We conducted a comprehensive trial to understand how different types of omega-3 fatty acids affect cholesterol levels and inflammation in adults struggling with high cholesterol.
Over 12 weeks, participants took various doses of omega-3s, including EPA and DHA, revealing notable benefits. Those receiving higher doses of EPA and DHA saw their triglycerides drop significantly—by up to 15.78%—compared to controls.
Interestingly, ALA supplementation did not lead to improvements in cholesterol or inflammation status, highlighting the superior role of EPA and DHA in managing these health issues.
Read More
9
Scallop oil significantly reduces cholesterol
Comparison of the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Scallop Oil Prepared from the Internal Organs of the Japanese Giant Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), Fish Oil, and Krill Oil in Obese Type II Diabetic KK-A Mice.
We investigated how different oils, including newly produced scallop oil, fish oil, and krill oil, impact cholesterol levels in obese type II diabetic mice. Our study involved feeding these groups various high-fat diets for 42 days.
Remarkably, the scallop oil group showed a significant reduction in cholesterol levels in both serum and liver, while the fish oil and krill oil groups did not exhibit such benefits. The findings suggest that scallop oil might be a promising option for managing cholesterol and preventing related health issues.
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9
Omega-3s improve cholesterol parameters
Fish oil diet effects on alveolar bone loss, in hypercholesterolemic rats.
We examined how swapping a saturated fat diet for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) affects cholesterol and bone health in hypercholesterolemic rats.
In our study, rats that shifted to an n-3PUFA diet saw a notable decrease in serum lipids. While the diet appeared to positively impact their bone loss linked to periodontitis, rats on the n-3PUFA diet showed results similar to those on a commercial diet, indicating no major advantage of fish oil over a balanced diet.
Overall, our findings suggest that while omega-3s can help with cholesterol, they don't offer significant improvements over typical diets in these conditions.
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Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Good prevention
419 people found this helpful
This Omega-3 fish oil is excellent for health. It provides adequate doses of essential fatty acids and adheres to GMP standards. While it lacks the highest concentration of Omega-3s, it's cost-effective. I use it for skin and hair beauty, and my parents take it to maintain heart health. I recommend it, just follow the instructions of taking two capsules daily with meals.
Read More
9
Enhanced cholesterol levels
100 people found this helpful
Omega-3 acids help eliminate excess "bad" cholesterol and improve blood viscosity, normalising blood pressure. They also enhance the level of "good" cholesterol, promoting vascular health. I highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Cardiovascular support
33 people found this helpful
I love this fish oil. It significantly lowers blood cholesterol levels and plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis prevention. Omega-3 is essential for heart health, enhancing overall wellbeing and even skin conditions.
We aimed to understand how Antarctic krill oil (ESKO) affects cholesterol levels, particularly in relation to obesity. Through our study involving mice, we observed that ESKO helped reduce oxidative stress and improve cholesterol metabolism.
While a high-fat diet usually worsens cholesterol levels, ESKO demonstrated a protective effect by reducing fat accumulation and promoting better metabolic health. This suggests that krill oil could be a promising option for managing high cholesterol and obesity-related issues.
Read More
9
CA-rich fish oils lower cholesterol
Effects of diets containing fish oils or fish oil concentrates with high cetoleic acid content on the circulating cholesterol concentration in rodents. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
We investigated whether cetoleic acid (CA), a healthy fat found in certain fish, can help lower cholesterol levels in rodents. Our systematic review included 12 studies, assessing how CA-rich fish oils influenced total cholesterol compared to regular diets.
The results showed a significant reduction in cholesterol levels in rodents that consumed CA-rich oils. However, it’s important to note that the risk of bias in the studies varied, making our conclusions tentative. Overall, these findings suggest CA-rich fish oils could play a beneficial role in heart health, but further research in humans is needed.
