We conducted an observational study to explore how myo-inositol (MI) combined with selenium (Se) impacts patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and associated thyroid nodules (TNs).
Our research involved 642 patients suspected of having hypothyroidism, focusing on a subset with SCH. We divided them into two groups: one that received the MI plus Se treatment for six months and a control group that did not receive any treatment.
Among the received results, we found that the treatment group showed a significant reduction in the size and number of mixed TNs, alongside an improved elasticity score. Remarkably, TSH levels also dropped significantly after treatment, indicating a positive response. In contrast, the control group experienced an increase in TSH levels, highlighting the potential benefits of MI plus Se for managing symptoms of hypothyroidism.
These findings suggest promising avenues for further research, particularly regarding the role of inositol in thyroid health. While we observed substantial benefits in the treated group, we also emphasize the need for more extensive studies to confirm these effects and their mechanisms.
Read More
8
Myo-Inositol improves thyroid function
The Role of Inositol in Thyroid Physiology and in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Management.
We explored the effective role of Myo-Inositol (MYO) in thyroid health, particularly its impact on subclinical hypothyroidism. This study looked into how MYO serves as a precursor in the thyroid hormone signaling process and the associated phosphoinositide pathways.
By analyzing treatment outcomes, we observed that when patients with subclinical hypothyroidism received Myo-Inositol along with Selenium, their thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels significantly decreased. This reduction in TSH was paired with a decline in thyroid autoantibodies, suggesting that MYO might effectively enhance thyroid function and immune response.
Additionally, there's emerging evidence supporting the use of Myo-Inositol in managing benign thyroid nodules, hinting at a potential for size reduction. Overall, our findings indicate that Myo-Inositol could be a valuable component in thyroid disease treatment, particularly for subclinical hypothyroidism.
Read More
9.5
Myo-Inositol and Selenium Effective
Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis.
We explored the potential benefits of combining myo-inositol and selenium in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly those dealing with subclinical hypothyroidism. Our study included 86 patients who had elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels but normal thyroid hormone levels, indicating early signs of thyroid dysfunction.
After six months of treatment with myo-inositol and selenium, we observed significant changes: TSH levels decreased, while important thyroid hormone markers, TPOAb and TgAb, also showed reduction. Interestingly, we noted an improvement in the overall quality of life for the patients involved in the study.
A special case of one hyperthyroid patient stood out; their TSH levels showed a positive shift from 0.14 U/ml to 1.02 U/ml, bringing them back into a normal range. This suggests that combined treatment with myo-inositol and selenium not only aids in reducing thyroid-related antibodies but also promotes a healthier thyroid overall.
In summary, our findings indicate that integrating myo-inositol with selenium can effectively support thyroid health for those affected by autoimmune thyroiditis.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Effective treatment
1 people found this helpful
Inositol is a vital precursor to phospholipids, essential components of cell membranes. It aids in nutrient transfer and fat conversion. This specific product contains crystalline inositol and has been effectively used in treating hypothyroidism. I found it to be one of the best options available after testing many samples, and I wholeheartedly recommend it!
Read More
9
Anxiety relief
Fast delivery! Inositol has significantly helped my hypothyroidism and anxiety. Many thanks to iHerb!
Read More
7.5
Increased energy
18 people found this helpful
I experienced an immediate surge of strength when taking Inositol in combination with selenium and taurine to reduce TSH and thyroxine dosage. As someone with hypothyroidism, this has been beneficial. It's essentially vitamin B8 and is particularly useful for women facing challenges in planning a pregnancy.
We explored the potential benefits of combining myo-inositol and selenium in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly those dealing with subclinical hypothyroidism. Our study included 86 patients who had elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels but normal thyroid hormone levels, indicating early signs of thyroid dysfunction.
After six months of treatment with myo-inositol and selenium, we observed significant changes: TSH levels decreased, while important thyroid hormone markers, TPOAb and TgAb, also showed reduction. Interestingly, we noted an improvement in the overall quality of life for the patients involved in the study.
A special case of one hyperthyroid patient stood out; their TSH levels showed a positive shift from 0.14 U/ml to 1.02 U/ml, bringing them back into a normal range. This suggests that combined treatment with myo-inositol and selenium not only aids in reducing thyroid-related antibodies but also promotes a healthier thyroid overall.
In summary, our findings indicate that integrating myo-inositol with selenium can effectively support thyroid health for those affected by autoimmune thyroiditis.
