We examined how eicosapentaenoic acid, specifically a compound called 5,6-dihydroxy-8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5,6-DiHETE), affects diarrhea caused by inflammation in mice. In our study, the mice were given a substance that induces colitis, known as dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and then treated with different doses of 5,6-DiHETE orally.
What we found was promising: the administration of both 150 and 600 micrograms of 5,6-DiHETE daily helped to speed up the recovery from diarrhea. After just a few days of treatment, we observed significant improvements in the mice’s condition. The daily doses led to less inflammation in the colon and a notable reduction in the symptoms of diarrhea associated with DSS-induced colitis.
We also measured how much of this compound remained in the mice's blood after taking it, finding that it peaked within half an hour of administration. This suggests that 5,6-DiHETE works relatively quickly to start affecting the inflammation. Overall, our research indicates that eicosapentaenoic acid holds potential as a beneficial treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases that cause diarrhea.
Read More
8
Fatty acids combat swine viruses
DHA and EPA inhibit porcine coronavirus replication by alleviating ER stress.
Our exploration into the impact of fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on porcine coronaviruses revealed noteworthy findings. We found that these acids significantly reduce the viral load of several dangerous porcine viruses, including the ones responsible for diarrhea in pigs, like porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). This reduction occurs during viral replication, rather than hindering the virus's ability to enter the cells, indicating a specific action against the viral lifecycle.
We confirmed that both DHA and EPA help in reducing inflammation and lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels within cells infected by these viruses. By doing so, they also enhance the overall antioxidant capacity of the cells, providing a protective effect against the stress caused by the viruses. Overall, our findings suggest that EPA, along with DHA, could play a critical role in developing new approaches to managing infection and, consequently, controlling outbreaks of diarrhea-causing viruses in the swine industry.
These findings are particularly relevant as we look for effective treatments to combat the viral threats facing livestock and, by extension, the agricultural economy. Thus, the antiviral properties of these fatty acids provide a promising avenue for future research and therapeutic development.
Read More
8
Dietary ω3 fatty acids' benefits
Dietary ω3 fatty acid exerts anti-allergic effect through the conversion to 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the gut.
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a crucial metabolite derived from dietary ω3 fatty acids, particularly α-linolenic acid (ALA). Our investigation aimed to understand how these compounds can potentially reduce allergic reactions, including those that lead to diarrhea.
In our study, we observed that mice consuming ALA-rich linseed oil exhibited lower instances of allergic diarrhea. This decrease seemed to stem from impaired mast cell degranulation, which is a process crucial for allergic responses. Interestingly, it didn’t affect allergen-specific serum IgE levels, suggesting a targeted response against the symptoms rather than the underlying allergy itself.
Through our detailed analyses, we identified 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE) as a major metabolite produced in the gut from EPA. Notably, this compound demonstrated anti-allergic properties when administered in vivo, highlighting its potential role as a therapeutic target for managing intestinal allergies, including diarrhea.
While the research provides promising insights into the benefits of EPA, it's essential to note that the specific mechanisms and isolated effects need further clarity. Overall, our findings point to a compelling link between dietary ω3 fatty acids and their capability to ameliorate diarrhea through their metabolic pathways.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
0
Stomach issues
1 people found this helpful
For some reason, I had a strong stomach reaction after starting the recommended dose, leading to diarrhoea. Upon halting the intake, the symptoms disappeared. It might be an intolerance to certain components, as I didn’t have this issue with regular fish oil.
Read More
9
No diarrhoea
I was concerned that the iHerb brand of Omega-3 would upset my stomach and cause diarrhoea like others have, but I am pleased to say it didn't affect me negatively at all. I took it without experiencing any digestive issues.
Read More
0
Disappointed effects
I was dissatisfied with this Omega. I faced fishy belching, pain, heartburn, and diarrhoea while taking it. Though my grandmother had no side effects, I won’t continue with this brand. I might just stick to sea fish in my diet instead.
