Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 28 Researches
7.7
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 8 Reviews
8.1
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Softgels
Serving Per Container: 60
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
20
Total Fat
2 g
3%‡
Cholesterol
11 mg
4%‡
Protein
<1 g
Fish Oil Concentrate^
2,000 mg
†
Omega-3 Fatty Acids^
1,200 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid)^
800 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid)^
400 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid benefits hypertension
We investigated the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on hypertension, a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure that can lead to serious health issues. The study focused on a special compound called 5,6-diHETE lactone (EPA-L), derived from EPA, which we observed to promote better blood vessel function. This compound was tested on hypertensive rats and showed a significant reduction in blood pressure.
Interestingly, we found that the way EPA-L works isn’t through increasing levels of nitric oxide like some may expect. Instead, we discovered that it triggers a unique signaling pathway involving G-protein-coupled receptors. This pathway activates key cellular processes in the endothelial cells lining our blood vessels, allowing them to relax and dilate, thereby contributing to lower blood pressure. In vitro experiments on human endothelial cells confirmed these findings, providing further evidence for the effectiveness of EPA-L.
Overall, our research positions EPA-L as a promising metabolite from eicosapentaenoic acid, demonstrating potential benefits in managing hypertension and promoting vascular health.
Interestingly, we found that the way EPA-L works isn’t through increasing levels of nitric oxide like some may expect. Instead, we discovered that it triggers a unique signaling pathway involving G-protein-coupled receptors. This pathway activates key cellular processes in the endothelial cells lining our blood vessels, allowing them to relax and dilate, thereby contributing to lower blood pressure. In vitro experiments on human endothelial cells confirmed these findings, providing further evidence for the effectiveness of EPA-L.
Overall, our research positions EPA-L as a promising metabolite from eicosapentaenoic acid, demonstrating potential benefits in managing hypertension and promoting vascular health.
Read More
9
Omega-3s may lower hypertension mortality
We explored the link between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N3-PUFA) and mortality in hypertensive adults through a thorough study involving over 26,000 participants from NHANES data spanning nearly two decades.
Our findings revealed that higher N3-PUFA intake, particularly from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), was associated with a lower risk of both overall and cardiovascular mortality.
This suggests that incorporating more omega-3 rich foods into the diet could be a valuable strategy for reducing health risks in those living with hypertension.
Our findings revealed that higher N3-PUFA intake, particularly from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), was associated with a lower risk of both overall and cardiovascular mortality.
This suggests that incorporating more omega-3 rich foods into the diet could be a valuable strategy for reducing health risks in those living with hypertension.
Read More
8
We investigated how fatty acids, particularly Omega-3 and Omega-6, affect pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Our analysis utilized advanced statistical techniques on data gathered from Genome-Wide Association Studies.
The results suggest that higher levels of Omega-3 fatty acids, like DHA, might actually help protect against PIH. Conversely, an increased Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio could raise the risk of developing this condition.
These insights could guide future clinical strategies aimed at reducing the risks associated with PIH in expectant mothers.
The results suggest that higher levels of Omega-3 fatty acids, like DHA, might actually help protect against PIH. Conversely, an increased Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio could raise the risk of developing this condition.
These insights could guide future clinical strategies aimed at reducing the risks associated with PIH in expectant mothers.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Improved blood pressure
3 people found this helpful
The best vascular protector! Without omega acids, our life in adulthood loses its pleasure: hypertension, stenocardia, and other issues. I take this medication year-round: my blood pressure is normal, my cardiovascular performance has improved, and even my joints have stopped grinding! I also give it to my elderly parents. The dosage and number of capsules are very convenient. I searched for a suitable mono drug for ages due to my allergy to multivitamins, and I found it only on this site. I recommend these drugs to all my relatives and friends, as well as to you, dear site users! Stay healthy and happy!
Read More
9
Effective for seniors
Great for those over 55 and with hypertension.
Read More
9
Hypertension reduction
Reduces hypertension.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 28 Researches
7.7
- All Researches
9
Omega-3s may lower hypertension mortality
We explored the link between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N3-PUFA) and mortality in hypertensive adults through a thorough study involving over 26,000 participants from NHANES data spanning nearly two decades.
Our findings revealed that higher N3-PUFA intake, particularly from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), was associated with a lower risk of both overall and cardiovascular mortality.