Read More
9
Myo-inositol and selenium aid hypothyroidism
Supplementation with myo-inositol and Selenium improves the clinical conditions and biochemical features of women with or at risk for subclinical hypothyroidism.
In our recent study, we explored the effects of myo-inositol combined with selenium on women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism. We included 148 participants from eight centers across Slovakia, all women of reproductive age. These women displayed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels indicating subclinical hypothyroidism and some exhibited autoimmune markers.
The treatment involved a daily supplementation of 600 mg of myo-inositol and 83 mcg of selenium over a period of six months. We carefully monitored changes in TSH levels, symptoms associated with hypothyroidism, and overall thyroid function throughout this time.
Our findings revealed a significant improvement in TSH levels among the participants after the supplement regimen. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in autoimmune antibody levels for a subset of patients. Many women reported improvements in their menstrual cycles and a decrease in cholesterol levels, which often aligns with thyroid health.
This combination of myo-inositol and selenium not only appeared to stabilize thyroid function but also alleviated the symptoms linked to subclinical hypothyroidism. Overall, our research indicates the potential benefits of these supplements in managing this condition.
Read More
9
Myo-Inositol aids hypothyroidism treatment
Myo-inositol in autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism.
We explored the effects of myo-inositol (Myo-Ins) on individuals with hypothyroidism, particularly those diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis. In recent studies, patients were treated with a combination of Myo-Ins and seleniomethionine, which led to significant declines in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. This suggests that Myo-Ins may play a role in managing subclinical hypothyroidism.
Importantly, the treatment also resulted in a decrease in antithyroid autoantibodies and serum CXCL10 levels, indicating an immune-modulatory effect of Myo-Ins. However, it’s crucial to note that because Myo-Ins was evaluated alongside seleniomethionine, it's difficult to determine the specific benefits attributed solely to inositol.
Overall, while the combined treatment shows promise, further research with larger populations is necessary to fully understand Myo-Ins’ impact on quality of life and its mechanisms, especially regarding chemokines.
Read More
9
Myo-inositol reduces thyroid nodule size
Evaluation of thyroid nodule characteristics in subclinical hypothyroid patients under a myo-inositol plus selenium treatment.
We conducted an observational study to explore how myo-inositol (MI) combined with selenium (Se) impacts patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and associated thyroid nodules (TNs).
Our research involved 642 patients suspected of having hypothyroidism, focusing on a subset with SCH. We divided them into two groups: one that received the MI plus Se treatment for six months and a control group that did not receive any treatment.
Among the received results, we found that the treatment group showed a significant reduction in the size and number of mixed TNs, alongside an improved elasticity score. Remarkably, TSH levels also dropped significantly after treatment, indicating a positive response. In contrast, the control group experienced an increase in TSH levels, highlighting the potential benefits of MI plus Se for managing symptoms of hypothyroidism.
These findings suggest promising avenues for further research, particularly regarding the role of inositol in thyroid health. While we observed substantial benefits in the treated group, we also emphasize the need for more extensive studies to confirm these effects and their mechanisms.
Read More
9
Supplementation improves thyroid function
Myo-inositol plus selenium supplementation restores euthyroid state in Hashimoto's patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
We explored the effectiveness of myo-inositol (MI) and selenium (Se) supplements in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis, specifically for patients dealing with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). In this study, 168 participants with elevated Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels were split into two groups: one received both MI and Se, while the other group was given Se alone.
After six months of treatment, we observed significant improvements in the group taking MI-Se. Notably, TSH levels, along with anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies, saw a marked decrease. Moreover, there was a notable rise in free serum T4 levels for those on the combined treatment, which also contributed positively to their overall quality of life.
In conclusion, our findings suggest that the combination of MI and Se is an effective strategy for reinstating normal thyroid function in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, thus restoring their wellbeing.
Inositol is a vital precursor to phospholipids, essential components of cell membranes. It aids in nutrient transfer and fat conversion. This specific product contains crystalline inositol and has been effectively used in treating hypothyroidism. I found it to be one of the best options available after testing many samples, and I wholeheartedly recommend it!
Read More
9
Anxiety relief
Fast delivery! Inositol has significantly helped my hypothyroidism and anxiety. Many thanks to iHerb!
Read More
7.5
Increased energy
18 people found this helpful
I experienced an immediate surge of strength when taking Inositol in combination with selenium and taurine to reduce TSH and thyroxine dosage. As someone with hypothyroidism, this has been beneficial. It's essentially vitamin B8 and is particularly useful for women facing challenges in planning a pregnancy.
