Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 53 Researches
7.1
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 16 Reviews
8
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Teaspoon (5 ml)
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
40
Total Fat
4.5 g
6%**
Saturated Fat
0.5 g
3%**
Cholesterol
15 mg
5%
Vitamin A (from cod liver oil and retinyl palmitate)
255 mcg RAE(850 IU)
28%
Vitamin D (from cod liver oil and cholecalciferol)
10 mcg (400 IU)
50%
Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol)
6.7 mg
45%
Norwegian Cod Liver Oil
4.6 g
†
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids*
1,100 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)*
500 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)*
370 mg
†
DPA (Docosapentaenoic Acid)*
50 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
DHA lowers cholesterol; boosts metabolism
We aimed to investigate how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) impacts cholesterol levels and brain glucose metabolism. In our study, we focused on aged SAMP8 mice, dividing them into two groups: a control group and one receiving DHA supplementation.
Our results revealed encouraging changes; the group that received DHA showed a decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased. More importantly, we observed improvements in glucose metabolism in various brain regions, including the cortex and hippocampus.
These findings suggest that DHA may help lower harmful cholesterol levels and enhance brain function by regulating specific cholesterol compounds like 27-hydroxycholesterol, which are linked to glucose metabolism. Overall, our study highlights DHA's potential in supporting heart and brain health through cholesterol management.
Our results revealed encouraging changes; the group that received DHA showed a decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased. More importantly, we observed improvements in glucose metabolism in various brain regions, including the cortex and hippocampus.
These findings suggest that DHA may help lower harmful cholesterol levels and enhance brain function by regulating specific cholesterol compounds like 27-hydroxycholesterol, which are linked to glucose metabolism. Overall, our study highlights DHA's potential in supporting heart and brain health through cholesterol management.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid benefits cholesterol
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a specific type of omega-3 fatty acid, on cholesterol levels in a recent study involving real-world supplement consumers. Participants took AlmegaPL capsules, which contain high amounts of EPA and are free of the other omega-3 fatty acid, DHA. This setup allowed us to gain insights from those who are already incorporating EPA into their diets.
Throughout the study, we monitored key health markers such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, and various types of cholesterol at different stages of supplementation. We observed that after six months of taking this supplement, participants showed a significant reduction in remnant cholesterol and maintained healthy triglyceride levels. Notably, this decrease in cholesterol did not come at the expense of raising low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, which is often a concern with other treatments.
These encouraging results reveal that EPA can be a beneficial addition for individuals looking to manage their cholesterol levels effectively. Importantly, our findings highlight AlmegaPL's unique position as a natural, over-the-counter option for those seeking to improve their lipid profiles.
Throughout the study, we monitored key health markers such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, and various types of cholesterol at different stages of supplementation. We observed that after six months of taking this supplement, participants showed a significant reduction in remnant cholesterol and maintained healthy triglyceride levels. Notably, this decrease in cholesterol did not come at the expense of raising low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, which is often a concern with other treatments.
These encouraging results reveal that EPA can be a beneficial addition for individuals looking to manage their cholesterol levels effectively. Importantly, our findings highlight AlmegaPL's unique position as a natural, over-the-counter option for those seeking to improve their lipid profiles.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) on cholesterol levels in mice consuming a high-fat diet. This study involved male C57BL/6J mice that were observed after being fed a high-fat diet for six weeks. Notably, the mice developed symptoms like fatty liver, obesity, and insulin resistance, which became a useful model for understanding how dietary fats can impact health.
When we supplemented the high-fat diet with DPA, we found significant improvements. The DPA helped prevent the buildup of cholesterol in the liver and lower serum cholesterol and glucose levels. Interestingly, while both DPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provided similar benefits, DPA stood out for significantly enhancing insulin sensitivity—a critical factor in managing metabolic health.
Additionally, we noticed that DPA, along with DHA, helped to maintain normal serum adiponectin levels, which are important for regulating glucose and fatty acid levels in the body. The study further showed that DPA's protective effects are largely attributed to its ability to downregulate certain inflammatory pathways, which could be beneficial for overall cardiovascular health.
In summary, incorporating DPA into a high-fat diet appears to offer significant advantages in managing cholesterol levels and metabolic health, indicating that this nutrient could play a valuable role in dietary interventions for high cholesterol.