This suggests that incorporating more omega-3 rich foods into the diet could be a valuable strategy for reducing health risks in those living with hypertension.
Our findings revealed that higher N3-PUFA intake, particularly from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), was associated with a lower risk of both overall and cardiovascular mortality.
This suggests that incorporating more omega-3 rich foods into the diet could be a valuable strategy for reducing health risks in those living with hypertension.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of Resolvin E1 (RvE1) in mice with hypertension induced by angiotensin II. By injecting RvE1, we observed significant reductions in blood pressure and improvements in vascular health, including decreased fibrosis and cell growth in blood vessels.
Importantly, the positive effects of RvE1 depended on the ChemR23 receptor—when this receptor was knocked down, the benefits were lost. Our findings suggest that targeting RvE1/ChemR23 could offer promising new ways to treat hypertension.
Importantly, the positive effects of RvE1 depended on the ChemR23 receptor—when this receptor was knocked down, the benefits were lost. Our findings suggest that targeting RvE1/ChemR23 could offer promising new ways to treat hypertension.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid benefits hypertension
We investigated the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on hypertension, a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure that can lead to serious health issues. The study focused on a special compound called 5,6-diHETE lactone (EPA-L), derived from EPA, which we observed to promote better blood vessel function. This compound was tested on hypertensive rats and showed a significant reduction in blood pressure.
Interestingly, we found that the way EPA-L works isn’t through increasing levels of nitric oxide like some may expect. Instead, we discovered that it triggers a unique signaling pathway involving G-protein-coupled receptors. This pathway activates key cellular processes in the endothelial cells lining our blood vessels, allowing them to relax and dilate, thereby contributing to lower blood pressure. In vitro experiments on human endothelial cells confirmed these findings, providing further evidence for the effectiveness of EPA-L.
Overall, our research positions EPA-L as a promising metabolite from eicosapentaenoic acid, demonstrating potential benefits in managing hypertension and promoting vascular health.
Interestingly, we found that the way EPA-L works isn’t through increasing levels of nitric oxide like some may expect. Instead, we discovered that it triggers a unique signaling pathway involving G-protein-coupled receptors. This pathway activates key cellular processes in the endothelial cells lining our blood vessels, allowing them to relax and dilate, thereby contributing to lower blood pressure. In vitro experiments on human endothelial cells confirmed these findings, providing further evidence for the effectiveness of EPA-L.
Overall, our research positions EPA-L as a promising metabolite from eicosapentaenoic acid, demonstrating potential benefits in managing hypertension and promoting vascular health.
Read More
9
Exercise aids hypertension-related BBB issues
We investigated how hypertension affects the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and whether exercise training could improve its function. Our study involved spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar rats, which we divided into groups that either underwent treadmill training or remained sedentary for four weeks. We found that hypertension led to an increase in blood pressure and heart rate, as well as a decrease in the protective Mfsd2a protein, which plays a crucial role in maintaining BBB integrity.
Interestingly, when the hypertensive rats participated in exercise training, we noticed a restoration of Mfsd2a levels, a reduction in another protein called caveolin-1, and importantly, a normalization of BBB permeability in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This change was also accompanied by improvements in heart rate and blood pressure variability, indicating enhanced autonomic control.
However, we saw no significant changes in the Wistar group between training and sedentary states, suggesting that the exercise's effects were specific to the hypertensive condition. This highlights that while docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transport through Mfsd2a is beneficial, the direct impact of DHA alone on hypertension wasn't the focus of our study.
Ultimately, we concluded that exercise training is an effective way to improve both the BBB function and autonomic regulation in hypertensive individuals. It emphasizes the potential therapeutic benefits of lifestyle interventions, like regular exercise, in managing hypertension-related complications.
Interestingly, when the hypertensive rats participated in exercise training, we noticed a restoration of Mfsd2a levels, a reduction in another protein called caveolin-1, and importantly, a normalization of BBB permeability in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This change was also accompanied by improvements in heart rate and blood pressure variability, indicating enhanced autonomic control.
However, we saw no significant changes in the Wistar group between training and sedentary states, suggesting that the exercise's effects were specific to the hypertensive condition. This highlights that while docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transport through Mfsd2a is beneficial, the direct impact of DHA alone on hypertension wasn't the focus of our study.