Our exploration into the impact of fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on porcine coronaviruses revealed noteworthy findings. We found that these acids significantly reduce the viral load of several dangerous porcine viruses, including the ones responsible for diarrhea in pigs, like porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). This reduction occurs during viral replication, rather than hindering the virus's ability to enter the cells, indicating a specific action against the viral lifecycle.
We confirmed that both DHA and EPA help in reducing inflammation and lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels within cells infected by these viruses. By doing so, they also enhance the overall antioxidant capacity of the cells, providing a protective effect against the stress caused by the viruses. Overall, our findings suggest that EPA, along with DHA, could play a critical role in developing new approaches to managing infection and, consequently, controlling outbreaks of diarrhea-causing viruses in the swine industry.
These findings are particularly relevant as we look for effective treatments to combat the viral threats facing livestock and, by extension, the agricultural economy. Thus, the antiviral properties of these fatty acids provide a promising avenue for future research and therapeutic development.
Read More
8
Nutritional management in SAH patients
Early Enteral Nutrition with High-Protein Whey Peptide Digestive Nutrients May Improve Prognosis in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients.
We explored the effect of early enteral nutrition on patients who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In a retrospective study involving 245 patients, we compared two different liquid diets: one rich in high-protein whey peptide and the other containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
Our focus was on understanding how these diets impacted patients' health outcomes, especially regarding diarrhea. While we noticed that the high-protein whey peptide group had a lower rate of diarrhea (about 15.8%) compared to the EPA group (34.3%), we couldn’t isolate the effects of EPA specifically on gastrointestinal issues.
Overall, the study indicated that the choice of nutrients in enteral feeding could influence recovery and comfort for SAH patients. However, it’s important to note that the findings on eicosapentaenoic acid alone did not demonstrate any significant benefit regarding diarrhea in this context.
Read More
8
5,6-DiHETE alleviates diarrhea
Efficient Attenuation of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Oral Administration of 5,6-Dihydroxy-8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic Acid in Mice.
We examined how eicosapentaenoic acid, specifically a compound called 5,6-dihydroxy-8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5,6-DiHETE), affects diarrhea caused by inflammation in mice. In our study, the mice were given a substance that induces colitis, known as dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and then treated with different doses of 5,6-DiHETE orally.
What we found was promising: the administration of both 150 and 600 micrograms of 5,6-DiHETE daily helped to speed up the recovery from diarrhea. After just a few days of treatment, we observed significant improvements in the mice’s condition. The daily doses led to less inflammation in the colon and a notable reduction in the symptoms of diarrhea associated with DSS-induced colitis.
We also measured how much of this compound remained in the mice's blood after taking it, finding that it peaked within half an hour of administration. This suggests that 5,6-DiHETE works relatively quickly to start affecting the inflammation. Overall, our research indicates that eicosapentaenoic acid holds potential as a beneficial treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases that cause diarrhea.
Read More
8
Fiber and EPA benefit GI health
Gastrointestinal tolerance and plasma status of carotenoids, EPA and DHA with a fiber-enriched tube feed in hospitalized patients initiated on tube nutrition: Randomized controlled trial.
We conducted a randomized controlled trial to explore how a fiber, fish oil, and carotenoid-enriched tube feed formula might impact gastrointestinal (GI) health, particularly diarrhea, among hospitalized patients starting tube nutrition.
In this study, we compared the enriched formula to a standard, non-enriched tube feed. Daily records were kept on incidences of diarrhea and constipation based on stool frequency and consistency. After a week, we also measured levels of essential nutrients, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in the patients' plasma.
Our findings suggest that the nutrient-enriched formula may positively influence GI tolerance. We observed a reduced incidence of diarrhea among those receiving the enriched formula, along with a significant improvement in plasma levels of EPA, as well as DHA and carotenoids.
It’s important to note, however, that while the results point to benefits, the isolated effect of EPA on diarrhea couldn’t be definitively determined due to the combination of other treatments included in the formula.