When we supplemented the high-fat diet with DPA, we found significant improvements. The DPA helped prevent the buildup of cholesterol in the liver and lower serum cholesterol and glucose levels. Interestingly, while both DPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provided similar benefits, DPA stood out for significantly enhancing insulin sensitivity—a critical factor in managing metabolic health.
Additionally, we noticed that DPA, along with DHA, helped to maintain normal serum adiponectin levels, which are important for regulating glucose and fatty acid levels in the body. The study further showed that DPA's protective effects are largely attributed to its ability to downregulate certain inflammatory pathways, which could be beneficial for overall cardiovascular health.
In summary, incorporating DPA into a high-fat diet appears to offer significant advantages in managing cholesterol levels and metabolic health, indicating that this nutrient could play a valuable role in dietary interventions for high cholesterol.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Best brand choice
2 people found this helpful
Excellent quality! Among healthy fats, I prefer Carlson. When choosing omega-3, focus on DHA concentration, as it’s vital for the body. Ensure high EPA and DHA levels in the formula for optimal benefits in managing high cholesterol.
Read More
9
Improves cholesterol levels
1 people found this helpful
Carlson has been a fantastic find for both heart and skin health. The fat from wild Norwegian cod is a true source of omega-3 that’s easy to use and tastes pleasant. After regular use, I've noticed improvements in my energy and overall well-being.
Read More
9
Effective ingredients
1 people found this helpful
Good quality fish oil with excellent ingredients, including Omega, vitamins A and E. It noticeably assists in managing high cholesterol. The citrus flavour is nice, but the natural taste has a slight fishiness. Despite the high price, it's worth it. I recommend it.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 53 Researches
7.1
- All Researches
9
Cod liver oil aids cholesterol reduction
We conducted an insightful study to examine the effects of cod liver oil on high cholesterol levels. The research was carried out in a well-structured manner, with 600 participants who had elevated cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. These individuals were divided into two groups. One group received daily doses of 415 mg of cod liver oil along with 10 mg of rosuvastatin, while the other group received just the rosuvastatin with placebo capsules.
After 30 days, we observed compelling results. The group taking cod liver oil showed a more significant drop in total cholesterol levels compared to those who only took rosuvastatin. Specifically, their total cholesterol fell to 152.22 mg/dL compared to 171.65 mg/dL in the control group. Similarly, LDL levels decreased more in the cod liver oil group, highlighting its potential benefits when added to standard cholesterol treatment.
However, it's crucial to mention that while cod liver oil seems to enhance the effect of rosuvastatin, lifestyle changes should still be the primary focus for anyone managing high cholesterol. This study opens the door for further research to explore the specific benefits of cod liver oil in such treatments.
After 30 days, we observed compelling results. The group taking cod liver oil showed a more significant drop in total cholesterol levels compared to those who only took rosuvastatin. Specifically, their total cholesterol fell to 152.22 mg/dL compared to 171.65 mg/dL in the control group. Similarly, LDL levels decreased more in the cod liver oil group, highlighting its potential benefits when added to standard cholesterol treatment.
However, it's crucial to mention that while cod liver oil seems to enhance the effect of rosuvastatin, lifestyle changes should still be the primary focus for anyone managing high cholesterol. This study opens the door for further research to explore the specific benefits of cod liver oil in such treatments.
Read More
9
We explored how Antarctic krill oil, particularly its key components like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can combat high cholesterol and obesity-related issues. Our study focused on its effects in a controlled environment using obese mice that were fed a high-fat diet.
We observed that when these mice were supplemented with krill oil, there were notable reductions in cholesterol levels and fat accumulation. It seemed to positively influence various metabolic pathways, such as those associated with cholesterol metabolism.
Specifically, DHA, along with other nutrients found in krill oil, appears to aid in lowering oxidative stress and improving cholesterol metabolism. While the benefits of DHA alone weren't isolated in this study, the overall findings suggest that krill oil may work effectively in reducing the risks tied to obesity and high cholesterol.
Overall, this research indicates that incorporating krill oil into our diets could be a promising strategy for managing cholesterol levels and supporting heart health.
We observed that when these mice were supplemented with krill oil, there were notable reductions in cholesterol levels and fat accumulation. It seemed to positively influence various metabolic pathways, such as those associated with cholesterol metabolism.
