Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 7 Researches
7.4
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 10 Reviews
8.1
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Zinc (from 150 mg Zinc Bisglycinate) (TRAACS™)
30 mg
273%
Pumpkin Seed Oil (Cold Pressed)
250 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
Zinc enhances vitamin D in menopause
We set out to understand how zinc supplementation could affect vitamin D status and leptin levels in postmenopausal women. The study involved 51 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 44 and 76 from Granada, Spain. They were divided into two groups: one receiving a zinc supplement of 50 mg daily for eight weeks and the other receiving a placebo.
Our findings revealed that zinc supplementation significantly improved vitamin D status in these women. Particularly, those who had reached menopause at a younger age saw a notable increase in their vitamin D levels after taking zinc.
Additionally, we discovered a connection between zinc and leptin levels, a hormone that regulates energy balance. Both dietary zinc intake and its plasma levels were found to be inversely related to serum leptin levels—meaning as zinc levels increased, leptin levels tended to decrease.
Overall, these results suggest that zinc supplementation may play a beneficial role during menopause by enhancing vitamin D levels and influencing leptin balance among postmenopausal women.
Our findings revealed that zinc supplementation significantly improved vitamin D status in these women. Particularly, those who had reached menopause at a younger age saw a notable increase in their vitamin D levels after taking zinc.
Additionally, we discovered a connection between zinc and leptin levels, a hormone that regulates energy balance. Both dietary zinc intake and its plasma levels were found to be inversely related to serum leptin levels—meaning as zinc levels increased, leptin levels tended to decrease.
Overall, these results suggest that zinc supplementation may play a beneficial role during menopause by enhancing vitamin D levels and influencing leptin balance among postmenopausal women.
Read More
9
We evaluated the impact of a zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel on postmenopausal women experiencing genitourinary symptoms of menopause (GSM). Some women hesitate to use hormonal treatments like vaginal estrogen, which can be highly effective. To explore an alternative, we asked 37 participants to apply the gel daily for two weeks while tracking their symptoms.
Throughout the study, we used various methods to assess improvement. The Vaginal Health Index, which measures vaginal health, showed significant improvement after treatment. We also noted that participants reported reduced levels of vaginal pain and dryness on a visual analog scale, with the most notable benefit occurring for vaginal dryness. Additionally, the vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire indicated a substantial decrease in overall symptoms. Notably, side effects were minor and infrequent, which is encouraging for those considering this option.
In summary, our findings suggest that a novel zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel can effectively alleviate postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms without serious side effects, providing a viable solution for women who prefer non-hormonal treatments.
Throughout the study, we used various methods to assess improvement. The Vaginal Health Index, which measures vaginal health, showed significant improvement after treatment. We also noted that participants reported reduced levels of vaginal pain and dryness on a visual analog scale, with the most notable benefit occurring for vaginal dryness. Additionally, the vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire indicated a substantial decrease in overall symptoms. Notably, side effects were minor and infrequent, which is encouraging for those considering this option.
In summary, our findings suggest that a novel zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel can effectively alleviate postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms without serious side effects, providing a viable solution for women who prefer non-hormonal treatments.
Read More
8
Zinc enhances antioxidant protection
We assessed how zinc (Zn) supplementation can impact the health of postmenopausal women, particularly regarding their antioxidant status. In this study, fifty-one women participating were split into two groups: one receiving a placebo treatment and the other receiving zinc supplements. This double-blind randomized trial lasted for eight weeks and focused on measuring changes in mineral status along with different antioxidant markers in the blood.
Before the intervention, we noticed that many participants had low zinc levels, which can lead to weakened antioxidant defenses—especially critical for postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes. After eight weeks of zinc supplementation, we saw a marked improvement in zinc levels among the women receiving the supplements. There were also significant positive correlations between zinc levels and overall antioxidant capacity, as well as specific antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.