Read More
9
Scallop oil significantly reduces cholesterol
Comparison of the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Scallop Oil Prepared from the Internal Organs of the Japanese Giant Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), Fish Oil, and Krill Oil in Obese Type II Diabetic KK-A Mice.
We investigated how different oils, including newly produced scallop oil, fish oil, and krill oil, impact cholesterol levels in obese type II diabetic mice. Our study involved feeding these groups various high-fat diets for 42 days.
Remarkably, the scallop oil group showed a significant reduction in cholesterol levels in both serum and liver, while the fish oil and krill oil groups did not exhibit such benefits. The findings suggest that scallop oil might be a promising option for managing cholesterol and preventing related health issues.
Read More
9
Omega-3 effective for heart risk
The case for adding eicosapentaenoic acid (icosapent ethyl) to the ABCs of cardiovascular disease prevention.
We examined the role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), specifically icosapent ethyl, in reducing cardiovascular disease risks. Approved by the FDA, this omega-3 treatment showed a notable 25% reduction in major heart events for high-risk patients. These patients already had controlled cholesterol but elevated triglyceride levels.
Importantly, while EPA proved effective, mixed omega-3 products lacking substantial evidence for heart health did not provide the same benefits. We believe adding EPA-only formulations to cardiovascular prevention guidelines is essential for at-risk individuals.
Read More
9
8-HEPE benefits cholesterol management
8-HEPE-Concentrated Materials from Pacific Krill Improve Plasma Cholesterol Levels and Hepatic Steatosis in High Cholesterol Diet-Fed Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor-Deficient Mice.
We explored how 8-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (8-HEPE), derived from Pacific krill, could improve cholesterol levels in mice commonly used for dyslipidemia studies.
Over eighteen weeks, mice on a high-cholesterol diet receiving 8-HEPE showed significantly higher levels of good HDL cholesterol, alongside lower levels of bad LDL cholesterol and liver triglycerides.
This suggests that 8-HEPE may enhance lipid profiles and liver health by influencing certain genes in macrophages. While promising, further research is needed to confirm these benefits in humans.
This Omega-3 fish oil is excellent for health. It provides adequate doses of essential fatty acids and adheres to GMP standards. While it lacks the highest concentration of Omega-3s, it's cost-effective. I use it for skin and hair beauty, and my parents take it to maintain heart health. I recommend it, just follow the instructions of taking two capsules daily with meals.
Read More
9
Enhanced cholesterol levels
100 people found this helpful
Omega-3 acids help eliminate excess "bad" cholesterol and improve blood viscosity, normalising blood pressure. They also enhance the level of "good" cholesterol, promoting vascular health. I highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Cardiovascular support
33 people found this helpful
I love this fish oil. It significantly lowers blood cholesterol levels and plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis prevention. Omega-3 is essential for heart health, enhancing overall wellbeing and even skin conditions.
Read More
7.5
Immunity booster
22 people found this helpful
Omega-3 is vital for brain health and strengthens cell membranes. It helps lower heart disease risk and is important for overall health. I've noticed improvements in my blood pressure and mood since including it.
Read More
9
Effective treatment
18 people found this helpful
A pharmacist recommended this supplement, and it helped reduce my high cholesterol after six months of use. It's an excellent quality product for skin health and causes no side effects.
High cholesterol, or hyperlipidemia, is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s essential for building healthy cells, but too much of it can lead to serious health issues, including heart disease and stroke. Cholesterol is carried through the blood by lipoproteins, with two main types being low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, while HDL, known as "good" cholesterol, helps carry cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver.
Factors contributing to high cholesterol can include poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, and genetic predisposition. Regular health screenings are crucial, as high cholesterol often presents no overt symptoms. Maintaining a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, coupled with regular physical activity and avoiding tobacco, can help manage cholesterol levels effectively. In some cases, medications may be necessary to control high cholesterol, so consulting with a healthcare provider is key for tailored advice.