Specifically, DHA, along with other nutrients found in krill oil, appears to aid in lowering oxidative stress and improving cholesterol metabolism. While the benefits of DHA alone weren't isolated in this study, the overall findings suggest that krill oil may work effectively in reducing the risks tied to obesity and high cholesterol.
Overall, this research indicates that incorporating krill oil into our diets could be a promising strategy for managing cholesterol levels and supporting heart health.
Read More
9
DHA supplementation for cholesterol management
We explored how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, influences levels of bad cholesterol and related diabetes risk. In a comprehensive study, participants were given a daily supplement of both EPA and DHA for twelve weeks. This supplementation aimed to see if it could counteract the negative effects of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) on human adipose tissue.
The results were quite revealing. Before the intervention, we noticed a significant difference in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) secretion, a pro-inflammatory substance linked to higher cholesterol levels, between individuals with high and low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins (apoB). After the supplementation with EPA and DHA, this inflammatory response was significantly reduced in those with high apoB. Not only did the fatty acids inhibit IL-1β secretion triggered by LDL, but they also improved fat metabolism and insulin response.
Furthermore, we observed that the omega-3 supplementation addressed various cardiometabolic risk factors, including those related to adiposity. The study indicated that DHA, alongside EPA, plays a role in managing inflammatory responses that contribute to high cholesterol levels and diabetes risk.
In conclusion, incorporating DHA as part of omega-3 supplementation could be a valuable strategy for those with elevated cholesterol levels, especially in preventing type 2 diabetes and its associated health issues.
The results were quite revealing. Before the intervention, we noticed a significant difference in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) secretion, a pro-inflammatory substance linked to higher cholesterol levels, between individuals with high and low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins (apoB). After the supplementation with EPA and DHA, this inflammatory response was significantly reduced in those with high apoB. Not only did the fatty acids inhibit IL-1β secretion triggered by LDL, but they also improved fat metabolism and insulin response.
Furthermore, we observed that the omega-3 supplementation addressed various cardiometabolic risk factors, including those related to adiposity. The study indicated that DHA, alongside EPA, plays a role in managing inflammatory responses that contribute to high cholesterol levels and diabetes risk.
In conclusion, incorporating DHA as part of omega-3 supplementation could be a valuable strategy for those with elevated cholesterol levels, especially in preventing type 2 diabetes and its associated health issues.
Read More
9
DHA lowers cholesterol; boosts metabolism
We aimed to investigate how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) impacts cholesterol levels and brain glucose metabolism. In our study, we focused on aged SAMP8 mice, dividing them into two groups: a control group and one receiving DHA supplementation.
Our results revealed encouraging changes; the group that received DHA showed a decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased. More importantly, we observed improvements in glucose metabolism in various brain regions, including the cortex and hippocampus.
These findings suggest that DHA may help lower harmful cholesterol levels and enhance brain function by regulating specific cholesterol compounds like 27-hydroxycholesterol, which are linked to glucose metabolism. Overall, our study highlights DHA's potential in supporting heart and brain health through cholesterol management.
Our results revealed encouraging changes; the group that received DHA showed a decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased. More importantly, we observed improvements in glucose metabolism in various brain regions, including the cortex and hippocampus.
These findings suggest that DHA may help lower harmful cholesterol levels and enhance brain function by regulating specific cholesterol compounds like 27-hydroxycholesterol, which are linked to glucose metabolism. Overall, our study highlights DHA's potential in supporting heart and brain health through cholesterol management.
Read More
9
We examined the impact of a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) formulation on cholesterol levels and overall heart health in individuals considered at high risk for cardiovascular issues. The study involved 226 patients who had high triglycerides and one or more cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension or diabetes.
Participants received 4 grams of EPA daily for three months alongside regular nutritional counseling. By tracking key health markers, we noted significant improvements in cholesterol levels, particularly in triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, triglyceride levels dropped from an average of 2.97 mmol/L to 1.75 mmol/L in just three months.
Additionally, we found improvements in other important metrics, including total cholesterol and glucose levels, indicating that EPA supplementation may have broad benefits for cardiometabolic health. Although apolipoprotein A levels did not change significantly, the overall trend suggests that incorporating EPA could play a role in achieving better heart health outcomes.
