Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 21 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 7 Reviews
7.8
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Vegetarian Capsule
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Vitamin E (as D-alpha tocopheryl succinate)
20.1 mg
134%
Selenium (as Se-Methyl L-Selenocysteine, L-selenomethionine (yeast-free), sodium selenite)
200 mcg
364%
Top Medical Research Studies
8
Selenium aids gestational diabetes management
We explored whether selenium supplementation could improve blood glucose levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. In this randomized controlled trial conducted at an Istanbul university, women diagnosed with gestational diabetes received either diet alone or diet plus 200 µg of selenium daily for four weeks.
Findings showed that pregnant women had lower selenium levels compared to healthy counterparts. Those taking selenium experienced a more significant decrease in blood sugar levels than those on diet alone, indicating a beneficial effect of selenium on managing gestational diabetes.
Findings showed that pregnant women had lower selenium levels compared to healthy counterparts. Those taking selenium experienced a more significant decrease in blood sugar levels than those on diet alone, indicating a beneficial effect of selenium on managing gestational diabetes.
Read More
9
Antidiabetic effects of selenium
We investigated the impact of a novel selenylated low molecular weight apple pectin on diabetes management. The study focused on mice induced with type 2 diabetes through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin treatment.
Our findings revealed that this modified pectin significantly improved several diabetic symptoms. It reduced weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and oxidative stress, while also protecting organs like the liver and kidneys.
Additionally, we observed enhanced glucose tolerance and improvements in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity among the mice receiving the treatment. The selenylated apple pectin not only had a notable effect on glucose metabolism but also appeared to offer protective benefits against inflammation and tissue damage.
Our findings revealed that this modified pectin significantly improved several diabetic symptoms. It reduced weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and oxidative stress, while also protecting organs like the liver and kidneys.
Additionally, we observed enhanced glucose tolerance and improvements in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity among the mice receiving the treatment. The selenylated apple pectin not only had a notable effect on glucose metabolism but also appeared to offer protective benefits against inflammation and tissue damage.
Read More
9
Selenium polysaccharides aid diabetes management
We explored the effects of selenium polysaccharides derived from sweet corn cob on type 2 diabetes (T2D) through a combination of laboratory tests and animal studies. The goal was to determine how this unique compound could influence blood sugar levels in those dealing with T2D.
Our findings indicated that selenium polysaccharides help regulate enzymes that break down carbohydrates, specifically α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which play a significant role in digesting sugars. By inhibiting these enzymes, the compound appears to reduce sugar absorption into the bloodstream.
In animal models, we observed that selenium polysaccharides not only curbed blood sugar spikes but also significantly altered various metabolic pathways, impacting substances like adenine and others linked to energy and lipid metabolism. Additionally, when we compared selenium polysaccharides to a common diabetes medication, metformin, we found that the polysaccharides provided more effective metabolic interventions.
Overall, our study suggests that selenium-treated polysaccharides could play a meaningful role in managing T2D and reducing its complications while improving blood glucose levels.
Our findings indicated that selenium polysaccharides help regulate enzymes that break down carbohydrates, specifically α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which play a significant role in digesting sugars. By inhibiting these enzymes, the compound appears to reduce sugar absorption into the bloodstream.
In animal models, we observed that selenium polysaccharides not only curbed blood sugar spikes but also significantly altered various metabolic pathways, impacting substances like adenine and others linked to energy and lipid metabolism. Additionally, when we compared selenium polysaccharides to a common diabetes medication, metformin, we found that the polysaccharides provided more effective metabolic interventions.
Overall, our study suggests that selenium-treated polysaccharides could play a meaningful role in managing T2D and reducing its complications while improving blood glucose levels.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Effective treatment
Excellent! This complex preparation is of suitable dosage and provides good results. I take it for diabetes and highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Trusted product
The manufacturer is reliable, and the capsules are small and easy to swallow. I purchased other products from this company to help manage diabetes. Everything works well together, and there have been no negative effects.
Read More
6
Improved health
8 people found this helpful
Great product and quality. Thank you, iHerb, for providing such reliable products. Selenium is essential for thyroid function, and I purchased it for this reason. It's particularly important for those suffering from diabetes and cancer, acting as a vital antioxidant that may protect against heart disease. If you enjoy this comment, please like it. Thank you.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 21 Researches
7.8
- All Researches
9.5
Selenium nanofibers enhance wound healing
We explored how selenium-containing polyurethane nanofibers can aid in diabetic wound healing. The study developed unique nanofibers designed to tackle harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation, both of which impede recovery.