Omega-3 fish oil is a nutritional supplement derived from the fatty tissues of fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own. The most significant types of omega-3s found in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both of which are known for their numerous health benefits. These include reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and promoting brain function.
Incorporating omega-3 fish oil into your diet can be beneficial if you don’t consume enough fish regularly. Many health experts recommend oily fish as a part of a balanced diet due to their high omega-3 content. For those who find it difficult to include fish in their meals, fish oil supplements can offer a convenient alternative, providing the same essential fatty acids in concentrated form. However, it’s essential to choose high-quality supplements that are third-party tested for purity and potency to avoid contaminants such as heavy metals or other toxins that can impact health.
Omega-3 fish oil has been widely discussed for its potential benefits in managing cardiovascular health, including high cholesterol. Research indicates that omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA found in fish oil, can help lower triglyceride levels—a type of fat in the blood that contributes to high cholesterol. In some cases, these fatty acids may also raise levels of HDL (high-density lipoprotein), often referred to as "good" cholesterol. However, while omega-3s can be a beneficial part of a heart-healthy diet, they are not a stand-alone solution for cholesterol management.
It's essential to understand that fish oil supplementation should not replace standard cholesterol-lowering medications or lifestyle changes like diet and exercise. Consult with a healthcare professional before adding omega-3 supplements to your regimen, especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking other medications. Keeping a balanced diet rich in omega-3s from sources like fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts can also support overall health and align with cholesterol management goals.
Based on user reviews, the timeframe for seeing results from Omega-3 supplements for high cholesterol can vary. Some users report significant improvements in their cholesterol levels after approximately six months of consistent use Read Review. Others have noted positive effects in just a few weeks, particularly related to overall heart health and well-being Read Review.
Users emphasize the importance of adherence to the recommended dosage, usually two capsules daily with meals, to maximize benefits Read Review. Additionally, some have mentioned that taking Omega-3 alongside prescribed cholesterol medications can lead to even more pronounced results Read Review. Therefore, while the timeline can differ, many users suggest a commitment of several weeks to a few months for optimal effects and encourage ongoing monitoring of cholesterol levels.
Research indicates that several omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), present in fish oil and krill oil, have potential benefits for managing high cholesterol levels. Notably, one study found that EPA significantly lowered triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in patients with high cholesterol, suggesting its role in improving lipid profiles [27]. Additionally, Antarctic krill oil has shown promising effects in reducing cholesterol and fat accumulation while enhancing overall metabolic health in animal studies [1]. The body of evidence underscores the efficacy of these omega-3 fatty acids in both lowering harmful cholesterol levels and elevating beneficial HDL cholesterol levels, which is crucial for cardiovascular health [22].
However, while omega-3 fatty acids appear to provide cardiovascular benefits, the effects can vary based on individual health conditions and the specific types and dosages of these fatty acids used. Some studies noted that while EPA and DHA help manage triglycerides, their direct impact on total cholesterol levels may not always be straightforward [25]. Additionally, more extensive research may be needed to clarify these effects in broader populations to ensure generalizability and effectiveness of supplementation for high cholesterol management [1]. Overall, omega-3 fatty acids like EPA and DHA can be a valuable addition to the dietary approach for managing cholesterol, especially for individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases.
Users report a range of improvements in their health after taking Omega-3 supplements, particularly regarding cholesterol management. Many have noted significant reductions in both "bad" cholesterol and improvements in "good" cholesterol levels, contributing to overall cardiovascular health Read Review. For some, results became noticeable within weeks, while others experienced improvements after consistent use for several months Read Review. Users also report enhanced mood and energy levels alongside benefits to skin and hair health, showcasing the holistic advantages of incorporating Omega-3 into their routines Read ReviewRead Review.
It's important to note that individual results can vary, and while many users have shared positive experiences, consistency in dosage and adherence to recommendations seem to play a crucial role in achieving these benefits. Reviews highlight how taking Omega-3 with meals can further enhance its effectiveness Read Review. Overall, users consistently emphasize the product's benefits regarding cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and overall well-being, making it a worthwhile supplement for many Read Review.
