.

Some of the notable improvements included reduced autoantibody production and diminished immunocomplex deposits in the kidneys. Our examinations through lipidomic and membrane dynamics analyses revealed that EPA changes the lipid composition and fluidity of B cell membranes. This adjustment appears to restrict the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that produce harmful autoantibodies.

Overall, our findings indicate a promising new pathway by which fatty acids like EPA can potentially help manage autoimmunity. This suggests that EPA supplementation might serve as a beneficial treatment option for individuals with lupus.
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid's role in arthritis
We aimed to understand how eicosapentaenoic acid, among other metabolites, plays a role in managing autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We tested two specific strains of probiotics, CCFM1074 and CCFM1075, on rats with collagen-induced arthritis to evaluate their impact on immune responses and gut health.

Our findings showed that CCFM1074 significantly eased symptoms of arthritis, while CCFM1075 did not offer similar benefits. Interestingly, both strains helped reduce inflammation markers, notably lowering plasma levels of IL-6 and decreasing the proportion of harmful Th17 cells. However, CCFM1074 stood out by increasing beneficial Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes.

One of the highlights of our study was the role of eicosapentaenoic acid—a metabolite that was notably regulated by CCFM1074. This fatty acid is linked to improving unsaturated fatty acids metabolism, which may contribute to reducing arthritis symptoms. Additionally, CCFM1074 positively influenced the gut microbiota, altering community structures and enhancing beneficial bacteria populations.

Overall, we observed that eicosapentaenoic acid, alongside other factors, could help alleviate arthritis by promoting a healthier gut environment and balancing immune responses.
9
DHA mediators reduce RA symptoms
We explored how lipid mediators derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) impact rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disorder marked by inflammation and joint damage. In our investigation, we noted that a specific combination of lipid mediators produced from DHA, including 17S-monohydroxy docosahexaenoic acid, resolvin D5, and protectin DX, showed promise in reducing arthritis severity.

The study involved using collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) in mice and examining RANKL-induced osteoclast formation using RAW264.7 cells. We observed that these lipid mediators effectively lowered the expression of certain markers related to osteoclast formation. They also showed potential by suppressing inflammatory pathways within cells.

In addition to promising laboratory results, our findings indicated that mice treated with these lipid mediators exhibited significantly less swelling and inflammation in their paws. We noticed a decrease in inflammatory cytokines in their serum, which is crucial for managing autoimmune responses, while levels of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, increased.

These findings suggest that the lipid mediators derived from DHA can alleviate joint inflammation and damage associated with rheumatoid arthritis, indicating their potential as a therapeutic option. Overall, our research highlights the positive effects of DHA-related lipid mediators on autoimmune disorders like RA.

User Reviews

USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 32 Reviews
8
  • All Reviews
  • Positive Reviews
  • Negative Reviews
9
Improved health
184 people found this helpful
EXCELLENT QUALITY OMEGA! This was my first order from this manufacturer, and I’m impressed. I take omega regularly, especially since I don't consume fish often. After three months on it, I noticed significant improvements in my hair growth, nail strength, and overall cheerfulness. My skin is also hydrated and nourished. The quality-to-price ratio is excellent, making it a must-buy!
9
Improved activity
6 people found this helpful
This quality Omega-3 fish oil is truly the best. I bought it for my son per our doctor's prescription due to his thyroid issues. After two months of use, there's a visible benefit: he’s more active and cheerful. An ultrasound showed commendable results for his thyroid, along with improved skin and hair health. His overall well-being has significantly improved. We’re satisfied and plan to order again.
7.5
Cleaner fish oil
6 people found this helpful
By far the cleanest and safest among IFOS 5 stars, this fish oil effectively reduces triglycerides and increases HDL. I was initially a domestic believer but realised that marine pollution could contaminate supplements. Hence, we switched to IFOS 5-star products which are thoroughly inspected for safety. After taking this for over 2 years and 8 months, my husband's triglycerides maintain between 50-85 and HDL at 56-76. Omega-3 hasn't lowered my LDL, so I require additional supplements. Individual biochemistry varies, so effects may differ.
9
Improved concentration
2 people found this helpful
Excellent product! It's a quality company with a rapid effect, boasting the highest Omega 3. It positively impacted my concentration and memory in studies. I noticed results within just three days, including enhanced vision. My nails stopped breaking, my hair loss diminished, and I felt calmer with improved sleep. I highly recommend it and plan to reorder for my family.
9
Skin and hair improvement
1 people found this helpful
The best omega-3! An ideal daily dosage! Following my endocrinologist’s recommendation, I ordered omega from SR due to its numerous advantages: natural triglycerides, strong dosage of omega-3 acids, and made from wild deep-sea fish. It's without GMOs or gluten. The large capsules are easy to swallow, with a nearly neutral flavour. I've found benefits such as improved appearance and better metabolism. I take one capsule in the morning, and my skin is moisturised with no peeling.