Participants received 4 grams of EPA daily for three months alongside regular nutritional counseling. By tracking key health markers, we noted significant improvements in cholesterol levels, particularly in triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, triglyceride levels dropped from an average of 2.97 mmol/L to 1.75 mmol/L in just three months.
Additionally, we found improvements in other important metrics, including total cholesterol and glucose levels, indicating that EPA supplementation may have broad benefits for cardiometabolic health. Although apolipoprotein A levels did not change significantly, the overall trend suggests that incorporating EPA could play a role in achieving better heart health outcomes.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 16 Reviews
8
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Best brand choice
2 people found this helpful
Excellent quality! Among healthy fats, I prefer Carlson. When choosing omega-3, focus on DHA concentration, as it’s vital for the body. Ensure high EPA and DHA levels in the formula for optimal benefits in managing high cholesterol.
Read More
9
Improves cholesterol levels
1 people found this helpful
Carlson has been a fantastic find for both heart and skin health. The fat from wild Norwegian cod is a true source of omega-3 that’s easy to use and tastes pleasant. After regular use, I've noticed improvements in my energy and overall well-being.
Read More
9
Effective ingredients
1 people found this helpful
Good quality fish oil with excellent ingredients, including Omega, vitamins A and E. It noticeably assists in managing high cholesterol. The citrus flavour is nice, but the natural taste has a slight fishiness. Despite the high price, it's worth it. I recommend it.
Read More
7.5
Heart benefits
1 people found this helpful
The packaging is substantial, but the cod liver oil is worthwhile. This company prioritises quality, and it's evident in how it reduces harmful cholesterol and benefits heart health. While the price is relatively high, the health advantages are invaluable and should not be overlooked.
Read More
9
Improved health
The pleasant taste of this omega-3 surprised me. It’s great for heart health and proper body functioning, aiding good cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation. I'm using it for my son as well.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Improves cholesterol levels
1 people found this helpful
Carlson has been a fantastic find for both heart and skin health. The fat from wild Norwegian cod is a true source of omega-3 that’s easy to use and tastes pleasant. After regular use, I've noticed improvements in my energy and overall well-being.
9
Lowered cholesterol
Fish oil is excellent! It's much better than what I find in the pharmacy. I purchase it for both myself and my child; it effectively lowers my cholesterol and aids my heart function, while it helps improve my child's immunity. The delivery was prompt and the packaging was secure.
9
Effective ingredients
1 people found this helpful
Good quality fish oil with excellent ingredients, including Omega, vitamins A and E. It noticeably assists in managing high cholesterol. The citrus flavour is nice, but the natural taste has a slight fishiness. Despite the high price, it's worth it. I recommend it.
7
Quality benefits
The product arrived promptly and well packed. This high-quality fish oil has undeniable benefits for the body. It's slightly fishy in taste, which some family members might not enjoy, so capsules could be a better choice for them. Personally, I appreciate the taste and the impact it has on my high cholesterol.
6
Noticed effects
6 people found this helpful
It's not tasty, but the effects are evident! This high-quality fish oil has improved my skin, making it softer without peeling. I had hoped to give it to my child, but they didn't appreciate the taste. Nonetheless, I've adjusted and prefer this Omega over capsules due to its noticeable benefits on my high cholesterol.
9
Top supplement choice
This high-quality cod liver oil is top of my list for healthy supplements, packed with omega-3 fatty acids. It helps lower bad cholesterol, ease inflammation, and supports heart health. I take it alongside vitamin D in the morning.
9
Best brand choice
2 people found this helpful
Excellent quality! Among healthy fats, I prefer Carlson. When choosing omega-3, focus on DHA concentration, as it’s vital for the body. Ensure high EPA and DHA levels in the formula for optimal benefits in managing high cholesterol.
7
Reduced pain
I bought this for my arthritis. The cod liver oil arrived well packed and in good condition, with a palatable taste. I've been taking a teaspoon daily, and my pain hasn't worsened since I started using it. I plan to buy it again and highly recommend Carlson Cod liver oil for managing high cholesterol.
6
Combats inflammation
1 people found this helpful
Carlson offers a high-quality product tested for purity. Although I dislike the taste, it effectively reduces inflammation. The simple, clean ingredients are a plus. I highly recommend this product and have purchased it before.
