Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 12 Researches
7.6
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 9 Reviews
7.7
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) (from Lanolin)
50 mcg (2,000 IU)
250%
Top Medical Research Studies
8
Vitamin D reduces triglycerides effectively
We explored the effects of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profiles in overweight and obese women. Our investigation included data from various randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that specifically examined how vitamin D might influence cholesterol and triglyceride levels in this population.
Our analysis revealed that vitamin D had a significant impact on lowering triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. We found reductions of about 6.13 mg/dL for triglycerides and 4.45 mg/dL for total cholesterol. Additionally, there was a noteworthy increase in HDL cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol, by an average of 1.54 mg/dL.
Interestingly, we noticed that those with higher baseline triglyceride levels saw even greater benefits, particularly with a significant reduction in triglycerides when vitamin D was supplemented for 26 weeks or less. However, it’s important to mention that vitamin D supplementation did not have a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels in this group.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D can be an effective option for managing certain aspects of lipid profiles in overweight or obese women, particularly in addressing high triglycerides.
Our analysis revealed that vitamin D had a significant impact on lowering triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. We found reductions of about 6.13 mg/dL for triglycerides and 4.45 mg/dL for total cholesterol. Additionally, there was a noteworthy increase in HDL cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol, by an average of 1.54 mg/dL.
Interestingly, we noticed that those with higher baseline triglyceride levels saw even greater benefits, particularly with a significant reduction in triglycerides when vitamin D was supplemented for 26 weeks or less. However, it’s important to mention that vitamin D supplementation did not have a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels in this group.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D can be an effective option for managing certain aspects of lipid profiles in overweight or obese women, particularly in addressing high triglycerides.
8
We conducted a study to explore the relationship between vitamin D3 and obesity, particularly focusing on its impact on cholesterol levels, glucose metabolism, and bone health in children. Our research involved 723 pediatric participants, with some receiving vitamin D3 supplements and others a placebo over a two-year period.
The results showed promising findings. Those in the vitamin D3 group experienced a meaningful reduction in cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. We also observed significant improvements in bone density. The data indicated that higher levels of vitamin D3 were linked to better metabolic health, providing a clear connection between vitamin D3 supplementation and managing obesity-related complications.
Overall, our research suggests that supplementing with vitamin D3 could be a beneficial strategy for enhancing metabolic health in children facing obesity. It’s an exciting advancement for clinicians aiming to support healthy growth and development in pediatric patients.
The results showed promising findings. Those in the vitamin D3 group experienced a meaningful reduction in cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. We also observed significant improvements in bone density. The data indicated that higher levels of vitamin D3 were linked to better metabolic health, providing a clear connection between vitamin D3 supplementation and managing obesity-related complications.
Overall, our research suggests that supplementing with vitamin D3 could be a beneficial strategy for enhancing metabolic health in children facing obesity. It’s an exciting advancement for clinicians aiming to support healthy growth and development in pediatric patients.
5
Vitamin D3 affects triglycerides only
We set out to investigate how vitamin D3 could influence the lipid profiles of people dealing with obesity or overweight issues. By examining various randomized controlled trials, we aimed to clarify the connection between vitamin D supplementation and changes in cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Our findings indicated that vitamin D did produce notable changes in triglyceride levels, particularly in those with obesity. For instance, when we looked into specific groups—like those with existing health conditions or higher baseline triglyceride levels—we observed significant reductions in triglycerides. However, it’s crucial to note that vitamin D supplementation did not yield any significant effects on LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, or total cholesterol levels.
Overall, while we found some positive impacts of vitamin D on triglyceride levels, it does not seem to affect all aspects of lipid profiles in overweight individuals. This suggests that while vitamin D has its benefits, it may not be a comprehensive solution for obesity-related lipid issues.
Our findings indicated that vitamin D did produce notable changes in triglyceride levels, particularly in those with obesity. For instance, when we looked into specific groups—like those with existing health conditions or higher baseline triglyceride levels—we observed significant reductions in triglycerides. However, it’s crucial to note that vitamin D supplementation did not yield any significant effects on LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, or total cholesterol levels.
Overall, while we found some positive impacts of vitamin D on triglyceride levels, it does not seem to affect all aspects of lipid profiles in overweight individuals. This suggests that while vitamin D has its benefits, it may not be a comprehensive solution for obesity-related lipid issues.
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Improved well-being
1 people found this helpful
Since I started taking vitamin D, I've noticed improvements such as reduced drowsiness and increased energy. This vitamin is essential not only for bones but also for metabolic health. Adequate vitamin D intake reportedly lowers the risk of obesity and metabolic syndromes. I recommend consulting a doctor before starting.
