Overview

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 38 Researches
7.6
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 33 Reviews
7.3
Supplement Facts
Serving Size:   2 Softgels
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
20
 
Total Fat
2 g
3%**
Saturated Fat
0.5 g
3%**
Polyunsaturated Fat
1 g
Monounsaturated Fat
0.5 g
Fish Oil Concentrate
2 g (2,000 mg)
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
360 mg
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
240 mg

Top Medical Research Studies

We focused on how Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a pro-resolving lipid, impacts systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our study measured RvD1 levels and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell counts in SLE patients versus healthy individuals.

We found that higher RvD1 levels correlated with lower disease activity and fewer Tfh cells. RvD1 was effective in reducing Tfh cell activity in a mouse model and inhibited Tfh differentiation in lab tests.

Overall, RvD1 appears to play a significant role in managing SLE by suppressing Tfh cells and influencing immune responses.
Read More
8
Eicosapentaenoic acid benefits MS
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to explore the effects of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils on inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). During the study, we treated MS patients with these nanoliposomes enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid known for its potential health benefits.

After the treatment, we observed significant improvements in various markers of inflammation. Notably, the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids increased, while the level of matrix metallopeptidase-9, an enzyme linked to inflammation, decreased. This shift indicates a favorable response in how the patients’ bodies were managing inflammation.

Moreover, we noted a Th2-biased response in cytokine levels, which typically suggests a less inflammatory environment. The results showed a significant reduction in the frequency of relapses, lower disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients treated with the nanoliposomes. Overall, our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid treatment may offer promising benefits for managing inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis.
Read More
7
Omega-3 shows mixed RA benefits
We analyzed data from 18 randomized controlled trials involving 1018 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to understand the effects of omega-3 supplementation. Our findings revealed that omega-3 significantly increased beneficial fatty acids, EPA, and DHA, while also decreasing harmful triglycerides and tender joint counts.

However, while some inflammation markers showed slight improvements, these changes were not statistically significant. Overall, omega-3 may help manage certain symptoms of RA, but the evidence remains mixed regarding its broader impact on inflammation.
Read More

Most Useful Reviews

9
Stable blood pressure
55 people found this helpful
I ordered an antihypertensive kit for my mother and found it recommended fish oil, taurine, and magnesium. After six months of use, her blood pressure has stabilised with rare spikes. She has significantly reduced her main medications, and I'm pleased with the price and quality of this product.
Read More
9
Complex advisable
11 people found this helpful
My sister took it for three months without seeing any effect, unlike the Omega from “Natural Factors, WomenSense, RxOmega-3”, which combines evening primrose oil. This complex helped my hormonal balance after a prolonged autoimmune disorder, alleviating my symptoms significantly.
Read More
9
Health restored
6 people found this helpful
I took Omega-3 for cholesterol on my doctor's advice, and I've noticed improved immunity with fewer colds and normalised blood pressure. Impressively, I've also lost 7 kg while maintaining my diet. I will order again as I find it effective for restoring health.
Read More

Medical Researches

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 38 Researches
7.6
  • All Researches
9
Stable resolvin analogue shows promise
We explored the effects of a new, stable form of resolvin D1, called p-MPPF, on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a condition affecting the nervous system. In our research, both p-MPPF and its unstable counterpart, RvD1, showed significant promise in reducing inflammation and improving symptoms.

This was evidenced by less severe disease progression, better spinal cord health, and changes in immune cell activity. Importantly, we discovered that both substances influenced immune cells in a way that avoids inflammation. Our findings suggest that these types of compounds could lead to improved treatments for autoimmune disorders.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic Acid aids autoimmunity
We explored the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex autoimmune disease that causes widespread inflammation in the body. In a carefully designed study using a mouse model of SLE, we discovered that dietary supplementation with EPA-rich fish oil significantly improved various autoimmune symptoms.

Our findings revealed that, after treatment, the mice showed reductions in fluid accumulation, abnormal tissue growth, and levels of certain autoantibodies in their blood. Notably, EPA also led to improvements in kidney health, evidenced by reduced protein levels in urine and decreased inflammation in kidney tissues.

Delving into the mechanisms, we found that EPA influenced how immune cells, particularly B cells, develop. It helped in reducing the overall number of B cells, which are often overactive in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, EPA encouraged the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine called IL-10. This is significant because IL-10 plays a crucial role in controlling immune responses and curbing inflammation.