9
Cod liver oil aids cholesterol reduction
We conducted an insightful study to examine the effects of cod liver oil on high cholesterol levels. The research was carried out in a well-structured manner, with 600 participants who had elevated cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. These individuals were divided into two groups. One group received daily doses of 415 mg of cod liver oil along with 10 mg of rosuvastatin, while the other group received just the rosuvastatin with placebo capsules.
After 30 days, we observed compelling results. The group taking cod liver oil showed a more significant drop in total cholesterol levels compared to those who only took rosuvastatin. Specifically, their total cholesterol fell to 152.22 mg/dL compared to 171.65 mg/dL in the control group. Similarly, LDL levels decreased more in the cod liver oil group, highlighting its potential benefits when added to standard cholesterol treatment.
However, it's crucial to mention that while cod liver oil seems to enhance the effect of rosuvastatin, lifestyle changes should still be the primary focus for anyone managing high cholesterol. This study opens the door for further research to explore the specific benefits of cod liver oil in such treatments.
After 30 days, we observed compelling results. The group taking cod liver oil showed a more significant drop in total cholesterol levels compared to those who only took rosuvastatin. Specifically, their total cholesterol fell to 152.22 mg/dL compared to 171.65 mg/dL in the control group. Similarly, LDL levels decreased more in the cod liver oil group, highlighting its potential benefits when added to standard cholesterol treatment.
However, it's crucial to mention that while cod liver oil seems to enhance the effect of rosuvastatin, lifestyle changes should still be the primary focus for anyone managing high cholesterol. This study opens the door for further research to explore the specific benefits of cod liver oil in such treatments.
7
We explored the effects of cod liver oil on high cholesterol levels in a study that involved mice fed a high-fat diet. After 30 days on this high-fat diet, the mice became hyperlipidemic, meaning they had elevated levels of fats in their blood. We then switched their diet to a combination of standard rodent chow mixed with 10% fish oil from eel, sardine, cod liver, or trout for 60 days.
Our findings revealed that all diets, except for the one that continued with the high-fat diet, lowered blood glucose levels. When it comes to total blood cholesterol, we noted decreases across all groups except for those that remained on the high-fat diet. Cod liver oil, along with eel oil, also helped reduce triglyceride levels significantly. However, all groups saw a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as good cholesterol, though only the trout and standard chow diets showed significant reductions.
While cod liver oil contributed to lowering triglycerides, its overall effect on cholesterol levels is mixed due to the complexities of the other oils tested. Ultimately, it appears that smoked eel offers the most balanced source of omega-3 fatty acids, aiding in the management of high cholesterol related to high-fat diets.
Our findings revealed that all diets, except for the one that continued with the high-fat diet, lowered blood glucose levels. When it comes to total blood cholesterol, we noted decreases across all groups except for those that remained on the high-fat diet. Cod liver oil, along with eel oil, also helped reduce triglyceride levels significantly. However, all groups saw a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as good cholesterol, though only the trout and standard chow diets showed significant reductions.
While cod liver oil contributed to lowering triglycerides, its overall effect on cholesterol levels is mixed due to the complexities of the other oils tested. Ultimately, it appears that smoked eel offers the most balanced source of omega-3 fatty acids, aiding in the management of high cholesterol related to high-fat diets.
2
Cod liver oil ineffective for cholesterol
We examined how long-term supplementation with cod liver oil (CLO) affects cholesterol levels in individuals with moderate high cholesterol. Over 14 months, 120 participants consumed either CLO or seal oil daily, while a control group received no supplements.
While both oils improved serum fatty acid composition and reduced platelet aggregation compared to the control, neither CLO nor seal oil led to significant changes in total cholesterol or other lipids. Overall, cod liver oil alone does not appear to effectively lower cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic individuals.
While both oils improved serum fatty acid composition and reduced platelet aggregation compared to the control, neither CLO nor seal oil led to significant changes in total cholesterol or other lipids. Overall, cod liver oil alone does not appear to effectively lower cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic individuals.
4
We conducted a study to investigate how cod liver oil, among other marine oils, affects cholesterol levels. In this research, healthy participants consumed various oils, including cod liver oil and seal oil, for ten weeks. While total cholesterol levels remained unchanged across all the oil groups, we observed notable increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, particularly in the seal/cod liver oil group, which saw a 7% increase, and an 11% increase in the whale oil group.