These nanofibers demonstrated excellent ability to reduce ROS levels, leading to remarkable healing results—showing up to 92% improvement within 14 days. Additionally, they maintained high cell viability, indicating safety. Overall, this innovative approach could significantly enhance treatment for diabetic wounds.
These nanofibers demonstrated excellent ability to reduce ROS levels, leading to remarkable healing results—showing up to 92% improvement within 14 days. Additionally, they maintained high cell viability, indicating safety. Overall, this innovative approach could significantly enhance treatment for diabetic wounds.
Read More
9.5
Effective hydrogel for diabetic wounds
We investigated the effectiveness of a new hydrogel designed for diabetic wound healing, made from oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose (OHEC) and chitosan with selenium nanoparticles.
This hydrogel demonstrated impressive properties, including superior antioxidant and antibacterial abilities, which contribute to faster wound healing.
Our findings showed a remarkable 100% wound closure in laboratory tests within 12 hours and almost complete healing in animal models within 14 days.
Overall, this study highlights the hydrogel's multifunctional benefits, making it a promising option for treating chronic and infected wounds.
This hydrogel demonstrated impressive properties, including superior antioxidant and antibacterial abilities, which contribute to faster wound healing.
Our findings showed a remarkable 100% wound closure in laboratory tests within 12 hours and almost complete healing in animal models within 14 days.
Overall, this study highlights the hydrogel's multifunctional benefits, making it a promising option for treating chronic and infected wounds.
Read More
9
We sought to understand how selenium, when combined with taxifolin, might improve treatment options for diabetes mellitus. The focus was on creating selenized liposomes, or Tax-Se@LPs, that would enhance the delivery and effectiveness of taxifolin, a natural compound known for its potential health benefits.
Through a specialized manufacturing technique, we developed these nanometric liposomes and assessed their performance in preclinical settings. Our findings indicated that Tax-Se@LPs not only improved the absorption of taxifolin in the digestive system but also significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic models. With a relative bioavailability of 216.65%, the selenized formulation demonstrated a more prolonged effect compared to other delivery methods.
Despite these promising results, our study did not isolate the effectiveness of selenium on its own. The benefits observed were largely attributed to the advanced delivery system rather than the selenium content alone. Therefore, while increased bioavailability and hypoglycemic effects are evident from using Tax-Se@LPs, the specific role that selenium plays in these outcomes needs further exploration for a clearer understanding.
Through a specialized manufacturing technique, we developed these nanometric liposomes and assessed their performance in preclinical settings. Our findings indicated that Tax-Se@LPs not only improved the absorption of taxifolin in the digestive system but also significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic models. With a relative bioavailability of 216.65%, the selenized formulation demonstrated a more prolonged effect compared to other delivery methods.
Despite these promising results, our study did not isolate the effectiveness of selenium on its own. The benefits observed were largely attributed to the advanced delivery system rather than the selenium content alone. Therefore, while increased bioavailability and hypoglycemic effects are evident from using Tax-Se@LPs, the specific role that selenium plays in these outcomes needs further exploration for a clearer understanding.
Read More
9
Selenium's Role in Diabetes Control
We investigated how selenium-modified peptides affect the aggregation of the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), which is known to have a role in diabetes. Our study focused on the active peptide derived from coix seed prolamins called LPFYPN (LP6) and its modified versions.
Through our experiments, we observed that both LP6 and its modified peptides, particularly the selenium-enhanced version, significantly inhibited the harmful aggregation of hIAPP. This aggregation is linked to the cytotoxic effects that can worsen diabetes conditions.
The findings showed that the selenium-modified peptide not only reduced these harmful aggregates but also helped to boost the body's autophagy processes—essentially improving how cells eliminate these damaging proteins. By doing so, it reduced cell toxicity and promoted healthier cell function.
Overall, our results suggest that selenium holds potential in developing new dietary approaches to manage type 2 diabetes and possibly other amyloid-related diseases. This could mean that including selenium-rich ingredients in our diet may provide valuable health benefits in tackling diabetes health challenges.
Through our experiments, we observed that both LP6 and its modified peptides, particularly the selenium-enhanced version, significantly inhibited the harmful aggregation of hIAPP. This aggregation is linked to the cytotoxic effects that can worsen diabetes conditions.
The findings showed that the selenium-modified peptide not only reduced these harmful aggregates but also helped to boost the body's autophagy processes—essentially improving how cells eliminate these damaging proteins. By doing so, it reduced cell toxicity and promoted healthier cell function.
Overall, our results suggest that selenium holds potential in developing new dietary approaches to manage type 2 diabetes and possibly other amyloid-related diseases. This could mean that including selenium-rich ingredients in our diet may provide valuable health benefits in tackling diabetes health challenges.