Ultimately, we concluded that exercise training is an effective way to improve both the BBB function and autonomic regulation in hypertensive individuals. It emphasizes the potential therapeutic benefits of lifestyle interventions, like regular exercise, in managing hypertension-related complications.
Read More
8
Resolvin D2 aids hypertension prevention
We investigated whether resolvin D2 (RvD2) could prevent vascular damage caused by obesity and hypertension. In mice exposed to a high-fat diet and angiotensin II, RvD2 administration showed promise in reducing obesity-related inflammation and vascular remodeling.
While RvD2 helped improve endothelial function and reduce inflammatory markers, the study didn’t indicate a complete reversal of hypertension.
Our findings suggest RvD2 might be a protective agent against vascular damage linked to hypertension, primarily affecting immune and vascular cells.
While RvD2 helped improve endothelial function and reduce inflammatory markers, the study didn’t indicate a complete reversal of hypertension.
Our findings suggest RvD2 might be a protective agent against vascular damage linked to hypertension, primarily affecting immune and vascular cells.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 8 Reviews
8.1
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Improved blood pressure
3 people found this helpful
The best vascular protector! Without omega acids, our life in adulthood loses its pleasure: hypertension, stenocardia, and other issues. I take this medication year-round: my blood pressure is normal, my cardiovascular performance has improved, and even my joints have stopped grinding! I also give it to my elderly parents. The dosage and number of capsules are very convenient. I searched for a suitable mono drug for ages due to my allergy to multivitamins, and I found it only on this site. I recommend these drugs to all my relatives and friends, as well as to you, dear site users! Stay healthy and happy!
Read More
9
Effective for seniors
Great for those over 55 and with hypertension.
Read More
9
Hypertension reduction
Reduces hypertension.
Read More
6
Inconsistent evidence
There is qualified information about health benefits. Preliminary research suggests that EPA and DHA may lower coronary heart disease risk. They help reduce blood pressure and hypertension risk for many. However, the FDA found the evidence to be inconsistent. One serving of EPA-DHA Balance contains 1.2 grams of EPA and DHA. This is a good hair supplement, and the large packaging features excellent ingredients.
Read More
6
Substitute for fish
1 people found this helpful
Supplied with fish without the need to consume large amounts of it. When on a low carbohydrate diet, we turn to this product instead of eating fish. I recommend it to those who do not eat fish in Europe and America. It seems to soften blood vessels and improve hypertension, although individual differences exist. The capsule size could be a slight challenge, hence the four-star rating.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Improved blood pressure
3 people found this helpful
The best vascular protector! Without omega acids, our life in adulthood loses its pleasure: hypertension, stenocardia, and other issues. I take this medication year-round: my blood pressure is normal, my cardiovascular performance has improved, and even my joints have stopped grinding! I also give it to my elderly parents. The dosage and number of capsules are very convenient. I searched for a suitable mono drug for ages due to my allergy to multivitamins, and I found it only on this site. I recommend these drugs to all my relatives and friends, as well as to you, dear site users! Stay healthy and happy!
9
Effective for seniors
Great for those over 55 and with hypertension.
6
Substitute for fish
1 people found this helpful
Supplied with fish without the need to consume large amounts of it. When on a low carbohydrate diet, we turn to this product instead of eating fish. I recommend it to those who do not eat fish in Europe and America. It seems to soften blood vessels and improve hypertension, although individual differences exist. The capsule size could be a slight challenge, hence the four-star rating.
7.5
Reduced hypertension risk
Good dosage and excellent quality. Taking EPA with DHA helps lower blood pressure and the likelihood of developing hypertension in most individuals. I recommend it.
7.5
Effective for arrhythmias
Works wonderfully! Ultra Omega-3 has proved effective. The capsule contains 600 mg of acids. I prescribe it to my patients with cardiovascular issues, including arrhythmias and hypertension, as well as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. However, individual intolerance to any drug components must be considered.
7.5
Mixed feelings
Great but expensive. Consuming the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA may lessen the risk of coronary heart disease. The combination helps reduce blood pressure and the risk of hypertension in the majority. It’s the ideal Omega-3 ratio for health; however, it is costly for me.