Interestingly, while cod liver oil didn’t significantly impact total cholesterol, it was part of a combination that led to reduced triacylglycerol levels. We also noted that whale oil supplementation reduced prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels by 25%, indicating a potential benefit in coagulation.
However, cod liver oil alone did not have a significant impact on reducing certain inflammatory responses and thromboxane B2 levels, which are associated with cardiovascular health. Thus, while cod liver oil shows potential benefits when combined with other oils, further studies are needed to clarify its specific effects on cholesterol levels on its own.
Interestingly, while cod liver oil didn’t significantly impact total cholesterol, it was part of a combination that led to reduced triacylglycerol levels. We also noted that whale oil supplementation reduced prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels by 25%, indicating a potential benefit in coagulation.
However, cod liver oil alone did not have a significant impact on reducing certain inflammatory responses and thromboxane B2 levels, which are associated with cardiovascular health. Thus, while cod liver oil shows potential benefits when combined with other oils, further studies are needed to clarify its specific effects on cholesterol levels on its own.
References
- Fatima F, Memon A, Zafar S, Amar Z, Talpur AS, et al. Role of Cod Liver Oil in Reducing Elevated Lipid Parameters. Cureus. 2021;13:e15556. 10.7759/cureus.15556
- Kontostathi M, Isou S, Mostratos D, Vasdekis V, Demertzis N, et al. Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Rich Fish Oils on Hyperlipidemia: Effect of Eel, Sardine, Trout, and Cod Oils on Hyperlipidemic Mice. J Med Food. 2021;24:749. 10.1089/jmf.2020.0114
- Helland IB, Saugstad OD, Saarem K, Van Houwelingen AC, Nylander G, et al. Supplementation of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation reduces maternal plasma lipid levels and provides DHA to the infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19:397.
- Thorsdottir I, Gunnarsdottir I, Palsson GI. Birth weight, growth and feeding in infancy: relation to serum lipid concentration in 12-month-old infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:1479.
- Brox J, Olaussen K, Osterud B, Elvevoll EO, Bjørnstad E, et al. A long-term seal- and cod-liver-oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids. 2001;36:7.
- Vognild E, Elvevoll EO, Brox J, Olsen RL, Barstad H, et al. Effects of dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition, platelet membrane fluidity, platelet responses, and serum lipids in healthy humans. Lipids. 1998;33:427.
- Chicco A, D'Alessandro ME, Karabatas L, Gutman R, Lombardo YB. Effect of moderate levels of dietary fish oil on insulin secretion and sensitivity, and pancreas insulin content in normal rats. Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40:61.
- Osterud B, Elvevoll E, Barstad H, Brox J, Halvorsen H, et al. Effect of marine oils supplementation on coagulation and cellular activation in whole blood. Lipids. 1995;30:1111.
- Kim DN, Schmee J, Baker JE, Lunden GM, Sheehan CE, et al. Dietary fish oil reduces microthrombi over atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic swine even in the absence of plasma cholesterol reduction. Exp Mol Pathol. 1993;59:122.
- Hansen JB, Berge LN, Svensson B, Lyngmo V, Nordøy A. Effects of cod liver oil on lipids and platelets in males and females. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993;47:123.
- Kim DN, Schmee J, Lee CS, Eastman A, Ross JS, et al. Comparison of effects of fish oil and corn oil supplements on hyperlipidemic diet induced atherogenesis in swine. Atherosclerosis. 1991;89:191.
- Hansen JB, Svensson B, Wilsgård L, Osterud B. Serum enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibits procoagulant activity in endothelial cells. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1991;2:515.
- Jensen T, Stender S, Goldstein K, Hølmer G, Deckert T. Partial normalization by dietary cod-liver oil of increased microvascular albumin leakage in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and albuminuria. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1572.
- Komori K, Shimokawa H, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to aggregating platelets in porcine femoral veins and its modulation by diet. Circulation. 1989;80:401.
- Shimokawa H, Vanhoutte PM. Dietary cod-liver oil improves endothelium-dependent responses in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries. Circulation. 1988;78:1421.
- Simonsen T, Nordøy A, Sjunneskog C, Lyngmo V. The effect of cod liver oil in two populations with low and high intake of dietary fish. Acta Med Scand. 1988;223:491.