Reviews indicate a positive consensus among users regarding the combination of Omega-3 supplements with other cholesterol medications for managing high cholesterol levels. Many users have reported significant benefits when taking Omega-3 alongside their prescribed medications, often noting enhanced cholesterol management results during their follow-up tests. For example, one user mentioned that taking Omega-3 along with their doctor's cholesterol medication led to excellent results in their latest cholesterol test Read Review. Additionally, another user confirmed that consistent use of Omega-3 over years effectively managed their high cholesterol levels, indicating that it serves as a valuable complement to other treatments Read Review.
Users also emphasize that adhering to the recommended dosage, typically two capsules daily with meals, plays a crucial role in maximizing the effectiveness of Omega-3, especially when used alongside other supplements or medications. One user noted improvements in their overall health and cholesterol levels and highlighted the importance of taking the capsules with meals to enhance results Read Review. Therefore, integrating Omega-3 into a broader cholesterol management strategy appears to be well-supported by user feedback, making it a potentially valuable supplement for many individuals dealing with high cholesterol.
When it comes to managing high cholesterol, optimal dosing of Omega-3 fish oil—specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)—is crucial. Several studies suggest that higher doses could lead to more significant benefits. Research indicates that doses around 4 grams of EPA daily may lead to notable improvements in lipid profiles, such as reducing triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in high-risk cardiovascular patients ([27]). In particular, patients with elevated triglycerides have shown reductions in their cardiovascular risks with such supplementation, which can further aid those already on statin therapy ([12]).
Additionally, combining EPA with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has demonstrated positive effects on endothelial function, which is essential for overall heart health. Participants receiving high doses of omega-3 (particularly the EPA/DHA combination) observed better cardiovascular indicators after three months ([17]). Overall, aiming for doses around 2 to 4 grams of EPA daily could be an effective strategy for addressing high cholesterol and improving heart health, especially in individuals struggling with elevated triglycerides and residual cardiovascular risks ([1]).
9
Effective treatment
18 people found this helpful
A pharmacist recommended this supplement, and it helped reduce my high cholesterol after six months of use. It's an excellent quality product for skin health and causes no side effects.
9
Positive skin effects
1 people found this helpful
An excellent product! It's vital for my body's development and strengthens the immune system while positively affecting fat burning. I noticed improved skin, nails, and hair after two weeks of use alongside managing high cholesterol. The capsules are large but easy to swallow, with no unpleasant aftertaste.
7.5
Good prevention
419 people found this helpful
This Omega-3 fish oil is excellent for health. It provides adequate doses of essential fatty acids and adheres to GMP standards. While it lacks the highest concentration of Omega-3s, it's cost-effective. I use it for skin and hair beauty, and my parents take it to maintain heart health. I recommend it, just follow the instructions of taking two capsules daily with meals.
9
Successful outcome
14 people found this helpful
Taking Omega-3 alongside my doctor's cholesterol medication has led to excellent results in my last cholesterol test.
9
Enhanced cholesterol levels
100 people found this helpful
Omega-3 acids help eliminate excess "bad" cholesterol and improve blood viscosity, normalising blood pressure. They also enhance the level of "good" cholesterol, promoting vascular health. I highly recommend it.
7.5
Immunity booster
22 people found this helpful
Omega-3 is vital for brain health and strengthens cell membranes. It helps lower heart disease risk and is important for overall health. I've noticed improvements in my blood pressure and mood since including it.
9
Effective omega-3
6 people found this helpful
I've taken omega-3 consistently, and the results have been fantastic. My energy has increased, and my cholesterol is now normal. The capsules are easy to swallow and don’t have a fishy aftertaste. I recommend taking them with meals for the best results. Everyone in my family has noticed the benefits.