8
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid, often combined with docosahexaenoic acid, impacts hypertension. Our analysis focused on a robust collection of randomized controlled trials involving nearly 5,000 participants, which provided us with valuable insights into the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and blood pressure.
From our findings, we noted the most effective daily intake of omega-3s for lowering blood pressure appeared to be between 2 and 3 grams. This moderate intake showed promising results in reducing both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Interestingly, we discovered that this effect was particularly pronounced in groups that were older, had hypertension, or suffered from high cholesterol.
However, we also observed a J-shaped dose-response curve, which suggests that while lower doses are effective, higher doses might not yield additional benefits and could even be less effective for some people. This emphasizes the importance of adhering to recommended doses, especially for those at risk for cardiovascular diseases.
From our findings, we noted the most effective daily intake of omega-3s for lowering blood pressure appeared to be between 2 and 3 grams. This moderate intake showed promising results in reducing both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Interestingly, we discovered that this effect was particularly pronounced in groups that were older, had hypertension, or suffered from high cholesterol.
However, we also observed a J-shaped dose-response curve, which suggests that while lower doses are effective, higher doses might not yield additional benefits and could even be less effective for some people. This emphasizes the importance of adhering to recommended doses, especially for those at risk for cardiovascular diseases.
8
PUFAs linked to lower hypertension risk
We aimed to understand how consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially from fish oil, relates to hypertension in U.S. adults. Analyzing data from over 17,000 participants, we discovered that higher intake of PUFAs, including omega-3s, was linked to a significantly lower prevalence of hypertension.
Specifically, our findings showed that those in the highest quartiles of PUFA intake had notably reduced odds of high blood pressure. This suggests that including more omega-3 fatty acids in our diet could be beneficial for blood pressure management.
Specifically, our findings showed that those in the highest quartiles of PUFA intake had notably reduced odds of high blood pressure. This suggests that including more omega-3 fatty acids in our diet could be beneficial for blood pressure management.
7
We explored the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on hypertension through various clinical studies and large-scale trials. The findings revealed that while omega-3s, such as EPA and DHA, show promising potential in regulating blood pressure, the results are not consistent.
Many studies indicate these fatty acids can benefit vascular health, but the overall effect on high blood pressure remains unclear. Omega-3s may help manage vascular tone and reduce cardiovascular risks, yet more research is needed to solidify their role against hypertension.
Many studies indicate these fatty acids can benefit vascular health, but the overall effect on high blood pressure remains unclear. Omega-3s may help manage vascular tone and reduce cardiovascular risks, yet more research is needed to solidify their role against hypertension.
References
- Li ZH, Song WQ, Qiu CS, Li HM, Tang XL, et al. Fish oil supplementation, genetic susceptibility and risk of new-onset hypertension. Prev Med. 2024;189:108152. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108152
- Xi C, Zhang J, Liu H, Tao S, Xie Y, et al. Can Omega-3 prevent the accidence of stroke: a mendelian randomization study. Hereditas. 2024;161:30. doi:10.1186/s41065-024-00329-9
- Rodrigues-Diez R, Ballesteros-Martinez C, Moreno-Carriles RM, Nistal F, Díaz Del Campo LS, et al. Resolvin D2 prevents vascular remodeling, hypercontractility and endothelial dysfunction in obese hypertensive mice through modulation of vascular and proinflammatory factors. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;174:116564. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116564
- Song Y, Wang Q, Jia L. Omega-3 fatty acids and their influence on hypertension and coronary atherosclerosis: Insights from a Mendelian randomization approach. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2024;26:382. doi:10.1111/jch.14782
- Chen H, Leng X, Liu S, Zeng Z, Huang F, et al. Association between dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among hypertensive adults: Results from NHANES 1999-2018. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:2434. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.011
- Zhang J, Yin Z, Xu Y, Wei C, Peng S, et al. Resolvin E1/ChemR23 Protects Against Hypertension and Vascular Remodeling in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertensive Mice. Hypertension. 2023;80:2650. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21348
- Ma Z, He W. Fatty acids and pregnancy-induced hypertension: a Mendelian randomization study. Lipids Health Dis. 2023;22:131. doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01889-x