- Yunoki K, Matsumi H, Miyoshi T, Kubo M, Hata Y, et al. Clinical Significance of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Under Statin Therapy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12. 10.3390/jcdd12020060
- Chang Y, Xuan Y, Zhang R, Ding X, Zeng Q, et al. Effects of Dietary Schizochytrium Algae as ω-3 PUFA Source on the Egg-Laying Quail Performance, Serum Indexes, and Egg Yolk Fatty Acids Contents. Animals (Basel). 2024;15. 10.3390/ani15010021
- Li J, Guo J, Yuen M, Yuen H, Peng Q. The comparative effects of ω-7 fatty acid-rich sea buckthorn oil and ω-3 fatty acid-rich DHA algal oil on improving high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Food Funct. 2025;16:1241. 10.1039/d4fo04961f
- Coelho-Júnior HJ, Álvarez-Bustos A, Picca A, Calvani R, Rodriguez-Mañas L, et al. Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Blood Glucose and Diabetes in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16234087
- Cabrita ARJ, Barroso C, Fontes-Sousa AP, Correia A, Teixeira L, et al. Assessing functional properties of diet protein hydrolysate and oil from fish waste on canine immune parameters, cardiac biomarkers, and fecal microbiota. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1449141. 10.3389/fvets.2024.1449141
- Choi JH, Park SE, Kim S. Antarctic Krill Oil Supplementation Attenuates Hypercholesterolemia, Fatty Liver, and Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16213614
- Lamantia V, Bissonnette S, Beaudry M, Cyr Y, Rosiers CD, et al. EPA and DHA inhibit LDL-induced upregulation of human adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β pathway and its association with diabetes risk factors. Sci Rep. 2024;14:27146. 10.1038/s41598-024-73672-6
- Choi GY, Calder PC. The differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1423228. 10.3389/fnut.2024.1423228
- Zhang D, Wang Z, Guo S, Sun Y, Zhou D, et al. F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging reveals the protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid on glucose metabolism by reducing brain 27-hydroxycholesterol. Exp Gerontol. 2024;196:112577. 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112577
- Zhao W, Wang Y, Li J, Chen T, Yin D, et al. Efficacy and safety of omega-3-acid ethyl acetate 90 capsules in severe hypertriglyceridemia: A randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Lipids. 2024;59:145. 10.1002/lipd.12406
- Li P, Khan S, Huang Y, Lu S, Zhou P, et al. Effect of Perilla seeds inclusion on the performance, egg quality characteristics, biochemical parameters and egg yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2024;56:147. 10.1007/s11250-024-03983-3
- Kobayashi Y, Fujikawa T, Haruna A, Kawano R, Ozawa M, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Remnant-like Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improve the Ankle-Brachial Index of Hemodialysis Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Pilot Study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;60. 10.3390/medicina60010075
- Mueller PA, Bergstrom P, Rosario S, Heard M, Pamir N. Fish Oil Supplementation Modifies the Proteome, Lipidome, and Function of High-Density Lipoprotein: Findings from a Trial in Young Healthy Adults. J Nutr. 2024;154:1130. 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.007
- Aggarwal R, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes With Icosapent Ethyl by Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Secondary Analysis of the REDUCE-IT Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038656. 10.1161/JAHA.124.038656
- Uthaiah NM, Venkataramareddy SR, Mudhol S, Sheikh AY. EPA-rich Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass regulates gut microbiota, alleviates inflammation and ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats. Food Res Int. 2025;202:115733. 10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115733
- Yoshikiyo K, Shimizu H, Nagato EG, Ishizuka S, Yamamoto T. Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels. Molecules. 2025;30. 10.3390/molecules30020281
- Bashir B, Schofield J, Downie P, France M, Ashcroft DM, et al. Beyond LDL-C: unravelling the residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk landscape-focus on hypertriglyceridaemia. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1389106. 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1389106
- Lin YL, Wang CL, Chiang TI. Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation alleviates pruritus, enhances skin moisture, and mitigates depression in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Front Nephrol. 2024;4:1365809. 10.3389/fneph.2024.1365809
- Omari M, Alkhalil M. Atherosclerosis Residual Lipid Risk-Overview of Existing and Future Pharmacotherapies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11. 10.3390/jcdd11040126
- Szarek M, Bhatt DL, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, et al. Lipoprotein(a) Blood Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction With Icosapent Ethyl. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83:1529. 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.016