Overall, our research suggests that integrating omega-3 fatty acids like EPA into diets could serve as a promising approach to managing autoimmune conditions, such as SLE. By balancing the intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, we may better control the onset and severity of this challenging disease.
Read More
9
Combination therapy shows promise
We set out to understand if adding eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) could improve outcomes for patients with autoimmune disorders and cholestatic liver diseases. By evaluating how this combination affects key factors like bile acid management, cell apoptosis, and inflammation, we aimed to see if EPA could bolster the effects of UDCA, especially in patients who typically do not respond well to this treatment.

Interestingly, we found that when EPA was combined with a lower dose of UDCA, the results were quite appealing. The combination helped reduce the expression of certain inflammatory genes and showed a notable decrease in cell damage caused by bile acids, even when compared to higher doses of UDCA alone. This means that with EPA, we could potentially achieve better therapeutic outcomes without escalating the drug dosage.

Our findings suggest that incorporating EPA alongside UDCA not only enhances the benefits but could also widen the therapeutic window for patients struggling with liver issues linked to autoimmune disorders. This exciting pharmaco-nutraceutical approach may pave the way for more effective treatments in the future.
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9
Eicosapentaenoic acid aids lupus management
We sought to understand how dietary fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), influence autoimmune diseases like lupus. Through our research on both drug-induced and spontaneous mouse models of lupus, we observed that supplementing with EPA significantly eased symptoms associated with the disease.

Some of the notable improvements included reduced autoantibody production and diminished immunocomplex deposits in the kidneys. Our examinations through lipidomic and membrane dynamics analyses revealed that EPA changes the lipid composition and fluidity of B cell membranes. This adjustment appears to restrict the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that produce harmful autoantibodies.

Overall, our findings indicate a promising new pathway by which fatty acids like EPA can potentially help manage autoimmunity. This suggests that EPA supplementation might serve as a beneficial treatment option for individuals with lupus.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid's role in arthritis
We aimed to understand how eicosapentaenoic acid, among other metabolites, plays a role in managing autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We tested two specific strains of probiotics, CCFM1074 and CCFM1075, on rats with collagen-induced arthritis to evaluate their impact on immune responses and gut health.

Our findings showed that CCFM1074 significantly eased symptoms of arthritis, while CCFM1075 did not offer similar benefits. Interestingly, both strains helped reduce inflammation markers, notably lowering plasma levels of IL-6 and decreasing the proportion of harmful Th17 cells. However, CCFM1074 stood out by increasing beneficial Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes.

One of the highlights of our study was the role of eicosapentaenoic acid—a metabolite that was notably regulated by CCFM1074. This fatty acid is linked to improving unsaturated fatty acids metabolism, which may contribute to reducing arthritis symptoms. Additionally, CCFM1074 positively influenced the gut microbiota, altering community structures and enhancing beneficial bacteria populations.

Overall, we observed that eicosapentaenoic acid, alongside other factors, could help alleviate arthritis by promoting a healthier gut environment and balancing immune responses.
Read More

User Reviews

USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 33 Reviews
7.3
  • All Reviews
  • Positive Reviews
  • Negative Reviews
9
Stable blood pressure
55 people found this helpful
I ordered an antihypertensive kit for my mother and found it recommended fish oil, taurine, and magnesium. After six months of use, her blood pressure has stabilised with rare spikes. She has significantly reduced her main medications, and I'm pleased with the price and quality of this product.
Read More
9
Complex advisable
11 people found this helpful
My sister took it for three months without seeing any effect, unlike the Omega from “Natural Factors, WomenSense, RxOmega-3”, which combines evening primrose oil. This complex helped my hormonal balance after a prolonged autoimmune disorder, alleviating my symptoms significantly.
Read More
9
Health restored
6 people found this helpful
I took Omega-3 for cholesterol on my doctor's advice, and I've noticed improved immunity with fewer colds and normalised blood pressure. Impressively, I've also lost 7 kg while maintaining my diet. I will order again as I find it effective for restoring health.
Read More
9
Lipid metabolism improved
4 people found this helpful
My trainer advised Omega-3 to normalise lipid metabolism. I took four capsules daily for a month and was surprised by the results. My painful PMS vanished entirely without needing pain relief, making the experience feel like an ordinary day. I will reorder soon.
Read More
9
Hair and nails restored
3 people found this helpful
After giving birth, my hair was falling out and my nails were weak. Within two weeks of taking this Omega-3, I noticed significant improvements in both areas, which has been a great relief related to my autoimmune disorder. I will continue to recommend it.
Read More