Overall, this study showcases the potential advantages of using a specially formulated tube feed to support nutritional status and improve gastrointestinal outcomes for patients in need.
Read More
8
Dietary ω3 fatty acids' benefits
Dietary ω3 fatty acid exerts anti-allergic effect through the conversion to 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the gut.
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a crucial metabolite derived from dietary ω3 fatty acids, particularly α-linolenic acid (ALA). Our investigation aimed to understand how these compounds can potentially reduce allergic reactions, including those that lead to diarrhea.
In our study, we observed that mice consuming ALA-rich linseed oil exhibited lower instances of allergic diarrhea. This decrease seemed to stem from impaired mast cell degranulation, which is a process crucial for allergic responses. Interestingly, it didn’t affect allergen-specific serum IgE levels, suggesting a targeted response against the symptoms rather than the underlying allergy itself.
Through our detailed analyses, we identified 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE) as a major metabolite produced in the gut from EPA. Notably, this compound demonstrated anti-allergic properties when administered in vivo, highlighting its potential role as a therapeutic target for managing intestinal allergies, including diarrhea.
While the research provides promising insights into the benefits of EPA, it's essential to note that the specific mechanisms and isolated effects need further clarity. Overall, our findings point to a compelling link between dietary ω3 fatty acids and their capability to ameliorate diarrhea through their metabolic pathways.
For some reason, I had a strong stomach reaction after starting the recommended dose, leading to diarrhoea. Upon halting the intake, the symptoms disappeared. It might be an intolerance to certain components, as I didn’t have this issue with regular fish oil.
Read More
9
No diarrhoea
I was concerned that the iHerb brand of Omega-3 would upset my stomach and cause diarrhoea like others have, but I am pleased to say it didn't affect me negatively at all. I took it without experiencing any digestive issues.
Read More
0
Disappointed effects
I was dissatisfied with this Omega. I faced fishy belching, pain, heartburn, and diarrhoea while taking it. Though my grandmother had no side effects, I won’t continue with this brand. I might just stick to sea fish in my diet instead.
Read More
7.5
Reduced diarrhoea
I suspect I have a mild gluten intolerance as certain foods make me hungry. Although I didn't notice a change in my skin, Omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced my diarrhoea when consuming flour-based foods. They have become essential for me, allowing me to manage my diet while avoiding flour as much as possible.
Read More
7.5
Initial diarrhoea
I experienced some diarrhoea initially, but my stomach and intestines improved over time. I'm hopeful that Omega-3 will work effectively for me in the long run.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
Diarrhea is a condition characterized by the frequent passage of loose or watery stools, which can occur due to various factors, including infections, dietary choices, and underlying health conditions. It often results from the body's response to an irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or certain medications. While most cases tend to be short-lived and resolve on their own, diarrhea can lead to dehydration, especially in vulnerable populations such as young children and the elderly.
Managing diarrhea typically involves staying hydrated by drinking clear fluids and, when necessary, replenishing lost electrolytes. In some cases, over-the-counter medications may provide relief, although it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for persistent or severe symptoms. A focus on bland, easy-to-digest foods can also help during recovery. Remember, if diarrhea persists for more than a couple of days or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms—like high fever, severe abdominal pain, or blood in stools—seeking medical attention is crucial.
Omega-3 fish oil is a nutritional supplement derived from the fatty tissues of fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own. The most significant types of omega-3s found in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both of which are known for their numerous health benefits. These include reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and promoting brain function.
Incorporating omega-3 fish oil into your diet can be beneficial if you don’t consume enough fish regularly. Many health experts recommend oily fish as a part of a balanced diet due to their high omega-3 content. For those who find it difficult to include fish in their meals, fish oil supplements can offer a convenient alternative, providing the same essential fatty acids in concentrated form. However, it’s essential to choose high-quality supplements that are third-party tested for purity and potency to avoid contaminants such as heavy metals or other toxins that can impact health.