7.5
Increased dosages recommended
Should tests reveal low vitamin D levels, a daily intake of 1500 - 2000 IU is advisable. For those with a BMI over 30, increasing the dosage to 6000 - 8000 IU may be beneficial in addressing obesity-related issues.
6
Diverse health conditions
I've been diagnosed with diabetes for nearly 30 years, and I've realised vitamin D is vital for everyone, not just diabetics. Its deficiency contributes to obesity, autoimmune diseases, and infections. Interestingly, regions with abundant sunlight, including Italy and Mexico, still report vitamin D deficiency.
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 12 Researches
7.6
- All Researches
9
We examined how an eight-week weight loss and lifestyle intervention could influence vitamin D levels in men dealing with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Our study involved 89 participants who were split into two groups: one continued with usual care, while the other engaged in the new lifestyle program alongside regular care.
At the beginning, many participants showed low levels of vitamin D. However, those who participated in the intervention experienced a noteworthy increase in their vitamin D concentrations by 19% at the end of the program and an impressive 45% after six months. These improvements suggested that the intervention could effectively address vitamin D deficiency.
Additionally, we found a connection between higher vitamin D levels and better sleep quality, as indicated by increased sleep efficiency and reduced sleep disturbances. Improvements in body weight and composition also tied in with these changes. Overall, our study shows promise for using such interdisciplinary interventions not just for sleep apnea but potentially for enhancing vitamin D levels and handling obesity.
At the beginning, many participants showed low levels of vitamin D. However, those who participated in the intervention experienced a noteworthy increase in their vitamin D concentrations by 19% at the end of the program and an impressive 45% after six months. These improvements suggested that the intervention could effectively address vitamin D deficiency.
Additionally, we found a connection between higher vitamin D levels and better sleep quality, as indicated by increased sleep efficiency and reduced sleep disturbances. Improvements in body weight and composition also tied in with these changes. Overall, our study shows promise for using such interdisciplinary interventions not just for sleep apnea but potentially for enhancing vitamin D levels and handling obesity.
8
Vitamin D reduces triglycerides effectively
We explored the effects of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profiles in overweight and obese women. Our investigation included data from various randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that specifically examined how vitamin D might influence cholesterol and triglyceride levels in this population.
Our analysis revealed that vitamin D had a significant impact on lowering triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. We found reductions of about 6.13 mg/dL for triglycerides and 4.45 mg/dL for total cholesterol. Additionally, there was a noteworthy increase in HDL cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol, by an average of 1.54 mg/dL.
Interestingly, we noticed that those with higher baseline triglyceride levels saw even greater benefits, particularly with a significant reduction in triglycerides when vitamin D was supplemented for 26 weeks or less. However, it’s important to mention that vitamin D supplementation did not have a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels in this group.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D can be an effective option for managing certain aspects of lipid profiles in overweight or obese women, particularly in addressing high triglycerides.
Our analysis revealed that vitamin D had a significant impact on lowering triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. We found reductions of about 6.13 mg/dL for triglycerides and 4.45 mg/dL for total cholesterol. Additionally, there was a noteworthy increase in HDL cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol, by an average of 1.54 mg/dL.
Interestingly, we noticed that those with higher baseline triglyceride levels saw even greater benefits, particularly with a significant reduction in triglycerides when vitamin D was supplemented for 26 weeks or less. However, it’s important to mention that vitamin D supplementation did not have a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels in this group.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D can be an effective option for managing certain aspects of lipid profiles in overweight or obese women, particularly in addressing high triglycerides.
8
We conducted a study to explore the relationship between vitamin D3 and obesity, particularly focusing on its impact on cholesterol levels, glucose metabolism, and bone health in children. Our research involved 723 pediatric participants, with some receiving vitamin D3 supplements and others a placebo over a two-year period.
The results showed promising findings. Those in the vitamin D3 group experienced a meaningful reduction in cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. We also observed significant improvements in bone density. The data indicated that higher levels of vitamin D3 were linked to better metabolic health, providing a clear connection between vitamin D3 supplementation and managing obesity-related complications.
Overall, our research suggests that supplementing with vitamin D3 could be a beneficial strategy for enhancing metabolic health in children facing obesity. It’s an exciting advancement for clinicians aiming to support healthy growth and development in pediatric patients.