Read More
9
Antidiabetic effects of selenium
We investigated the impact of a novel selenylated low molecular weight apple pectin on diabetes management. The study focused on mice induced with type 2 diabetes through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin treatment.
Our findings revealed that this modified pectin significantly improved several diabetic symptoms. It reduced weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and oxidative stress, while also protecting organs like the liver and kidneys.
Additionally, we observed enhanced glucose tolerance and improvements in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity among the mice receiving the treatment. The selenylated apple pectin not only had a notable effect on glucose metabolism but also appeared to offer protective benefits against inflammation and tissue damage.
Our findings revealed that this modified pectin significantly improved several diabetic symptoms. It reduced weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and oxidative stress, while also protecting organs like the liver and kidneys.
Additionally, we observed enhanced glucose tolerance and improvements in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity among the mice receiving the treatment. The selenylated apple pectin not only had a notable effect on glucose metabolism but also appeared to offer protective benefits against inflammation and tissue damage.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 7 Reviews
7.8
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Effective treatment
Excellent! This complex preparation is of suitable dosage and provides good results. I take it for diabetes and highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Trusted product
The manufacturer is reliable, and the capsules are small and easy to swallow. I purchased other products from this company to help manage diabetes. Everything works well together, and there have been no negative effects.
Read More
6
Improved health
8 people found this helpful
Great product and quality. Thank you, iHerb, for providing such reliable products. Selenium is essential for thyroid function, and I purchased it for this reason. It's particularly important for those suffering from diabetes and cancer, acting as a vital antioxidant that may protect against heart disease. If you enjoy this comment, please like it. Thank you.
Read More
7.5
Boosted immunity
3 people found this helpful
Daily health care can help prevent cancer and enhance immunity. Selenium is an essential trace element crucial for overall health. It plays a significant role in countering free radicals and can aid in regulating blood sugar levels, thus helping to prevent complications of diabetes. Additionally, selenium has a unique affinity for heavy metals and aids in detoxification.
Read More
7.5
Restored pancreas
I bought it for my mother to help restore her pancreas due to her diabetes mellitus. I read that selenium helps restore pancreatic cells, which is crucial for her health. She takes it in courses with no side effects. Selenium also benefits the immune system, making it valuable in many health complexes.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Effective treatment
Excellent! This complex preparation is of suitable dosage and provides good results. I take it for diabetes and highly recommend it.
2
Minimal effect
I used this product alongside zinc for diabetes, but unfortunately, I did not observe any notable changes in my diabetes numbers.
9
Trusted product
The manufacturer is reliable, and the capsules are small and easy to swallow. I purchased other products from this company to help manage diabetes. Everything works well together, and there have been no negative effects.
7.5
Boosted immunity
3 people found this helpful
Daily health care can help prevent cancer and enhance immunity. Selenium is an essential trace element crucial for overall health. It plays a significant role in countering free radicals and can aid in regulating blood sugar levels, thus helping to prevent complications of diabetes. Additionally, selenium has a unique affinity for heavy metals and aids in detoxification.
7.5
Restored pancreas
I bought it for my mother to help restore her pancreas due to her diabetes mellitus. I read that selenium helps restore pancreatic cells, which is crucial for her health. She takes it in courses with no side effects. Selenium also benefits the immune system, making it valuable in many health complexes.
6
Improved health
8 people found this helpful
Great product and quality. Thank you, iHerb, for providing such reliable products. Selenium is essential for thyroid function, and I purchased it for this reason. It's particularly important for those suffering from diabetes and cancer, acting as a vital antioxidant that may protect against heart disease. If you enjoy this comment, please like it. Thank you.
7.5
Cardiovascular protection
Selenium, in combination with vitamin E, offers antioxidant benefits. It can enhance immunity, prevent cardiovascular diseases, and protect the heart. Due to recent health concerns, selenium is used alongside coenzymes in treatment. It has also shown potential in preventing diabetes.
9
We sought to understand how selenium, when combined with taxifolin, might improve treatment options for diabetes mellitus. The focus was on creating selenized liposomes, or Tax-Se@LPs, that would enhance the delivery and effectiveness of taxifolin, a natural compound known for its potential health benefits.
Through a specialized manufacturing technique, we developed these nanometric liposomes and assessed their performance in preclinical settings. Our findings indicated that Tax-Se@LPs not only improved the absorption of taxifolin in the digestive system but also significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic models. With a relative bioavailability of 216.65%, the selenized formulation demonstrated a more prolonged effect compared to other delivery methods.