From our findings, it seems clear that zinc supplementation is a promising way to address deficiencies and bolster antioxidant defenses in postmenopausal women. This could not only support their nutritional health but might also contribute positively to their overall well-being during this transitional life stage.
Before the intervention, we noticed that many participants had low zinc levels, which can lead to weakened antioxidant defenses—especially critical for postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes. After eight weeks of zinc supplementation, we saw a marked improvement in zinc levels among the women receiving the supplements. There were also significant positive correlations between zinc levels and overall antioxidant capacity, as well as specific antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.
From our findings, it seems clear that zinc supplementation is a promising way to address deficiencies and bolster antioxidant defenses in postmenopausal women. This could not only support their nutritional health but might also contribute positively to their overall well-being during this transitional life stage.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Necessary for menopause
2 people found this helpful
Convenient small capsules are essential for my mother during menopause. Many have touted their benefits. They are well tolerated, and I have observed no negative aspects.
Read More
9
Menopause support
Zinc is crucial for the body's function, aiding hormone synthesis and preventing prostate issues. It is beneficial in alleviating menopause symptoms like hot flashes and mood changes. I appreciate Now's zinc glycinate for its bioavailability and additional pumpkin seed oil. The capsules are easy to swallow, and I'm very satisfied with their quality.
Read More
9
Mood improvement
I feel more mobile in the mornings, and my mood swings have calmed significantly.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 7 Researches
7.4
- All Researches
9
Zinc enhances vitamin D in menopause
We set out to understand how zinc supplementation could affect vitamin D status and leptin levels in postmenopausal women. The study involved 51 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 44 and 76 from Granada, Spain. They were divided into two groups: one receiving a zinc supplement of 50 mg daily for eight weeks and the other receiving a placebo.
Our findings revealed that zinc supplementation significantly improved vitamin D status in these women. Particularly, those who had reached menopause at a younger age saw a notable increase in their vitamin D levels after taking zinc.
Additionally, we discovered a connection between zinc and leptin levels, a hormone that regulates energy balance. Both dietary zinc intake and its plasma levels were found to be inversely related to serum leptin levels—meaning as zinc levels increased, leptin levels tended to decrease.
Overall, these results suggest that zinc supplementation may play a beneficial role during menopause by enhancing vitamin D levels and influencing leptin balance among postmenopausal women.
Our findings revealed that zinc supplementation significantly improved vitamin D status in these women. Particularly, those who had reached menopause at a younger age saw a notable increase in their vitamin D levels after taking zinc.
Additionally, we discovered a connection between zinc and leptin levels, a hormone that regulates energy balance. Both dietary zinc intake and its plasma levels were found to be inversely related to serum leptin levels—meaning as zinc levels increased, leptin levels tended to decrease.
Overall, these results suggest that zinc supplementation may play a beneficial role during menopause by enhancing vitamin D levels and influencing leptin balance among postmenopausal women.
Read More
9
We evaluated the impact of a zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel on postmenopausal women experiencing genitourinary symptoms of menopause (GSM). Some women hesitate to use hormonal treatments like vaginal estrogen, which can be highly effective. To explore an alternative, we asked 37 participants to apply the gel daily for two weeks while tracking their symptoms.
Throughout the study, we used various methods to assess improvement. The Vaginal Health Index, which measures vaginal health, showed significant improvement after treatment. We also noted that participants reported reduced levels of vaginal pain and dryness on a visual analog scale, with the most notable benefit occurring for vaginal dryness. Additionally, the vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire indicated a substantial decrease in overall symptoms. Notably, side effects were minor and infrequent, which is encouraging for those considering this option.
In summary, our findings suggest that a novel zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel can effectively alleviate postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms without serious side effects, providing a viable solution for women who prefer non-hormonal treatments.
Throughout the study, we used various methods to assess improvement. The Vaginal Health Index, which measures vaginal health, showed significant improvement after treatment. We also noted that participants reported reduced levels of vaginal pain and dryness on a visual analog scale, with the most notable benefit occurring for vaginal dryness. Additionally, the vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire indicated a substantial decrease in overall symptoms. Notably, side effects were minor and infrequent, which is encouraging for those considering this option.