Based on user reviews, the timeline for seeing results when taking supplements for diarrhea, particularly Omega-3, varies. Some users indicate that they experienced initial digestive discomfort, including diarrhea, but noted that their stomach and intestines improved over time. For instance, one reviewer mentioned experiencing diarrhea initially but expressed hope that the supplement would work effectively for them in the long run Read Review. Another user pointed out that while their symptoms persisted initially, the Omega-3 fatty acids significantly helped reduce their diarrhea over time when managing certain dietary constraints Read Review.
In general, users report mixed results, and while some found gastrointestinal issues during the early stages, others experienced no negative effects at all. It's important to note that individual responses can vary widely depending on personal tolerances and dietary habits. Therefore, while some may see improvements within a few days to weeks, others might experience ongoing digestive issues before finding relief.
The role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in managing diarrhea has garnered scientific interest, though the evidence is mixed. Research indicates that these omega-3 fatty acids can positively influence gastrointestinal health, particularly in the context of inflammatory conditions. For instance, one study found that 5,6-DiHETE, a metabolite of EPA, reduced diarrhea associated with colitis in mice, suggesting a beneficial role for EPA in inflammatory bowel diseases ([3]). Another study observed reduced diarrhea incidence in hospitalized patients receiving a nutrient-rich tube feeding formula that included fish oil, indicating potential advantages in a clinical setting ([4]).
However, not all studies affirm the direct efficacy of EPA and DHA for treating diarrhea. For example, research on cystic fibrosis patients found no significant changes related to diarrhea despite effective absorption of omega-3 fatty acids ([6]). Similarly, while fish oil supplementation correlated with improvements in ulcerative colitis symptoms, the results were not exclusively linked to diarrhea reduction ([7]). Therefore, while there is some promising data connecting omega-3 fatty acids to gastrointestinal health and diarrhea management, the results are not uniformly conclusive, highlighted by the need for more focused research in this area.
Based on user reviews, there are mixed reports regarding the improvement in digestive symptoms when using Omega-3 supplements. Some users have experienced initial gastrointestinal discomfort, including diarrhea, that ultimately subsided after discontinuing the supplement, suggesting a possible intolerance to specific ingredients. For instance, one user noted a strong stomach reaction leading to diarrhea, which resolved once they stopped intake Read Review. However, there are positive experiences as well, with some users stating that they experienced no digestive issues at all, such as one user who reported taking the supplement without any negative reactions Read Review.
Additionally, others have highlighted significant improvements in their symptoms over time. A user indicated that Omega-3 fatty acids helped considerably reduce their diarrhea related to gluten intolerance, allowing for better dietary management Read Review. Despite initial setbacks, another reviewer expressed hope regarding long-term benefits, noting gradual improvement in their stomach and intestinal health Read Review. Ultimately, while some users report beneficial effects, individual results can vary significantly based on personal tolerance and dietary factors.
Based on user reviews, combining Omega-3 supplements with other gastrointestinal remedies for managing diarrhea yields varied experiences. Some users reported negative reactions such as diarrhoea when introducing these supplements into their routine, while others found them beneficial. One user experienced a strong stomach reaction leading to diarrhoea, which resolved after discontinuing the supplement, potentially suggesting an intolerance to certain components Read Review. Conversely, another user minimized their concerns, stating they did not experience any digestive issues at all while taking the Omega-3 supplement Read Review.
Additionally, some users have successfully managed their symptoms when incorporating Omega-3 with dietary changes. For instance, one reviewer noted significant relief from diarrhoea associated with gluten intolerance after taking the supplement, which helped them navigate their dietary restrictions more effectively Read Review. While some experienced initial discomfort, others indicated gradual improvement over time, suggesting that personal responses can greatly vary Read Review. Therefore, those considering combining this supplement with others for diarrhea relief may want to monitor their own bodies' reactions closely.