- Brosolo G, Da Porto A, Marcante S, Picci A, Capilupi F, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Arterial Hypertension: Is There Any Good News?. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24. doi:10.3390/ijms24119520
- Ma T, He L, Luo Y, Zhang G, Cheng X, et al. Use of fish oil and mortality of patients with cardiometabolic multimorbidity: A prospective study of UK biobank. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32:2751. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.016
- Gharraee N, Wang Z, Pflum A, Medina-Hernandez D, Herrington D, et al. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis and Tissue Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Lipid Res. 2022;63:100292. doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100292
- Ma T, He L, Luo Y, Li J, Zhang G, et al. Associations of baseline use of fish oil with progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and mortality among patients with hypertension: a prospective study of UK Biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61:3461. doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02889-w
- Arvizu M, Minguez-Alarcon L, Wang S, Mitsunami M, Stuart JJ, et al. Pre-pregnancy fat intake in relation to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116:750. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac145
- Shi HH, Zhang LY, Chen LP, Yang JY, Wang CC, et al. EPA-Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Regulating TGF-β Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs. 2022;20. doi:10.3390/md20020152
- Ni S, Zhong Z, Wei J, Zhou J, Cai L, et al. Association between dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid and prevalence of hypertension in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional study using data from NHANES 2009-2016. Hypertens Res. 2022;45:516. doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00849-1
- Egan Benova T, Viczenczova C, Szeiffova Bacova B, Zurmanova J, Knezl V, et al. Omacor Protects Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats Exposed to Continuous Light from Increased Risk to Malignant Cardiac Arrhythmias. Mar Drugs. 2021;19. doi:10.3390/md19120659
- Olivares-Silva F, De Gregorio N, Espitia-Corredor J, Espinoza C, Vivar R, et al. Resolvin-D1 attenuation of angiotensin II-induced cardiac inflammation in mice is associated with prevention of cardiac remodeling and hypertension. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2021;1867:166241. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166241
- Arghavani H, Bilodeau JF, Rudkowska I. Association Between Circulating Fatty Acids and Blood Pressure: A Review. Curr Nutr Rep. 2025;14:15. doi:10.1007/s13668-024-00602-3
- Kujawska A, Bromage S, Simoes JA, Zupkauskienė J, McMahon N, et al. The impact of dietary supplements on blood pressure in older adults: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon. 2024;10:e25615. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25615
- Asulin M, Gorodetzer N, Fridman R, Shelly Ben-Shushan R, Cohen Z, et al. 5,6-diHETE lactone (EPA-L) mediates hypertensive microvascular dilation by activating the endothelial GPR-PLC-IP signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024;700:149585. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149585
- Pipingas A, Reddan JM, Gauci S, Young LM, Kennedy G, et al. Post-Prandial Cognitive and Blood Pressure Effects of a DHA-Rich Omega-3 Powder in Middle-Aged Males: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2023;15. doi:10.3390/nu15092198
- Imig JD. Bioactive lipids in hypertension. Adv Pharmacol. 2023;97:1. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2023.01.001
- Bercea C, Limbu R, Behnam K, Ng KE, Aziz Q, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced vasodilation in mouse aorta and mesenteric arteries is not mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Front Physiol. 2022;13:1033216. doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1033216
- Zavala MR, Longarzo ML, Vázquez RF, Vélez Rueda O, Maté SM, et al. Polyunsaturated ω3 fatty acids prevent the cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2023;1867:130278. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130278
- Pinhas S, Amram E, Slutsky-Smith E, Ertracht O, Atar S, et al. Paraoxonase 1 hydrolysis of EPA-derived lactone impairs endothelial-mediated vasodilation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2022;162:106665. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106665
- Zhang X, Ritonja JA, Zhou N, Chen BE, Li X. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11:e025071. doi:10.1161/JAHA.121.025071
- Barsheshet M, Ertracht O, Boginya A, Reuveni T, Atar S, et al. Vasodilation and blood pressure-lowering effect mediated by 5,6-EEQ lactone in 5/6 nephrectomy hypertensive rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2021;1866:159031. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159031
- Nestel PJ, Mori TA. Diet to Stop Hypertension: Should Fats be Included?. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2024;26:409. doi:10.1007/s11906-024-01310-7
- Perego SM, Raquel HA, Candido VB, Masson GS, Martins MM, et al. Hypertension depresses but exercise training restores both Mfsd2a expression and blood-brain barrier function within PVN capillaries. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2023;325:R299. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2023