7.5
Family consumption
2 people found this helpful
Recommended by a friend, this omega-3 has become part of my family's daily routine. We all take a capsule each morning, aiding in reducing high cholesterol and improving heart function. The capsules have no unpleasant taste, making them appealing to my children, unlike the pharmacy alternatives.
9
Natural form
8 people found this helpful
I’ve been using this Omega-3 for three years and can confirm its effectiveness in managing high cholesterol levels. It comes from natural fish sources and is well-absorbed with no unpleasant aftertaste.
9
High-purity EPA benefits cholesterol
Pleiotropic beneficial cardiometabolic actions of a high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid product in high cardiovascular risk individuals.
We examined the impact of a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) formulation on cholesterol levels and overall heart health in individuals considered at high risk for cardiovascular issues. The study involved 226 patients who had high triglycerides and one or more cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension or diabetes.
Participants received 4 grams of EPA daily for three months alongside regular nutritional counseling. By tracking key health markers, we noted significant improvements in cholesterol levels, particularly in triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, triglyceride levels dropped from an average of 2.97 mmol/L to 1.75 mmol/L in just three months.
Additionally, we found improvements in other important metrics, including total cholesterol and glucose levels, indicating that EPA supplementation may have broad benefits for cardiometabolic health. Although apolipoprotein A levels did not change significantly, the overall trend suggests that incorporating EPA could play a role in achieving better heart health outcomes.
9
Antarctic krill oil aids cholesterol
Antarctic Krill Oil Supplementation Attenuates Hypercholesterolemia, Fatty Liver, and Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.
We aimed to understand how Antarctic krill oil (ESKO) affects cholesterol levels, particularly in relation to obesity. Through our study involving mice, we observed that ESKO helped reduce oxidative stress and improve cholesterol metabolism.
While a high-fat diet usually worsens cholesterol levels, ESKO demonstrated a protective effect by reducing fat accumulation and promoting better metabolic health. This suggests that krill oil could be a promising option for managing high cholesterol and obesity-related issues.
8
EPA's effects on cholesterol explored
The differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
We examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, on high cholesterol levels. In a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, we looked at studies involving at least 2 grams of EPA or its counterpart, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Both EPA and DHA were found to lower triglyceride levels, with DHA appearing slightly more effective. Interestingly, we also saw that DHA increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is known to promote heart health, while EPA does so as well, but to a lesser extent.
On the flip side, DHA has been observed to increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, but it also enhances the size of LDL particles, making them less likely to contribute to artery blockages. Moreover, we noted that DHA might be more effective than EPA in reducing heart rate and blood pressure, which are essential factors in heart health.
Although both EPA and DHA show potential in promoting heart health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, the variations in their effects can make things complicated. We found that the evidence comparing EPA and DHA directly is limited, and more high-quality research is necessary to better understand their individual impacts on cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Overall, while EPA has beneficial effects on cholesterol, further studies are needed to isolate these effects clearly from those of DHA.
4
Eicosapentaenoic acid's unclear effects
Atherosclerosis Residual Lipid Risk-Overview of Existing and Future Pharmacotherapies.
We observed that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, has been linked to cardiovascular health in various studies. While it has shown some promise in reducing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, its effects specifically on cholesterol levels are less clear. Notably, the reduction in triglyceride levels associated with high doses of EPA did not consistently lead to improvements in overall cholesterol readings across larger phase 3 trials.
It’s important to recognize that even though EPA appeared helpful in lowering triglycerides, this did not correlate with a decrease in cholesterol levels uniformly. Moreover, other treatment methods aimed at reducing triglycerides, such as fibrates, didn’t exhibit significant benefits in future cardiovascular risk. Thus, while EPA contributes to cardiovascular health, its direct impact on cholesterol management remains inconclusive, suggesting that EPA may play a more complex role in overall heart health rather than simply lowering cholesterol.