The results showed promising findings. Those in the vitamin D3 group experienced a meaningful reduction in cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. We also observed significant improvements in bone density. The data indicated that higher levels of vitamin D3 were linked to better metabolic health, providing a clear connection between vitamin D3 supplementation and managing obesity-related complications.
Overall, our research suggests that supplementing with vitamin D3 could be a beneficial strategy for enhancing metabolic health in children facing obesity. It’s an exciting advancement for clinicians aiming to support healthy growth and development in pediatric patients.
8
Vitamin D3 aids post-surgery recovery
We analyzed how vitamin D3 supplementation could influence vitamin D levels and body composition in patients who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy, a common type of weight loss surgery. In our study, we looked at data from 83 Japanese patients, with half receiving guidance on vitamin D3 supplementation during their recovery. The group that took vitamin D3 showed a significant increase in their vitamin D levels after three months, suggesting a positive effect on their nutritional status.
Interestingly, we found that this boost in vitamin D levels correlated with the preservation of lower limb muscle mass after surgery. Those who took the supplement also reported engaging in more exercise, which seemed to further support their recovery. While the study didn’t directly show that vitamin D3 treatments reduce obesity, the improvements in vitamin D levels and muscle mass suggest it could play a role in overall health and recovery post-surgery.
In conclusion, ensuring adequate vitamin D levels post-surgery, potentially through supplementation, may help prevent loss of muscle mass, which is crucial for maintaining overall fitness and health during weight loss. This research provides new insights into the nutritional needs of bariatric patients and highlights the importance of incorporating vitamin D management in their care plans.
Interestingly, we found that this boost in vitamin D levels correlated with the preservation of lower limb muscle mass after surgery. Those who took the supplement also reported engaging in more exercise, which seemed to further support their recovery. While the study didn’t directly show that vitamin D3 treatments reduce obesity, the improvements in vitamin D levels and muscle mass suggest it could play a role in overall health and recovery post-surgery.
In conclusion, ensuring adequate vitamin D levels post-surgery, potentially through supplementation, may help prevent loss of muscle mass, which is crucial for maintaining overall fitness and health during weight loss. This research provides new insights into the nutritional needs of bariatric patients and highlights the importance of incorporating vitamin D management in their care plans.
8
In exploring the relationship between vitamin D3 and obesity, we investigated how 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD) influences fat cell growth. Our focus was on two types of cells: mouse pre-adipocytes (3T3-L1) and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSC).
We aimed to determine if VitD could help prevent adipogenesis, a process promoted by the chemical bisphenol A (BPA), known for disrupting endocrine function and impacting metabolic rates. Through various tests, we treated our cell models with different concentrations of VitD and BPA throughout the maturation into fat cells.
The results were promising. We found that VitD not only showed an anti-adipogenic effect on its own but also significantly countered the fat-storing effects of BPA. This protective influence of VitD appeared to involve the regulation of certain miRNAs, specifically miR-27-3p, which play a role in fat cell differentiation and function.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating vitamin D3 may be beneficial in managing obesity, especially in environments with BPA exposure.
We aimed to determine if VitD could help prevent adipogenesis, a process promoted by the chemical bisphenol A (BPA), known for disrupting endocrine function and impacting metabolic rates. Through various tests, we treated our cell models with different concentrations of VitD and BPA throughout the maturation into fat cells.
The results were promising. We found that VitD not only showed an anti-adipogenic effect on its own but also significantly countered the fat-storing effects of BPA. This protective influence of VitD appeared to involve the regulation of certain miRNAs, specifically miR-27-3p, which play a role in fat cell differentiation and function.
Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating vitamin D3 may be beneficial in managing obesity, especially in environments with BPA exposure.
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 9 Reviews
7.7
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Improved well-being
1 people found this helpful
Since I started taking vitamin D, I've noticed improvements such as reduced drowsiness and increased energy. This vitamin is essential not only for bones but also for metabolic health. Adequate vitamin D intake reportedly lowers the risk of obesity and metabolic syndromes. I recommend consulting a doctor before starting.
7.5
Increased dosages recommended
Should tests reveal low vitamin D levels, a daily intake of 1500 - 2000 IU is advisable. For those with a BMI over 30, increasing the dosage to 6000 - 8000 IU may be beneficial in addressing obesity-related issues.
6
Diverse health conditions
I've been diagnosed with diabetes for nearly 30 years, and I've realised vitamin D is vital for everyone, not just diabetics. Its deficiency contributes to obesity, autoimmune diseases, and infections. Interestingly, regions with abundant sunlight, including Italy and Mexico, still report vitamin D deficiency.