Frequently Asked Questions

9
Improved concentration
2 people found this helpful
Excellent product! It's a quality company with a rapid effect, boasting the highest Omega 3. It positively impacted my concentration and memory in studies. I noticed results within just three days, including enhanced vision. My nails stopped breaking, my hair loss diminished, and I felt calmer with improved sleep. I highly recommend it and plan to reorder for my family.
7.5
Memory improvement
3 people found this helpful
This omega-3 is touted as the best. It doesn’t upset my stomach and is light. I noticed improvements within a month, particularly concerning my ovarian cysts. It also significantly helped my memory issues. I ordered a box of 60 pills; the quality is superb, and the ingredients are commendable.
6
Skin improvement noted
5 people found this helpful
I purchased this for atopy, planning to try it for six months at a high dose. After one week on three pills a day, there seems to be no rejection, and I believe my skin has improved slightly. Overall, I'm optimistic about its effect.
9
Eliminated skin dryness
1 people found this helpful
This omega is the only one that alleviated my excessive dryness of skin and lips. After cancelling my intake during the holidays, I noticed a deficiency after ten days, leading to tightness and peeling. Upon returning to the supplement, everything normalised. I've tried other brands without any effect. This one has the perfect ratio of omega 3 acids, making it convenient to take one capsule. The price is fair, and I recommend it.
9
Improved health
184 people found this helpful
EXCELLENT QUALITY OMEGA! This was my first order from this manufacturer, and I’m impressed. I take omega regularly, especially since I don't consume fish often. After three months on it, I noticed significant improvements in my hair growth, nail strength, and overall cheerfulness. My skin is also hydrated and nourished. The quality-to-price ratio is excellent, making it a must-buy!
9
Improved activity
6 people found this helpful
This quality Omega-3 fish oil is truly the best. I bought it for my son per our doctor's prescription due to his thyroid issues. After two months of use, there's a visible benefit: he’s more active and cheerful. An ultrasound showed commendable results for his thyroid, along with improved skin and hair health. His overall well-being has significantly improved. We’re satisfied and plan to order again.
7.5
Joint pain relief
3 people found this helpful
This is a wonderful omega with a substantial dosage! My whole family takes Omega-3 regularly. I’ve noticed reduced dry skin and improved hair condition. Remarkably, after just a couple of days, my persistent joint pain subsided, especially after gym sessions. I take one capsule daily as recommended. Made from cold-water fish, they have no smell and store well in the fridge. I highly recommend it, although it often goes out of stock.
9
Liver health improved
1 people found this helpful
Best friend! This is the best omega for me. Combined with silymarin, lycetin, and vitamin D3, it has greatly improved my liver health. I take it regularly and will continue to reorder. Stay healthy!
7.5
High quality omega
1 people found this helpful
This brand of fish oil is wonderful, containing a higher percentage of omegas compared to others. I consistently order this type as it is characterised by exceptional quality.
9
Skin and hair improvement
1 people found this helpful
The best omega-3! An ideal daily dosage! Following my endocrinologist’s recommendation, I ordered omega from SR due to its numerous advantages: natural triglycerides, strong dosage of omega-3 acids, and made from wild deep-sea fish. It's without GMOs or gluten. The large capsules are easy to swallow, with a nearly neutral flavour. I've found benefits such as improved appearance and better metabolism. I take one capsule in the morning, and my skin is moisturised with no peeling.
8
Effect of EPA on autoimmune disorders
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, influences autoimmune disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Through a rigorous analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials involving 1018 RA patients, we aimed to understand the nuances of EPA's effects on fatty acid distribution, inflammation, and disease activity.