Frequently Asked Questions

9
Hair and nails restored
3 people found this helpful
After giving birth, my hair was falling out and my nails were weak. Within two weeks of taking this Omega-3, I noticed significant improvements in both areas, which has been a great relief related to my autoimmune disorder. I will continue to recommend it.
9
Joint flexibility improvement
2 people found this helpful
My first orders on IHerb included Omega-3 and MSM. Within days, I observed reduced stiffness and soreness, enhancing my flexibility, which has been beneficial for managing my autoimmune disorder. I find the capsules easy to swallow.
9
Complex advisable
11 people found this helpful
My sister took it for three months without seeing any effect, unlike the Omega from “Natural Factors, WomenSense, RxOmega-3”, which combines evening primrose oil. This complex helped my hormonal balance after a prolonged autoimmune disorder, alleviating my symptoms significantly.
9
Stable blood pressure
55 people found this helpful
I ordered an antihypertensive kit for my mother and found it recommended fish oil, taurine, and magnesium. After six months of use, her blood pressure has stabilised with rare spikes. She has significantly reduced her main medications, and I'm pleased with the price and quality of this product.
9
Skin hydration improvement
3 people found this helpful
I've been taking Omega-3 for two winters now, and it has helped alleviate dryness and cracking of my skin due to the cold. This supplement has exceeded my expectations and has positively affected my autoimmune disorder by improving skin health.
9
Lipid metabolism improved
4 people found this helpful
My trainer advised Omega-3 to normalise lipid metabolism. I took four capsules daily for a month and was surprised by the results. My painful PMS vanished entirely without needing pain relief, making the experience feel like an ordinary day. I will reorder soon.
7.5
PMS relief
6 people found this helpful
After giving birth, I found my hair, nails, and skin in poor condition. Since I started taking Omega-3, my overall condition improved, and my PMS was painless, needing no medication. I suggest taking it at the beginning of meals to avoid any fishy aftertaste. I'll definitely order it again.
6
Digestive comfort
4 people found this helpful
I've been taking Omega-3 for years. Initially, I faced issues like belching and stomach pain, but I found that taking capsules during meals solved this. Overall, I appreciate the benefits for my autoimmune disorder and will continue using them.
7.5
Stronger nails
7 people found this helpful
The effect is there! I started this Omega with lecithin, ginkgo, and coenzyme Q10. Initially, my skin felt better, and my nails became stronger; my hair stopped falling out. However, I experienced severe heartburn throughout the month, but that ceased after switching brands. One star removed for that issue, but overall, the benefits remain.
9
Improved health
1 people found this helpful
Great omega! My hair has become stronger, and my skin is no longer dry. Following my doctor's recommendation for my autoimmune disorder, I started taking omega to enhance my overall skin and hair condition, and to support my heart vessels. Compared to another brand with a fishy aftertaste, NOW omega has led to noticeable improvements. I take two capsules twice daily, providing the required daily omega acids EPA and DHA. I appreciate that NOW follows multiple cleaning stages to remove heavy metals, as per international standards!
7.5
Mood enhancement
1 people found this helpful
Excellent Omega! I took 4 capsules daily, as prescribed by my doctor for recovery after surgery. Within a week, I felt more energetic and in a better mood. A month later, a cosmetologist noted my improved skin condition; all dryness has gone. The jar lasts a long time, so I ordered another!
7.5
Family health improvement
4 people found this helpful
I've really enjoyed using Omega-3 from Now Foods due to its price-quality ratio and effective dosage. Taking it has positively affected my health and my family’s, with noticeable improvements observed. We have been using it consistently and would recommend it for anyone dealing with an autoimmune disorder.
8
Omega-3s show mixed benefits
We explored the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disorders, conducting a comprehensive review and Mendelian randomization analysis.

Our findings indicate that omega-3s provide benefits primarily for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, improving disease activity and reducing inflammation.

However, there was no strong evidence supporting their effectiveness against other autoimmune conditions like psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. This suggests that while omega-3s may benefit certain illnesses, more research is needed for others.
8
Omega-3s may improve SLE outcomes
We explored the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using data from 418 participants. Our analysis focused on how different fatty acids relate to disease activity, pain, and sleep quality.

The results highlight that higher levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, are linked to better outcomes in SLE patients. Although our findings support the idea that omega-3s can be beneficial, more research is needed to confirm these benefits and their long-term effects.

This suggests that improving omega-3 intake through diet could be an effective strategy for managing SLE.
7
Omega-3 shows mixed RA benefits
We analyzed data from 18 randomized controlled trials involving 1018 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to understand the effects of omega-3 supplementation. Our findings revealed that omega-3 significantly increased beneficial fatty acids, EPA, and DHA, while also decreasing harmful triglycerides and tender joint counts.