7.5
Critical for immunity
278 people found this helpful
I’ve taken vitamin D3 for a couple of years and find it essential, especially as I avoid sun exposure. I take 2000 IU in off-seasons and 5000 IU in winter. I believe this regimen has improved my immunity and overall mood, helping in fighting off colds and maintaining energy.
6
Highly recommended supplement
199 people found this helpful
I believe that vitamin D3 is crucial for supporting the body. Vitamin D deficiency in young children can lead to various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune conditions. For this reason, I think everyone in the family should take vitamin D3. I highly recommend it!
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Critical for immunity
278 people found this helpful
I’ve taken vitamin D3 for a couple of years and find it essential, especially as I avoid sun exposure. I take 2000 IU in off-seasons and 5000 IU in winter. I believe this regimen has improved my immunity and overall mood, helping in fighting off colds and maintaining energy.
7.5
Improved well-being
1 people found this helpful
Since I started taking vitamin D, I've noticed improvements such as reduced drowsiness and increased energy. This vitamin is essential not only for bones but also for metabolic health. Adequate vitamin D intake reportedly lowers the risk of obesity and metabolic syndromes. I recommend consulting a doctor before starting.
6
Diverse health conditions
I've been diagnosed with diabetes for nearly 30 years, and I've realised vitamin D is vital for everyone, not just diabetics. Its deficiency contributes to obesity, autoimmune diseases, and infections. Interestingly, regions with abundant sunlight, including Italy and Mexico, still report vitamin D deficiency.
7.5
Addressing obesity concerns
12 people found this helpful
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to abdominal obesity. Numerous studies indicate that a low level of vitamin D is common in obese individuals. This deficiency can cause increased fat accumulation, lowered testosterone levels in men, and various health issues. It's clear that vitamin D plays a significant role in both obesity and overall health.
7.5
Increased dosages recommended
Should tests reveal low vitamin D levels, a daily intake of 1500 - 2000 IU is advisable. For those with a BMI over 30, increasing the dosage to 6000 - 8000 IU may be beneficial in addressing obesity-related issues.
7
We set out to investigate how vitamin D3 affects obesity, particularly in obese patients facing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Our study included patients who were randomly assigned to receive either dapagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor), vitamin D3, both treatments together, or no treatment at all over a period of 16 weeks.
The focus was on various health parameters such as body measurements, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, liver conditions, and quality of life. We discovered that combining vitamin D3 with SGLT2 inhibitors showed promising results. This combination seemed to improve not just physical health markers but also the overall quality of life in hypertensive, obese individuals with OSA.
By revealing these positive effects, we highlight how vitamin D3 can contribute to better management of obesity-related complications, particularly when paired with SGLT2 inhibitors. Our findings suggest a potential strategy to address the intertwined challenges of obesity, metabolic health, and sleep disturbances in this patient population.
The focus was on various health parameters such as body measurements, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, liver conditions, and quality of life. We discovered that combining vitamin D3 with SGLT2 inhibitors showed promising results. This combination seemed to improve not just physical health markers but also the overall quality of life in hypertensive, obese individuals with OSA.
By revealing these positive effects, we highlight how vitamin D3 can contribute to better management of obesity-related complications, particularly when paired with SGLT2 inhibitors. Our findings suggest a potential strategy to address the intertwined challenges of obesity, metabolic health, and sleep disturbances in this patient population.
8
Vitamin D reduces triglycerides effectively
We explored the effects of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profiles in overweight and obese women. Our investigation included data from various randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that specifically examined how vitamin D might influence cholesterol and triglyceride levels in this population.
Our analysis revealed that vitamin D had a significant impact on lowering triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. We found reductions of about 6.13 mg/dL for triglycerides and 4.45 mg/dL for total cholesterol. Additionally, there was a noteworthy increase in HDL cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol, by an average of 1.54 mg/dL.
Interestingly, we noticed that those with higher baseline triglyceride levels saw even greater benefits, particularly with a significant reduction in triglycerides when vitamin D was supplemented for 26 weeks or less. However, it’s important to mention that vitamin D supplementation did not have a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels in this group.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D can be an effective option for managing certain aspects of lipid profiles in overweight or obese women, particularly in addressing high triglycerides.
Our analysis revealed that vitamin D had a significant impact on lowering triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. We found reductions of about 6.13 mg/dL for triglycerides and 4.45 mg/dL for total cholesterol. Additionally, there was a noteworthy increase in HDL cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol, by an average of 1.54 mg/dL.