Read More
7.5
Reduces cravings
11 people found this helpful
My Masthev ... and it works! I have hypothyroidism and asthma, which means I’m also overweight. In the first month, I took 4000 mg of Inositol per day, divided into two doses with meals. In the first week, my cravings for sweets vanished completely. I’ve since reduced my dosage to 2000 mg daily. I switched to powder, which I find more convenient. Before starting any new supplement, it's important to consult your doctor. Wishing everyone success! ❤️
Read More
7.5
Effective support
This supplement provides excellent assistance with both AIT and hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism is a medical condition that occurs when the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. These hormones, mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play a critical role in regulating various bodily functions, including metabolism, energy production, and overall growth and development. When hormone levels drop, it can lead to a slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, depression, and a host of other symptoms that can significantly affect quality of life.
The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, certain medications, radiation treatment, or iodine deficiency. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to check levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones. Treatment primarily includes hormone replacement therapy, with synthetic thyroid hormones such as levothyroxine being the most common form of treatment. With proper management, individuals with hypothyroidism can lead normal, healthy lives by ensuring they receive the necessary hormones their bodies need to function optimally.
Inositol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that plays a crucial role in cellular signaling and the structural integrity of cell membranes. It is a member of the B-vitamin complex and exists in several forms, with myo-inositol being the most prevalent in the human body. Inositol is found in various foods, including fruits, beans, grains, and nuts, and it can also be synthesized by the body from glucose. It is often marketed as a supplement for various health benefits, including mental health support, particularly for conditions like anxiety and depression, and is studied for its potential role in managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Research suggests that inositol may help in alleviating symptoms associated with these health issues by enhancing insulin sensitivity and regulating hormonal balance. While it is generally considered safe for consumption, individuals should consult with healthcare professionals before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if they have existing health conditions or are taking other medications. As with any supplement, the effectiveness can vary from person to person, and understanding the underlying scientific evidence can guide informed choices.
Based on user reviews, the time it takes to see results from taking Inositol for hypothyroidism can vary significantly among individuals. Some users report experiencing improvements almost immediately, such as a surge of strength after just one dose, especially when combined with other supplements like selenium and taurine Read Review. Others have noted that they began to feel the benefits within the first few weeks, reporting noticeable changes in cravings and overall well-being Read Review.
A few reviews echo longer-term experiences, suggesting that consistent use over several months can yield significant benefits, particularly regarding thyroid function and overall health maintenance Read Review. For instance, one user observed menstrual cycle stabilization after six months of regular intake Read Review. Given the variance in individual experiences, it is recommended to monitor your own progress while consulting with a healthcare professional.
Current scientific research suggests that myo-inositol, particularly when combined with selenium, shows promise in managing hypothyroidism, specifically in cases of subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Several studies have indicated that this combination can lead to significant reductions in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and improvements in autoimmune antibody profiles. For instance, one study involving women with subclinical hypothyroidism noted that participants who supplemented with myo-inositol and selenium experienced significant improvements in TSH levels and reported alleviated symptoms associated with their condition [2]. Additionally, another investigation highlighted the benefits of this supplement combination in reducing TSH levels and thyroid autoantibodies, suggesting it may effectively enhance thyroid health [3].
However, it is crucial to note that while myo-inositol displays beneficial properties in these contexts, there is limited evidence of its standalone effectiveness without selenium. Many findings point to the necessity for further research to fully elucidate myo-inositol's specific role and mechanisms in thyroid health, especially given that some studies have not found a substantial impact when myo-inositol was used in isolation [1]. Overall, the combined use of myo-inositol and selenium appears to be a promising approach for those grappling with thyroid-related issues, particularly autoimmune conditions, but further large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings and better understand their applications in clinical practice.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive improvements in their symptoms after incorporating Inositol into their routine for managing hypothyroidism. Some users have noted significant changes, such as reduced cravings for sweets and improved mood stability, particularly when taking Inositol in combination with other supplements like selenium and taurine Read Review. Others have experienced immediate enhancements in strength and overall well-being, with one user highlighting the effectiveness of Inositol in making their hypothyroidism more manageable Read Review.
Additionally, users have observed longer-term benefits, including improved thyroid function and stabilization of menstrual cycles after consistent use over several months Read Review. While individual results can vary, many have expressed gratitude for the role Inositol has played in their health journey, with some stating it as a cornerstone in their treatment plan for hypothyroidism Read Review. As always, it is advisable to consult with healthcare professionals to tailor supplementation to individual needs.