9
Significant reduction in ischemic events
Effects of Icosapent Ethyl on Total Ischemic Events: From REDUCE-IT.
We analyzed the effects of icosapent ethyl, a form of Omega 3 fish oil, on patients with high triglycerides and cardiovascular issues. The REDUCE-IT trial involved over 8,000 statin-treated patients and demonstrated that icosapent ethyl significantly reduced both the first and total ischemic events, which include serious heart conditions like heart attacks and strokes.
This means that those at risk saw meaningful benefits from this treatment. Overall, we found that icosapent ethyl could be a valuable option for improving heart health in patients struggling with high cholesterol and triglycerides.
7
Eicosapentaenoic Acid Enhances Endothelial Health
Clinical Significance of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Under Statin Therapy.
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on endothelial function among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who were already on statin therapy to manage their cholesterol levels. This study included 150 patients whose LDL cholesterol was well-controlled, but we wanted to find out if EPA could further improve vascular health, specifically by improving endothelial function, which is crucial for overall cardiovascular wellness.
To assess this, we measured the omega-3 fatty acids present in the blood and evaluated endothelial function through a test called flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. For those showing impaired function and low levels of EPA and arachidonic acid, we provided an EPA supplement for three months and measured the changes.
Our findings revealed that higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and a combination of EPA and DHA, positively correlated with better endothelial function. Most importantly, the patients who received EPA therapy showed improvements in their vascular function, especially those who also had high triglycerides.
Overall, while statins effectively lower cholesterol, the addition of EPA could potentially enhance heart health even further, especially for individuals with specific lipid profiles.
References
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Hirako S, Kim H, Iizuka Y, Matsumoto A. Fish oil consumption prevents hepatic lipid accumulation induced by high-cholesterol feeding in obese KK mice. Biomed Res. 2024;45:33. doi:10.2220/biomedres.45.33
Mjaatveit M, Oldernes H, Gudbrandsen OA. Effects of diets containing fish oils or fish oil concentrates with high cetoleic acid content on the circulating cholesterol concentration in rodents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2024;131:606. doi:10.1017/S0007114523002118
Zhang C, Wang X, Sun S, Fu Y, Wu Y, et al. Fat-1 expression alleviates atherosclerosis in transgenic rabbits. J Cell Mol Med. 2022;26:1306. doi:10.1111/jcmm.17188
Sugimoto K, Hosomi R, Shimono T, Kanda S, Nishiyama T, et al. Comparison of the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Scallop Oil Prepared from the Internal Organs of the Japanese Giant Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), Fish Oil, and Krill Oil in Obese Type II Diabetic KK-A Mice. J Oleo Sci. 2021;70:965. doi:10.5650/jos.ess21032
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Trivedi K, Le V, Nelson JR. The case for adding eicosapentaenoic acid (icosapent ethyl) to the ABCs of cardiovascular disease prevention. Postgrad Med. 2021;133:28. doi:10.1080/00325481.2020.1783937
Saito M, Ishida N, Yamada H, Ibi M, Hirose M. 8-HEPE-Concentrated Materials from Pacific Krill Improve Plasma Cholesterol Levels and Hepatic Steatosis in High Cholesterol Diet-Fed Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor-Deficient Mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2020;43:919. doi:10.1248/bpb.b20-00162
Llop-Talaveron J, Badía-Tahull M, Lozano-Andreu T, Rigo-Bonnin R, Virgili-Casas N, et al. Phytosterolemia and γ-glutamyl transferase in adults with parenteral nutrition: Fish versus vegetal lipids: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrition. 2020;70:110587. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.110587
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Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Wang P, Zhang B, Chen C, et al. EPA+DHA, but not ALA, Improved Lipids and Inflammation Status in Hypercholesterolemic Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019;63:e1801157. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201801157
Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, et al. Effects of Icosapent Ethyl on Total Ischemic Events: From REDUCE-IT. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2791. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.032
Preston Mason R. New Insights into Mechanisms of Action for Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2019;21:2. doi:10.1007/s11883-019-0762-1