Interestingly, we noticed that those with higher baseline triglyceride levels saw even greater benefits, particularly with a significant reduction in triglycerides when vitamin D was supplemented for 26 weeks or less. However, it’s important to mention that vitamin D supplementation did not have a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels in this group.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D can be an effective option for managing certain aspects of lipid profiles in overweight or obese women, particularly in addressing high triglycerides.
8
We conducted a study to explore the relationship between vitamin D3 and obesity, particularly focusing on its impact on cholesterol levels, glucose metabolism, and bone health in children. Our research involved 723 pediatric participants, with some receiving vitamin D3 supplements and others a placebo over a two-year period.
The results showed promising findings. Those in the vitamin D3 group experienced a meaningful reduction in cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. We also observed significant improvements in bone density. The data indicated that higher levels of vitamin D3 were linked to better metabolic health, providing a clear connection between vitamin D3 supplementation and managing obesity-related complications.
Overall, our research suggests that supplementing with vitamin D3 could be a beneficial strategy for enhancing metabolic health in children facing obesity. It’s an exciting advancement for clinicians aiming to support healthy growth and development in pediatric patients.
The results showed promising findings. Those in the vitamin D3 group experienced a meaningful reduction in cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. We also observed significant improvements in bone density. The data indicated that higher levels of vitamin D3 were linked to better metabolic health, providing a clear connection between vitamin D3 supplementation and managing obesity-related complications.
Overall, our research suggests that supplementing with vitamin D3 could be a beneficial strategy for enhancing metabolic health in children facing obesity. It’s an exciting advancement for clinicians aiming to support healthy growth and development in pediatric patients.
References
- Loh HH, Tay SP, Koa AJ, Yong MC, Said A, et al. Unveiling the benefits of Vitamin D3 with SGLT-2 inhibitors for hypertensive obese obstructive sleep apnea patients. J Transl Med. 2025;23:296. doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06312-w
- Vázquez-Lorente H, Herrera-Quintana L, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Carneiro-Barrera A. Impact of weight loss and lifestyle intervention on vitamin D in men with obstructive sleep apnea: The INTERAPNEA trial. Sleep Med. 2025;128:37. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.01.011
- Zeeb H, Brand T, Lissner L, Lauria F, Molnár D, et al. Vitamin D status and muscle strength in a pan-European cohort of children and adolescents with normal weight and overweight/obesity. Eur J Pediatr. 2025;184:190. doi:10.1007/s00431-025-06024-9
- Hu L, Velu P, Prabahar K, Hernández-Wolters B, Kord-Varkaneh H, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Lipid Profile in Overweight or Obese Women: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutr Rev. 2025. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae226
- Yu K, Song W, Tu X, Zhou K, Prabahar K. The effect of vitamin D on the lipid profile in individuals with overweight or obesity: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2025;176:106938. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106938
- Wang F, Bei L, Zhang X, Fu Y. Vitamin D Supplementation Reduces Hyperlipidemia and Improves Bone Mass in Pediatric Obesity. Crit Rev Immunol. 2025;45:31. doi:10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2024052129
- Vulcan T, Suciu TS, Lenghel LM, Toma VA, Decea N, et al. The impact of vitamin D3 administration and of high fat diet on oxidative stress and inflammation in experimentally induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Med Pharm Rep. 2024;97:516. doi:10.15386/mpr-2798
- Yamaguchi T, Kawakubo S, Yamaura K, Kinoshita S, Kanai R, et al. Effects of native vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and body composition after sleeve gastrectomy: A retrospective study in Japanese patients. Obes Pillars. 2024;12:100134. doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100134
- Provvisiero DP, Negri M, Amatrudo F, Patalano R, Montò T, et al. 1,25‑Dihydroxyvitamin D3 mitigates the adipogenesis induced by bisphenol A in 3T3-L1 and hAMSC through miR-27-3p regulation. Int J Obes (Lond). 2024;48:1793. doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01629-w
- Nejabat A, Emamat H, Afrashteh S, Jamshidi A, Jamali Z, et al. Association of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D status with cardiometabolic risk factors and total and regional obesity in southern Iran: evidence from the PoCOsteo study. Sci Rep. 2024;14:17983. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68773-1
- Chen YL, Wu JM, Chen KY, Wu MH, Yang PJ, et al. Intravenous calcitriol administration improves the liver redox status and attenuates ferroptosis in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity complicated with sepsis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;177:116926. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116926
- Yin WJ, Wang P, Ma SS, Tao RX, Hu HL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for cardiometabolic risk markers in pregnant women based on the gestational diabetes mellitus or obesity status : a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2024;63:2599. doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03443-6