Users have reported various experiences when combining Inositol with other supplements to manage hypothyroidism. Many have found significant improvements in their symptoms, particularly when Inositol is taken alongside selenium and taurine. One user noted an immediate surge of strength from this combination, which also helped them reduce their TSH and thyroxine dosage, proving to be quite beneficial in their overall management of hypothyroidism Read Review. Other users highlighted the importance of consulting with healthcare professionals before initiating any new supplements, emphasizing the potential benefits that can arise from careful supplementation strategies Read Review.
Additionally, some users mentioned that they were incorporating other supplements such as magnesium alongside Inositol and reported health improvements. However, they acknowledged the challenge in isolating the effects of Inositol from the benefits provided by these additional supplements Read Review. Overall, while individual results may vary, combining Inositol with other specific supplements appears to be a popular and potentially effective approach among users dealing with hypothyroidism.
The optimal dose of Myo-Inositol for treating hypothyroidism, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism, appears to be around 600 mg per day when combined with 83 mcg of selenium, based on comprehensive research findings. In a study of 148 women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism, this specific supplementation regimen over six months led to a significant improvement in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, alongside positive changes in menstrual cycles and cholesterol levels [2]. Additionally, this dosing strategy has shown potential in reducing autoimmune antibody levels, which aligns with the goals of managing autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [8].
It's worth noting, however, that while Myo-Inositol has demonstrated some benefits in improving thyroid function and managing symptoms associated with hypothyroidism, its effectiveness is often enhanced when used alongside selenium, rather than alone. Several studies indicate that focusing solely on Myo-Inositol might not yield as comprehensive benefits, suggesting that future research should further clarify its independent role in thyroid health [3]. Overall, if you're considering integrating Myo-Inositol into your health regimen for thyroid management, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the right approach tailored to your individual needs.
7.5
Increased energy
18 people found this helpful
I experienced an immediate surge of strength when taking Inositol in combination with selenium and taurine to reduce TSH and thyroxine dosage. As someone with hypothyroidism, this has been beneficial. It's essentially vitamin B8 and is particularly useful for women facing challenges in planning a pregnancy.
7.5
Reduces cravings
11 people found this helpful
My Masthev ... and it works! I have hypothyroidism and asthma, which means I’m also overweight. In the first month, I took 4000 mg of Inositol per day, divided into two doses with meals. In the first week, my cravings for sweets vanished completely. I’ve since reduced my dosage to 2000 mg daily. I switched to powder, which I find more convenient. Before starting any new supplement, it's important to consult your doctor. Wishing everyone success! ❤️
7.5
Health improvement
I've heard many positive reviews about inositol. With my hypothyroidism, these capsules were recommended to me, and I’ve noticed an improvement in both my health and thyroid function. However, I also take selenium and magnesium, so I can't be certain that this supplement alone is the reason for my improvement.
6
Supports fertility
17 people found this helpful
Inositol is a highly versatile vitamin-like substance that affects the entire body. It enhances communication between the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and peripheral endocrine glands, being particularly useful for hypothyroidism, AIT, and PCOS. I took 750 mg daily for six months to support my fertility. Remarkably, my menstrual cycle stabilised to a regular 28 days instead of the previous 23-25 days. I've ordered more now.
9
Anxiety relief
Fast delivery! Inositol has significantly helped my hypothyroidism and anxiety. Many thanks to iHerb!
9
Myo-inositol and selenium aid hypothyroidism
Supplementation with myo-inositol and Selenium improves the clinical conditions and biochemical features of women with or at risk for subclinical hypothyroidism.
In our recent study, we explored the effects of myo-inositol combined with selenium on women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism. We included 148 participants from eight centers across Slovakia, all women of reproductive age. These women displayed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels indicating subclinical hypothyroidism and some exhibited autoimmune markers.
The treatment involved a daily supplementation of 600 mg of myo-inositol and 83 mcg of selenium over a period of six months. We carefully monitored changes in TSH levels, symptoms associated with hypothyroidism, and overall thyroid function throughout this time.
Our findings revealed a significant improvement in TSH levels among the participants after the supplement regimen. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in autoimmune antibody levels for a subset of patients. Many women reported improvements in their menstrual cycles and a decrease in cholesterol levels, which often aligns with thyroid health.