Despite these promising results, our study did not isolate the effectiveness of selenium on its own. The benefits observed were largely attributed to the advanced delivery system rather than the selenium content alone. Therefore, while increased bioavailability and hypoglycemic effects are evident from using Tax-Se@LPs, the specific role that selenium plays in these outcomes needs further exploration for a clearer understanding.
Through a specialized manufacturing technique, we developed these nanometric liposomes and assessed their performance in preclinical settings. Our findings indicated that Tax-Se@LPs not only improved the absorption of taxifolin in the digestive system but also significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic models. With a relative bioavailability of 216.65%, the selenized formulation demonstrated a more prolonged effect compared to other delivery methods.
Despite these promising results, our study did not isolate the effectiveness of selenium on its own. The benefits observed were largely attributed to the advanced delivery system rather than the selenium content alone. Therefore, while increased bioavailability and hypoglycemic effects are evident from using Tax-Se@LPs, the specific role that selenium plays in these outcomes needs further exploration for a clearer understanding.
4
We explored the impact of selenium, specifically selenomethionine (SeMet), on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways relevant to diabetes. The study involved several cell lines, including C2C12 muscle cells, to observe how varying concentrations of SeMet would influence key metabolic processes.
Our findings indicated that higher selenium levels may complicate glucose metabolism. For instance, in muscle cells, we noticed that after insulin stimulation, cells absorbed less glucose, suggesting a disruption in normal insulin signaling. This irregularity was reflected in the decreased expression of important proteins involved in insulin action.
We also observed that the de novo serine synthesis pathway was activated in response to elevated selenium, which could further influence glucose handling in the body. However, the effects varied notably across different cell types, with muscle cells displaying a pronounced sensitivity to selenium concentration changes.
Overall, our research highlights that excessive selenium consumption may contribute to disturbances in glucose metabolism and insulin activity, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring of selenium intake, especially for those at risk of type 2 diabetes.
Our findings indicated that higher selenium levels may complicate glucose metabolism. For instance, in muscle cells, we noticed that after insulin stimulation, cells absorbed less glucose, suggesting a disruption in normal insulin signaling. This irregularity was reflected in the decreased expression of important proteins involved in insulin action.
We also observed that the de novo serine synthesis pathway was activated in response to elevated selenium, which could further influence glucose handling in the body. However, the effects varied notably across different cell types, with muscle cells displaying a pronounced sensitivity to selenium concentration changes.
Overall, our research highlights that excessive selenium consumption may contribute to disturbances in glucose metabolism and insulin activity, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring of selenium intake, especially for those at risk of type 2 diabetes.
4
We explored the relationship between selenium intake and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) through a thorough analysis of existing data. Our research focused on a large-scale genome-wide association study, which allowed us to delve into the effects of 15 key micronutrients on diabetes risk.
Through rigorous methodologies like Mendelian randomization, we uncovered a particular association between selenium and T2D. The findings revealed that increased selenium intake correlates with a greater risk of developing diabetes, with an odds ratio suggesting a statistically significant relationship. This means that as selenium intake rises, so does the likelihood of facing this serious health condition.
While some might assume that selenium could help with diabetes management, our results suggest otherwise. This emphasizes the need for a careful understanding of micronutrients in the context of diabetes prevention and treatment.
More research will be crucial to further illuminate how selenium affects diabetes risk and to uncover the underlying biological mechanisms involved. We believe our findings underscore the importance of scrutinizing dietary supplements as part of broader health strategies.
Through rigorous methodologies like Mendelian randomization, we uncovered a particular association between selenium and T2D. The findings revealed that increased selenium intake correlates with a greater risk of developing diabetes, with an odds ratio suggesting a statistically significant relationship. This means that as selenium intake rises, so does the likelihood of facing this serious health condition.
While some might assume that selenium could help with diabetes management, our results suggest otherwise. This emphasizes the need for a careful understanding of micronutrients in the context of diabetes prevention and treatment.
More research will be crucial to further illuminate how selenium affects diabetes risk and to uncover the underlying biological mechanisms involved. We believe our findings underscore the importance of scrutinizing dietary supplements as part of broader health strategies.