Vikøren LA, Drotningsvik A, Bergseth MT, Mjøs SA, Austgulen MH, et al. Intake of Baked Cod Fillet Resulted in Lower Serum Cholesterol and Higher Long Chain -3 PUFA Concentrations in Serum and Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. Nutrients. 2018;10. doi:10.3390/nu10070840
Blom WAM, Koppenol WP, Hiemstra H, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, et al. A low-fat spread with added plant sterols and fish omega-3 fatty acids lowers serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with modest hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58:1615. doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1706-1
Shen J, Rastogi R, Guan L, Li F, Du H, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplement reduces activation of NADPH oxidase in intracranial atherosclerosis stenosis. Neurol Res. 2018;40:499. doi:10.1080/01616412.2018.1451290
Yunoki K, Matsumi H, Miyoshi T, Kubo M, Hata Y, et al. Clinical Significance of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Under Statin Therapy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12. doi:10.3390/jcdd12020060
Aggarwal R, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes With Icosapent Ethyl by Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Secondary Analysis of the REDUCE-IT Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038656. doi:10.1161/JAHA.124.038656
Uthaiah NM, Venkataramareddy SR, Mudhol S, Sheikh AY. EPA-rich Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass regulates gut microbiota, alleviates inflammation and ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats. Food Res Int. 2025;202:115733. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115733
Yoshikiyo K, Shimizu H, Nagato EG, Ishizuka S, Yamamoto T. Comparative Analysis of γ-Cyclodextrin, Perilla Oil, and Their Inclusion Complexes on Liver Injury and Dyslipidemia Associated with Elevated Gastrointestinal 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acid Levels. Molecules. 2025;30. doi:10.3390/molecules30020281
Lamantia V, Bissonnette S, Beaudry M, Cyr Y, Rosiers CD, et al. EPA and DHA inhibit LDL-induced upregulation of human adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β pathway and its association with diabetes risk factors. Sci Rep. 2024;14:27146. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73672-6
Choi GY, Calder PC. The differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1423228. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1423228
Bashir B, Schofield J, Downie P, France M, Ashcroft DM, et al. Beyond LDL-C: unravelling the residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk landscape-focus on hypertriglyceridaemia. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1389106. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1389106
Lin YL, Wang CL, Chiang TI. Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation alleviates pruritus, enhances skin moisture, and mitigates depression in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Front Nephrol. 2024;4:1365809. doi:10.3389/fneph.2024.1365809
Omari M, Alkhalil M. Atherosclerosis Residual Lipid Risk-Overview of Existing and Future Pharmacotherapies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11. doi:10.3390/jcdd11040126
Szarek M, Bhatt DL, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, et al. Lipoprotein(a) Blood Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction With Icosapent Ethyl. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83:1529. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.016
Liakos CI, Lanaras L, Bristianou M, Papadopoulos DP. Pleiotropic beneficial cardiometabolic actions of a high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid product in high cardiovascular risk individuals. Lipids. 2024;59:67. doi:10.1002/lipd.12391
Ganuza E, Etomi EH, Olson M, Whisner CM. Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic polar-lipid rich extract from microalgae decreases plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in a real-world normolipidemic supplement consumer population. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1293909. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1293909
Kobayashi Y, Fujikawa T, Haruna A, Kawano R, Ozawa M, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Remnant-like Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improve the Ankle-Brachial Index of Hemodialysis Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Pilot Study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;60. doi:10.3390/medicina60010075
Mueller PA, Bergstrom P, Rosario S, Heard M, Pamir N. Fish Oil Supplementation Modifies the Proteome, Lipidome, and Function of High-Density Lipoprotein: Findings from a Trial in Young Healthy Adults. J Nutr. 2024;154:1130. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.007
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