This combination of myo-inositol and selenium not only appeared to stabilize thyroid function but also alleviated the symptoms linked to subclinical hypothyroidism. Overall, our research indicates the potential benefits of these supplements in managing this condition.
We examined how myoinositol, a form of inositol, impacts hypothyroidism, especially in relation to autoimmune thyroiditis. Our focus was on its potential to improve thyroid function by affecting important processes like iodine organification and the production of thyroid hormones.
In this context, we found that participants with subclinical hypothyroidism saw significant reductions in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels after treatment with a combination of myoinositol and selenium. This suggests that myoinositol could play an important role in managing thyroid issues. Additionally, we noticed a decrease in antithyroid autoantibodies, which further indicates that myoinositol may help those dealing with autoimmune thyroid conditions.
Overall, our findings suggest that myoinositol has a beneficial effect on thyroid health, particularly in supporting those with hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. The combination of myoinositol and selenium could be a promising approach for better thyroid management.
7
Myo-inositol's limited impact on thyroid
Role of Supplementation with Selenium and Myo-Inositol Versus Selenium Alone in Patients of Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
We explored the effectiveness of myo-inositol in combination with selenium for treating autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and how this combination impacts thyroid hormone levels. Through a systematic review and meta-analysis of various studies, we found that supplementing selenium with myo-inositol led to a significant reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels compared to taking selenium alone. Additionally, we observed a notable decline in thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) in the combined treatment group.
However, it’s important to note that while TSH and TgAb levels showed improvement, the levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), T3, and T4 were not significantly affected by the addition of myo-inositol. This indicates that while there can be benefits to using inositol alongside selenium, it doesn’t appear to have a strong standalone effect on hypothyroidism. Our findings suggest the need for further research to fully understand the role of myo-inositol in thyroid health and its potential contributions to restoring a healthy thyroid function.
9
Supplementation improves thyroid function
Myo-inositol plus selenium supplementation restores euthyroid state in Hashimoto's patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
We explored the effectiveness of myo-inositol (MI) and selenium (Se) supplements in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis, specifically for patients dealing with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). In this study, 168 participants with elevated Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels were split into two groups: one received both MI and Se, while the other group was given Se alone.
After six months of treatment, we observed significant improvements in the group taking MI-Se. Notably, TSH levels, along with anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies, saw a marked decrease. Moreover, there was a notable rise in free serum T4 levels for those on the combined treatment, which also contributed positively to their overall quality of life.
In conclusion, our findings suggest that the combination of MI and Se is an effective strategy for reinstating normal thyroid function in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, thus restoring their wellbeing.
References
Zuhair V, Sheikh AT, Shafi N, Babar A, Khan A, et al. Role of Supplementation with Selenium and Myo-Inositol Versus Selenium Alone in Patients of Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2024;17:11795514241300998. 10.1177/11795514241300998
Payer J, Jackuliak P, Kužma M, Džupon M, Vaňuga P. Supplementation with myo-inositol and Selenium improves the clinical conditions and biochemical features of women with or at risk for subclinical hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1067029. 10.3389/fendo.2022.1067029
Paparo SR, Ferrari SM, Patrizio A, Elia G, Ragusa F, et al. Myoinositol in Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:930756. 10.3389/fendo.2022.930756
Benvenga S, Nordio M, Laganà AS, Unfer V. The Role of Inositol in Thyroid Physiology and in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:662582. 10.3389/fendo.2021.662582
Pace C, Tumino D, Russo M, Le Moli R, Naselli A, et al. Role of selenium and myo-inositol supplementation on autoimmune thyroiditis progression. Endocr J. 2020;67:1093. 10.1507/endocrj.EJ20-0062
Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Elia G, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, et al. Myo-inositol in autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2018;19:349. 10.1007/s11154-018-9477-9
Nordio M, Basciani S. Evaluation of thyroid nodule characteristics in subclinical hypothyroid patients under a myo-inositol plus selenium treatment. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22:2153. 10.26355/eurrev_201804_14749
Nordio M, Basciani S. Myo-inositol plus selenium supplementation restores euthyroid state in Hashimoto's patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21:51.
Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Di Bari F, Vita R, Benvenga S, et al. Myo-inositol and selenium reduce the risk of developing overt hypothyroidism in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21:36.
Nordio M, Basciani S. Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:2549491. 10.1155/2017/2549491
Nordio M, Pajalich R. Combined treatment with Myo-inositol and selenium ensures euthyroidism in subclinical hypothyroidism patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. J Thyroid Res. 2013;2013:424163. 10.1155/2013/424163