Based on user reviews, findings regarding the right dose of Omega 3 Fish Oil for treating diarrhea vary significantly. Some users experienced gastrointestinal discomfort, including diarrhea, when starting with the recommended dose. For instance, one reviewer noted a strong stomach reaction after beginning the suggested intake, which led to their diarrhea; they decided to halt the intake, after which their symptoms disappeared Read Review. Another user reported dissatisfaction with their Omega supplement, experiencing fishy belching, heartburn, and diarrhea, despite their grandmother not facing any side effects from the same product Read Review.
Conversely, some users found that Omega-3 helped alleviate their diarrhea, particularly in relation to specific dietary triggers. One review indicated that Omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced diarrhea associated with flour-based foods, making it an essential component of their diet Read Review. Additionally, another user experienced initial diarrhea, but reported improvement over time, expressing optimism about the long-term benefits of Omega-3 Read Review. Overall, while some users faced issues with initial dosing, others found eventual benefits in managing their symptoms.
7.5
Initial diarrhoea
I experienced some diarrhoea initially, but my stomach and intestines improved over time. I'm hopeful that Omega-3 will work effectively for me in the long run.
7.5
Reduced diarrhoea
I suspect I have a mild gluten intolerance as certain foods make me hungry. Although I didn't notice a change in my skin, Omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced my diarrhoea when consuming flour-based foods. They have become essential for me, allowing me to manage my diet while avoiding flour as much as possible.
0
Stomach issues
1 people found this helpful
For some reason, I had a strong stomach reaction after starting the recommended dose, leading to diarrhoea. Upon halting the intake, the symptoms disappeared. It might be an intolerance to certain components, as I didn’t have this issue with regular fish oil.
9
No diarrhoea
I was concerned that the iHerb brand of Omega-3 would upset my stomach and cause diarrhoea like others have, but I am pleased to say it didn't affect me negatively at all. I took it without experiencing any digestive issues.
0
Disappointed effects
I was dissatisfied with this Omega. I faced fishy belching, pain, heartburn, and diarrhoea while taking it. Though my grandmother had no side effects, I won’t continue with this brand. I might just stick to sea fish in my diet instead.
8
5,6-DiHETE alleviates diarrhea
Efficient Attenuation of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Oral Administration of 5,6-Dihydroxy-8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic Acid in Mice.
We examined how eicosapentaenoic acid, specifically a compound called 5,6-dihydroxy-8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5,6-DiHETE), affects diarrhea caused by inflammation in mice. In our study, the mice were given a substance that induces colitis, known as dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and then treated with different doses of 5,6-DiHETE orally.
What we found was promising: the administration of both 150 and 600 micrograms of 5,6-DiHETE daily helped to speed up the recovery from diarrhea. After just a few days of treatment, we observed significant improvements in the mice’s condition. The daily doses led to less inflammation in the colon and a notable reduction in the symptoms of diarrhea associated with DSS-induced colitis.
We also measured how much of this compound remained in the mice's blood after taking it, finding that it peaked within half an hour of administration. This suggests that 5,6-DiHETE works relatively quickly to start affecting the inflammation. Overall, our research indicates that eicosapentaenoic acid holds potential as a beneficial treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases that cause diarrhea.
8
Fiber and EPA benefit GI health
Gastrointestinal tolerance and plasma status of carotenoids, EPA and DHA with a fiber-enriched tube feed in hospitalized patients initiated on tube nutrition: Randomized controlled trial.
We conducted a randomized controlled trial to explore how a fiber, fish oil, and carotenoid-enriched tube feed formula might impact gastrointestinal (GI) health, particularly diarrhea, among hospitalized patients starting tube nutrition.
In this study, we compared the enriched formula to a standard, non-enriched tube feed. Daily records were kept on incidences of diarrhea and constipation based on stool frequency and consistency. After a week, we also measured levels of essential nutrients, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in the patients' plasma.
Our findings suggest that the nutrient-enriched formula may positively influence GI tolerance. We observed a reduced incidence of diarrhea among those receiving the enriched formula, along with a significant improvement in plasma levels of EPA, as well as DHA and carotenoids.