- Liakos CI, Lanaras L, Bristianou M, Papadopoulos DP. Pleiotropic beneficial cardiometabolic actions of a high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid product in high cardiovascular risk individuals. Lipids. 2024;59:67. 10.1002/lipd.12391
- Ganuza E, Etomi EH, Olson M, Whisner CM. Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic polar-lipid rich extract from microalgae decreases plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in a real-world normolipidemic supplement consumer population. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1293909. 10.3389/fnut.2024.1293909
- Kaur G, Mason RP, Steg PG, Bhatt DL. Omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular event lowering. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31:1005. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae003
- Hirako S, Hirabayashi T, Shibato J, Kimura A, Yamashita M, et al. Docosapentaenoic acid-rich oil lowers plasma glucose and lipids in a mouse model of diabetes and mild obesity. Nutr Res. 2023;118:128. 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.08.004
- Maki KC, Bays HE, Ballantyne CM, Underberg JA, Kastelein JJP, et al. A Head-to-Head Comparison of a Free Fatty Acid Formulation of Omega-3 Pentaenoic Acids Versus Icosapent Ethyl in Adults With Hypertriglyceridemia: The ENHANCE-IT Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11:e024176. 10.1161/JAHA.121.024176
- Wang L, Choi HS, Su Y, Ju JH, Heo SY, et al. The docosahexaenoic acid derivatives, diHEP-DPA and TH-DPA, synthesized via recombinant lipoxygenase, ameliorate disturbances in lipid metabolism and liver inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice. Life Sci. 2022;291:120219. 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120219
- Drouin G, Catheline D, Guillocheau E, Gueret P, Baudry C, et al. Comparative effects of dietary n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), DHA and EPA on plasma lipid parameters, oxidative status and fatty acid tissue composition. J Nutr Biochem. 2019;63:186. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.029
- Guo XF, Sinclair AJ, Kaur G, Li D. Differential effects of EPA, DPA and DHA on cardio-metabolic risk factors in high-fat diet fed mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2018;136:47. 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.011
- Sham TT, Zhang H, Mok DKW, Chan SW, Wu J, et al. Chemical Analysis of Astragali Complanati Semen and Its Hypocholesterolemic Effect Using Serum Metabolomics Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Antioxidants (Basel). 2017;6. 10.3390/antiox6030057
- Fournier N, Sayet G, Vedie B, Nowak M, Allaoui F, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid membrane incorporation impairs cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded human macrophages by reducing the cholesteryl ester mobilization from lipid droplets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2017;1862:1079. 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.011
- Maki KC, Bobotas G, Dicklin MR, Huebner M, Keane WF. Effects of MAT9001 containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, compared to eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl esters, on triglycerides, lipoprotein cholesterol, and related variables. J Clin Lipidol. 2017;11:102. 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.10.010
- Fournier N, Tardivel S, Benoist JF, Vedie B, Rousseau-Ralliard D, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid membrane incorporation impairs ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux via a protein kinase A signaling pathway in primary human macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1861:331. 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.002
- Maki KC, Orloff DG, Nicholls SJ, Dunbar RL, Roth EM, et al. A highly bioavailable omega-3 free fatty acid formulation improves the cardiovascular risk profile in high-risk, statin-treated patients with residual hypertriglyceridemia (the ESPRIT trial). Clin Ther. 2013;35:1400. 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.07.420
- Chen J, Jiang Y, Liang Y, Tian X, Peng C, et al. DPA n-3, DPA n-6 and DHA improve lipoprotein profiles and aortic function in hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221:397. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.005
- Mann NJ, O'Connell SL, Baldwin KM, Singh I, Meyer BJ. Effects of seal oil and tuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects. Lipids. 2010;45:669. 10.1007/s11745-010-3450-z
- Okuda N, Ueshima H, Okayama A, Saitoh S, Nakagawa H, et al. Relation of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake to serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol among Japanese men in Japan and Japanese-American men in Hawaii: the INTERLIPID study. Atherosclerosis. 2005;178:371.
- Buckley R, Shewring B, Turner R, Yaqoob P, Minihane AM. Circulating triacylglycerol and apoE levels in response to EPA and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adult human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:477.