However, while some inflammation markers showed slight improvements, these changes were not statistically significant. Overall, omega-3 may help manage certain symptoms of RA, but the evidence remains mixed regarding its broader impact on inflammation.
4
Eicosapentaenoic acid shows limited benefit
We explored the effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation for managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). By analyzing data from 23 randomized placebo-controlled trials, we aimed to see if EPA could help reduce various indicators of disease activity and reliance on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

The findings revealed that while there was a small reduction in pain and tender joint counts among participants taking n-3 fatty acid supplements, the overall benefits were quite limited. For instance, the reductions in pain and swollen joints were minimal—indicating that while there may be some positive effects, they aren't groundbreaking.

We also noticed a tiny difference in NSAID use, hinting at a potential decrease. However, it's important to recognize that the confidence in these results is quite low, raising questions about the reliability of the data. In summary, our research suggests that while EPA might contribute slightly to managing RA symptoms, its overall clinical benefit appears limited, cautioning against overestimating its effectiveness.
7
Omega-3 may aid Hashimoto's treatment
We explored how combining a gluten-free diet with omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA and DHA, can influence inflammation in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

In our study involving 39 Caucasian female patients, we noted significant reductions in inflammatory markers linked to long-chain fatty acids.

While the dietary changes showed promise in lowering inflammation, there was no significant effect on certain thyroid antibodies. Overall, this diet emphasizes the potential of omega-3s and veggie intake to support those managing this autoimmune disorder.