It’s important to note, however, that while the results point to benefits, the isolated effect of EPA on diarrhea couldn’t be definitively determined due to the combination of other treatments included in the formula.
Overall, this study showcases the potential advantages of using a specially formulated tube feed to support nutritional status and improve gastrointestinal outcomes for patients in need.
4
Omega-3 fatty acids and diarrhea effects
Oral absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis who have pancreatic insufficiency and in healthy control subjects.
In a double-blind study, we explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oil, on patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who experience pancreatic insufficiency. We compared their response to that of healthy individuals over a 6-week period. Both groups were given either fish oil or olive oil ethyl esters as a control.
Throughout the study, we observed that some participants, particularly those with CF, reported experiencing gastrointestinal issues, such as eructation and diarrhea, leading to some discontinuing the capsules before the duration was complete. While we confirmed that there was significant incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into the plasma and cell membranes in both patient groups, our findings showed no clinically significant changes related to diarrhea or platelet aggregation in the subjects.
Therefore, we conclude that while eicosapentaenoic acid can be absorbed effectively by CF patients, it doesn't seem to provide a significant benefit in terms of managing diarrhea. This outcome suggests that further research is necessary to fully understand the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and gastrointestinal health in individuals with CF.
8
Fish oil shows potential benefits
Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis.
We conducted a rigorous study to understand how eicosapentaenoic acid, a key component of fish oil, influences diarrhea in patients suffering from active ulcerative colitis. Through a well-structured multicenter trial, patients received either fish oil or a placebo for four months, with a careful crossover design ensuring that all participants experienced both treatments.
During the study, we closely monitored patients, who were already on medication like prednisone and sulfasalazine, to minimize confounding factors. The results were promising: after the supplementation with fish oil, we observed significant reductions in certain inflammatory markers linked to colitis, alongside improvements in overall health indicators such as weight gain.
However, it's crucial to note that while we did document some positive changes, the study was not specifically designed to isolate the direct effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on diarrhea alone. As a result, while there were improvements in inflammation and general well-being, we cannot definitively state that eicosapentaenoic acid caused a reduction in diarrhea specifically.
Overall, our findings suggest that adding fish oil to existing treatment regimens could offer benefits for those managing ulcerative colitis, though more focused studies are needed to target diarrhea more directly.
References
Suo X, Wang J, Wang D, Fan G, Zhu M, et al. DHA and EPA inhibit porcine coronavirus replication by alleviating ER stress. J Virol. 2023;97:e0120923. 10.1128/jvi.01209-23
Suzuki K, Sato H, Mori H, Matsumoto R, Arimoto Y, et al. Early Enteral Nutrition with High-Protein Whey Peptide Digestive Nutrients May Improve Prognosis in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58. 10.3390/medicina58091264
Takenouchi S, Imai D, Nakamura T, Murata T. Efficient Attenuation of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Oral Administration of 5,6-Dihydroxy-8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic Acid in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22. 10.3390/ijms22179295
Jakobsen LH, Wirth R, Smoliner C, Klebach M, Hofman Z, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerance and plasma status of carotenoids, EPA and DHA with a fiber-enriched tube feed in hospitalized patients initiated on tube nutrition: Randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2017;36:380. 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.02.001
Kunisawa J, Arita M, Hayasaka T, Harada T, Iwamoto R, et al. Dietary ω3 fatty acid exerts anti-allergic effect through the conversion to 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the gut. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9750. 10.1038/srep09750
Henderson WR, Astley SJ, McCready MM, Kushmerick P, Casey S, et al. Oral absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis who have pancreatic insufficiency and in healthy control subjects. J Pediatr. 1994;124:400.
Stenson WF, Cort D, Rodgers J, Burakoff R, DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K, et al. Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:609.
Lapillonne A, Pastor N, Zhuang W, Scalabrin DM. Infants fed formula with added long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have reduced incidence of respiratory illnesses and diarrhea during the first year of life. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:168. 10.1186/1471-2431-14-168