References
- Qi C, Xing H, Ding N, Feng W, Wu Y, et al. Nanometerizing Taxifolin Into Selenized Liposomes to Ameliorate Its Hypoglycemic Effect by Optimizing Drug Release and Bioavailability. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025;20:2225. doi:10.2147/IJN.S510378
- Zhang S, Sun J, Yu S, Fu T, Feng Y, et al. Molecular Observations on the Regulation of hIAPP Aggregation Process and Enhancement of Autophagy by the Short Peptide LPFYPN and Its Modified Peptides of Coix Seed Prolamins. J Agric Food Chem. 2025;73:4659. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12559
- Rodriguez-Hernandez Z, Bel-Aguilar J, Moreno-Franco B, Grau-Perez M, Redon J, et al. Differential association of selenium exposure with insulin resistance and β-cell function in middle age and older adults. Nutr Diabetes. 2025;15:5. doi:10.1038/s41387-025-00361-2
- Chen X, Xu S, Yang S, Yu Z, Chen Y, et al. Discovery of Selenium-Containing Derivatives as Potent and Orally Bioavailable GLP-1R Agonists. J Med Chem. 2025;68:3386. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02616
- Zhan S, Huang J, Liu Y, Han F, Wang J, et al. Activation of the De Novo Serine Synthesis Pathway and Disruption of Insulin Signaling Induced by Supplemental SeMet in Vitro. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025. doi:10.1007/s12011-024-04492-y
- Giriprasad M, Mariraj I, Rajeshkumar S, Pradeep M, Santhoshkumar J. Evaluation of antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory action of selenium nanoparticles mediated through aspalathus linearis - An in vitro study. Med J Malaysia. 2025;80:29.
- Tao W, Liu D, Guo Z, Han P, Ma Y, et al. Physicochemical properties, structural characterization, and antidiabetic activity of selenylated low molecular weight apple pectin in HFD/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Carbohydr Polym. 2025;348:122790. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122790
- Alahmari LA, Ali LS, Fansa HA, Alshaya DS, Al-Salmi FA, et al. Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Effects of Selenium And Nano Selenium-Loaded Exosomes on Hepatic Dysfunction of Type 1 Diabetic Rats. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol. 2025;343:211. doi:10.1002/jez.2881
- Ibraheem O, Oyeniran OH, Ogundipe OM, Abe EO, Oyedepo TA, et al. Photo-physical characterizations and evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potentials of green synthesized ackee (Blighia sapida) selenium nano-particles. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2024;24:392. doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04694-w
- Zeng W, Jiang S, Cun D, Huang F, Jiang Z. Tracing links between micronutrients and type 2 diabetes risk: the singular role of selenium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1422796. doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1422796
- Wang J, Wang X, Xiu W, Li C, Yu S, et al. Selenium polysaccharide form sweet corn cob mediated hypoglycemic effects in vitro and untargeted metabolomics study on type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;281:136388. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136388
- Ruan S, Du Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Kang H. Ameliorative Hypoglycemic Effect of 1-DNJ via Structural Derivatization Followed by Assembly Into Selenized Nanovesicles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025;20:4399. doi:10.2147/IJN.S516833
- Roumi Z, Kamali M, Mirshafaei MA, Torki SA, Aminnezhad B, et al. The association between type 2 diabetes and dietary antioxidant index: a cross-sectional study in the Iranian population. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2025;68:e240170. doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2024-0170
- Ahmed W, Li S, Liang M, Peng P, Muhammad W, et al. Selenium-containing polyurethane nanofibers with MnO nanoparticles and gelsevirine promote diabetic wound healing by modulation of ROS and inflammation. Biomater Adv. 2025;173:214289. doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214289
- van der Pligt P, Wadley GD, Lee IL, Ebrahimi S, Spiteri S, et al. Antioxidant Supplementation for Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Curr Nutr Rep. 2025;14:45. doi:10.1007/s13668-025-00636-1
- Yigit E, Sayar I. Selenium Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2024;34:561. doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2024.05.561
- Demircan K, Chillon TS, Bang J, Gladyshev VN, Schomburg L. Selenium, diabetes, and their intricate sex-specific relationship. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2024;35:781. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.004
- Macan TP, Magenis ML, Damiani AP, Monteiro IO, Silveira GB, et al. Brazil nut consumption reduces DNA damage in overweight type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2024;895:503739. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503739
- Prasathkumar M, George A, Sadhasivam S. Influence of chitosan and hydroxyethyl cellulose modifications towards the design of cross-linked double networks hydrogel for diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;265:130851. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130851
- Karas RA, Alexeree S, Elsayed H, Attia YA. Assessment of wound healing activity in diabetic mice treated with a novel therapeutic combination of selenium nanoparticles and platelets rich plasma. Sci Rep. 2024;14:5346. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54064-2
- Cai X, Hu Z, Zhang M, Dang Q, Yang Q, et al. Dosage-effect of selenium supplementation on blood glucose and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2024;83:127410. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127410