References

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  2. You Y, Sarkar S, Deiter C, Elliott EC, Nicora CD, et al. Reduction of Chemokine CXCL9 Expression by Omega-3 Fatty Acids via ADP-Ribosylhydrolase ARH3 in MIN6 Insulin-Producing Cells. Proteomics. 2025;25:e202400053. 10.1002/pmic.202400053
  3. Wang Y, Hu S, Zhang W, Zhang B, Yang Z. Dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis: new perspectives from a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Br J Nutr. 2025;133:107. 10.1017/S0007114524002721
  4. Nave CBD, Pereira P, Silva ML. The Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Supplementation on Clinical Manifestations and Inflammatory Parameters in Individuals with Sjögren's Syndrome: A Literature Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16213786
  5. Szczuko M, Kacprzak J, Przybylska A, Szczuko U, Pobłocki J, et al. The Influence of an Anti-Inflammatory Gluten-Free Diet with EPA and DHA on the Involvement of Maresin and Resolvins in Hashimoto's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. 10.3390/ijms252111692
  6. Hong K, Hun M, Wu F, Mao J, Wang Y, et al. Association between Omega-3 fatty acids and autoimmune disease: Evidence from the umbrella review and Mendelian randomization analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23:103651. 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103651
  7. Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zou M, Wu H, Liu C, et al. The chemically stable analogue of resolvin D1 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by mediating the resolution of inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;140:112740. 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112740
  8. Salmon J, Wallace DJ, Rus V, Cox A, Dykas C, et al. Correction of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and improvement in disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with krill oil concentrate: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lupus Sci Med. 2024;11. 10.1136/lupus-2024-001201
  9. Wang W, Xu Y, Zhou J, Zang Y. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43:2479. 10.1007/s10067-024-07040-0
  10. Cervantes A, Hughes FM, Jin H, Purves JT. Specialized pro-resolution mediators in the bladder: effects of resolvin E1 on diabetic bladder dysfunction in the type 1 diabetic male Akita mouse model. BMC Urol. 2024;24:130. 10.1186/s12894-024-01519-3
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  12. Kang T, Xi Y, Qian T, Lu S, Du M, et al. Exploring the link between dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis risk: NHANES 1999-2020 study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42:1720. 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/91tmfb
  13. Laevski AM, Doucet MR, Doucet MS, LeBlanc AA, Pineau PE, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids modulate the production of platelet-derived microvesicles in an in vivo inflammatory arthritis model. Eur J Nutr. 2024;63:2221. 10.1007/s00394-024-03397-9
  14. Huang L, Wu J, Cao J, Sheng X, Wang M, et al. Resolvin D1 inhibits T follicular helper cell expansion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol. 2024;53:276. 10.1080/03009742.2024.2344906
  15. Lin X, Zarghami A, Jelinek GA, Simpson-Yap S, Neate S, et al. Diet and omega-3 and vitamin D supplement use predict five-year fatigue and disability trajectories in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;86:105615. 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105615
  16. Costenbader KH, Cook NR, Lee IM, Hahn J, Walter J, et al. Vitamin D and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids for Autoimmune Disease Prevention: Outcomes Two Years After Completion of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024;76:973. 10.1002/art.42811
  17. Jannas-Vela S, Candia AA, Peñailillo L, Barrios-Troncoso P, Zapata-Urzúa J, et al. Role of specialized pro-resolving mediators on inflammation, cardiometabolic health, disease progression, and quality of life after omega-3 PUFA supplementation and aerobic exercise training in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized 16-week, placebo-controlled interventional trial. F1000Res. 2023;12:942. 10.12688/f1000research.138392.1
  18. Liu A, Li Z, Zeng J, Peng Y, Wang S, et al. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alleviates systemic lupus erythematosus by suppressing autoimmunity in a murine model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;126:111299. 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111299
  19. Poggioli R, Hirani K, Jogani VG, Ricordi C. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27:7380. 10.26355/eurrev_202308_33310
  20. Marchand NE, Choi MY, Oakes EG, Cook NR, Stevens E, et al. Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;190:102542. 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102542
  21. Ghasemi Darestani N, Bahrami A, Mozafarian MR, Esmalian Afyouni N, Akhavanfar R, et al. Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14. 10.3390/nu14214627
  22. Gkiouras K, Grammatikopoulou MG, Myrogiannis I, Papamitsou T, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on rheumatoid arthritis' disease activity indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:16. 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104210
  23. Hassanshahi G, Noroozi Karimabad M, Jebali A. The therapeutic effect of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils and its efficacy to attenuate inflammation in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial phase I. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;362:577768. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577768
  24. Thérien A, Cieślak A, Verreault M, Perreault M, Trottier J, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: A Pharmaco-Nutraceutical Approach to Improve the Responsiveness to Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Nutrients. 2021;13. 10.3390/nu13082617
  25. Kobayashi A, Ito A, Shirakawa I, Tamura A, Tomono S, et al. Dietary Supplementation With Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inhibits Plasma Cell Differentiation and Attenuates Lupus Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2021;12:650856. 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650856
  26. Gorczyca D, Szponar B, Paściak M, Czajkowska A, Szmyrka M. Serum levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with disease activity: a pilot study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2022;51:230. 10.1080/03009742.2021.1923183
  27. Fan Z, Ross RP, Stanton C, Hou B, Zhao J, et al. CCFM1074 Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats Balancing Treg/Th17 and Modulating the Metabolites and Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol. 2021;12:680073. 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680073
  28. Song J, Sun R, Zhang Y, Ke J, Zhao D. Serum resolvin E1 levels and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a preliminary study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21:66. 10.1186/s12902-021-00730-9
  29. Oner F, Alvarez C, Yaghmoor W, Stephens D, Hasturk H, et al. Resolvin E1 Regulates Th17 Function and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:637983. 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637983
  30. Su Y, Han Y, Choi HS, Lee GY, Cho HW, et al. Lipid mediators obtained from docosahexaenoic acid by soybean lipoxygenase attenuate RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;171:116153. 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116153
  31. Wang M, Rajkumar S, Lai Y, Liu X, He J, et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures as local perpetuators of organ-specific immune injury: implication for lupus nephritis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1204777. 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204777
  32. Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Galván A, Valdelvira ME, Caballero-Villarraso J, et al. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2024;124:109497. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109497
  33. Léger T, Brun A, Lanchais K, Rigaudière JP, Briat A, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid and etanercept could reduce functional and metabolic alterations during collagen-induced arthritis in rats without any synergistic effect. Life Sci. 2023;327:121826. 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121826
  34. Grajchen E, Loix M, Baeten P, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, et al. Fatty acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:666. 10.1038/s41423-023-01011-2
  35. Jeong M, Shin JI, Cho J, Jeon YJ, Kim JH, et al. DHA Induces Cell Death through the Production of ROS and the Upregulation of CHOP in Fibroblast-like Synovial Cells from Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24. 10.3390/ijms24021734
  36. Kim JS, Soto-Diaz K, Bingham TW, Steelman AJ, Das A. Role of omega-3 endocannabinoids in the modulation of T-cell activity in a multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. J Biol Chem. 2023;299:102886. 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102886
  37. Xie R, Zhang Y. Association between 19 dietary fatty acids intake and rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a nationwide survey. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023;188:102530. 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102530
  38. Wierenga KA, Riemers FM, Westendorp B, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ. Single cell analysis of docosahexaenoic acid suppression of sequential LPS-induced proinflammatory and interferon-regulated gene expression in the macrophage. Front Immunol. 2022;13:993614. 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993614
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