Our findings showed that EPA significantly increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the body. More importantly, we observed a reduction in the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio and a decrease in triglycerides, which are often elevated in individuals with RA. Additionally, patients experienced fewer tender joints, highlighting EPA’s potential in managing clinical symptoms.

However, while there was a notable reduction in markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, these changes were not statistically significant. This indicates that while EPA has beneficial effects, its role in significantly lowering inflammation markers remains uncertain.

Overall, this research presents promising evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid can have a positive impact on lipid profiles and joint symptoms for those suffering from RA, but further studies may be needed to fully understand its effectiveness on inflammation markers.
9
Eicosapentaenoic Acid aids autoimmunity
We explored the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex autoimmune disease that causes widespread inflammation in the body. In a carefully designed study using a mouse model of SLE, we discovered that dietary supplementation with EPA-rich fish oil significantly improved various autoimmune symptoms.

Our findings revealed that, after treatment, the mice showed reductions in fluid accumulation, abnormal tissue growth, and levels of certain autoantibodies in their blood. Notably, EPA also led to improvements in kidney health, evidenced by reduced protein levels in urine and decreased inflammation in kidney tissues.

Delving into the mechanisms, we found that EPA influenced how immune cells, particularly B cells, develop. It helped in reducing the overall number of B cells, which are often overactive in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, EPA encouraged the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine called IL-10. This is significant because IL-10 plays a crucial role in controlling immune responses and curbing inflammation.

Overall, our research suggests that integrating omega-3 fatty acids like EPA into diets could serve as a promising approach to managing autoimmune conditions, such as SLE. By balancing the intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, we may better control the onset and severity of this challenging disease.
8
EPA's promise in autoimmune treatments
We observed that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, has significant potential in addressing autoimmune disorders. These conditions are often marked by chronic inflammation, and EPA's anti-inflammatory properties play a critical role in moderating this response. As the research shows, EPA not only helps lessen inflammation but also may reduce the activity of immune cells that contribute to the autoimmune process.

Several studies highlighted the impact of EPA supplementation on various autoimmune conditions, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. Participants who incorporated EPA into their diets often reported a notable decrease in disease activity and overall improvement in their quality of life. This suggests that EPA can be an effective supportive treatment alongside conventional therapies for those struggling with autoimmune diseases.

However, while the evidence supporting EPA's benefits is compelling, further randomized clinical trials are necessary to establish the optimal dosages and long-term effects. We understand that more comprehensive studies are essential to fully confirm these promising findings and refine the recommendations for EPA use in autoimmune disorder management.

References

  1. Szczuko M, Kacprzak J, Przybylska A, Szczuko U, Pobłocki J, et al. The Influence of an Anti-Inflammatory Gluten-Free Diet with EPA and DHA on the Involvement of Maresin and Resolvins in Hashimoto's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms252111692
  2. Wang W, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zang Y. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43:2479. doi:10.1007/s10067-024-07040-0
  3. Jannas-Vela S, Candia AA, Peñailillo L, Barrios-Troncoso P, Zapata-Urzúa J, et al. Role of specialized pro-resolving mediators on inflammation, cardiometabolic health, disease progression, and quality of life after omega-3 PUFA supplementation and aerobic exercise training in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized 16-week, placebo-controlled interventional trial. F1000Res. 2023;12:942. doi:10.12688/f1000research.138392.1
  4. Liu A, Li Z, Zeng J, Peng Y, Wang S, et al. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alleviates systemic lupus erythematosus by suppressing autoimmunity in a murine model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;126:111299. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111299
  5. Poggioli R, Hirani K, Jogani VG, Ricordi C. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27:7380. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202308_33310
  6. Marchand NE, Choi MY, Oakes EG, Cook NR, Stevens E, et al. Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;190:102542. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102542
  7. Ghasemi Darestani N, Bahrami A, Mozafarian MR, Esmalian Afyouni N, Akhavanfar R, et al. Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14214627
  8. Gkiouras K, Grammatikopoulou MG, Myrogiannis I, Papamitsou T, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:16. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104210
  9. Hassanshahi G, Noroozi Karimabad M, Jebali A. The therapeutic effect of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils and its efficacy to attenuate inflammation in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial phase I. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;362:577768. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577768
  10. Thérien A, Cieślak A, Verreault M, Perreault M, Trottier J, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: A Pharmaco-Nutraceutical Approach to Improve the Responsiveness to Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Nutrients. 2021;13. doi:10.3390/nu13082617
  11. Kobayashi A, Ito A, Shirakawa I, Tamura A, Tomono S, et al. Dietary Supplementation With Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inhibits Plasma Cell Differentiation and Attenuates Lupus Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2021;12:650856. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.650856
  12. Gorczyca D, Szponar B, Paściak M, Czajkowska A, Szmyrka M. Serum levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with disease activity: a pilot study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2022;51:230. doi:10.1080/03009742.2021.1923183
  13. Fan Z, Ross RP, Stanton C, Hou B, Zhao J, et al. CCFM1074 Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats Balancing Treg/Th17 and Modulating the Metabolites and Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol. 2021;12:680073. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.680073
  14. Song J, Sun R, Zhang Y, Ke J, Zhao D. Serum resolvin E1 levels and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a preliminary study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21:66. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00730-9
  15. Oner F, Alvarez C, Yaghmoor W, Stephens D, Hasturk H, et al. Resolvin E1 Regulates Th17 Function and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:637983. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.637983
  16. Gilley KN, Fenton JI, Zick SM, Li K, Wang L, et al. Serum fatty acid profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus and patient reported outcomes: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology & Surveillance (MILES) Program. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1459297. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459297
  17. Su Y, Han Y, Choi HS, Lee GY, Cho HW, et al. Lipid mediators obtained from docosahexaenoic acid by soybean lipoxygenase attenuate RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;171:116153. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116153
  18. Wang M, Rajkumar S, Lai Y, Liu X, He J, et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures as local perpetuators of organ-specific immune injury: implication for lupus nephritis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1204777. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204777
  19. Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Galván A, Valdelvira ME, Caballero-Villarraso J, et al. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2024;124:109497. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109497
  20. Léger T, Brun A, Lanchais K, Rigaudière JP, Briat A, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid and etanercept could reduce functional and metabolic alterations during collagen-induced arthritis in rats without any synergistic effect. Life Sci. 2023;327:121826. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121826
  21. Grajchen E, Loix M, Baeten P, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, et al. Fatty acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:666. doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01011-2
  22. Jeong M, Shin JI, Cho J, Jeon YJ, Kim JH, et al. DHA Induces Cell Death through the Production of ROS and the Upregulation of CHOP in Fibroblast-like Synovial Cells from Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24. doi:10.3390/ijms24021734
  23. Kim JS, Soto-Diaz K, Bingham TW, Steelman AJ, Das A. Role of omega-3 endocannabinoids in the modulation of T-cell activity in a multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. J Biol Chem. 2023;299:102886. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102886
  24. Xie R, Zhang Y. Association between 19 dietary fatty acids intake and rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a nationwide survey. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;188:102530. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102530
  25. Wierenga KA, Riemers FM, Westendorp B, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ. Single cell analysis of docosahexaenoic acid suppression of sequential LPS-induced proinflammatory and interferon-regulated gene expression in the macrophage. Front Immunol. 2022;13:993614. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.993614
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