In summary, our findings suggest that a novel zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel can effectively alleviate postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms without serious side effects, providing a viable solution for women who prefer non-hormonal treatments.
Read More
8
Zinc enhances antioxidant protection
We assessed how zinc (Zn) supplementation can impact the health of postmenopausal women, particularly regarding their antioxidant status. In this study, fifty-one women participating were split into two groups: one receiving a placebo treatment and the other receiving zinc supplements. This double-blind randomized trial lasted for eight weeks and focused on measuring changes in mineral status along with different antioxidant markers in the blood.
Before the intervention, we noticed that many participants had low zinc levels, which can lead to weakened antioxidant defenses—especially critical for postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes. After eight weeks of zinc supplementation, we saw a marked improvement in zinc levels among the women receiving the supplements. There were also significant positive correlations between zinc levels and overall antioxidant capacity, as well as specific antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.
From our findings, it seems clear that zinc supplementation is a promising way to address deficiencies and bolster antioxidant defenses in postmenopausal women. This could not only support their nutritional health but might also contribute positively to their overall well-being during this transitional life stage.
Before the intervention, we noticed that many participants had low zinc levels, which can lead to weakened antioxidant defenses—especially critical for postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes. After eight weeks of zinc supplementation, we saw a marked improvement in zinc levels among the women receiving the supplements. There were also significant positive correlations between zinc levels and overall antioxidant capacity, as well as specific antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.
From our findings, it seems clear that zinc supplementation is a promising way to address deficiencies and bolster antioxidant defenses in postmenopausal women. This could not only support their nutritional health but might also contribute positively to their overall well-being during this transitional life stage.
Read More
8
Zinc improves nutritional markers post-menopause
In our study, we examined how zinc supplementation could affect menopausal women, particularly focusing on markers like homocysteine, vitamin B, and folate levels. We worked with 51 postmenopausal women aged between 44 and 76 years, dividing them into two groups: one received a placebo, while the other was given 50 mg of zinc daily for eight weeks.
After analyzing the results, we found that those who took zinc showed significantly higher folate levels compared to their baseline measurements. Additionally, we observed a noteworthy decrease in homocysteine levels when comparing the two groups after the intervention. Interestingly, we also noted a strong correlation between higher folate and vitamin B levels with lower homocysteine levels in the zinc group.
These findings suggest that zinc supplementation can have positive effects on certain nutritional markers in menopausal women. However, we emphasize the need for further research with larger sample sizes and refined dosing to validate and expand upon our results.
After analyzing the results, we found that those who took zinc showed significantly higher folate levels compared to their baseline measurements. Additionally, we observed a noteworthy decrease in homocysteine levels when comparing the two groups after the intervention. Interestingly, we also noted a strong correlation between higher folate and vitamin B levels with lower homocysteine levels in the zinc group.
These findings suggest that zinc supplementation can have positive effects on certain nutritional markers in menopausal women. However, we emphasize the need for further research with larger sample sizes and refined dosing to validate and expand upon our results.
Read More
7
We investigated the effects of dietary zinc on obesity related to menopause, particularly in female mice that underwent ovariectomy (Ovx). Our findings revealed that excess zinc led to significant weight gain and symptoms resembling Cushing's syndrome, even though these mice did not consume more food.
The accumulation of zinc in the adrenal glands played a crucial role by interfering with steroid production. This is particularly important since, in Ovx mice, adrenal steroids are the only source of estrogen. The lack of estrogen triggered adrenal hyperplasia and an increase in glucocorticoids, which contributed to the development of Cushing's-like symptoms.
Interestingly, our results showed that supplementing with adrenal steroids could counteract the negative impacts of excess zinc. We also found a positive correlation between plasma zinc levels and cortisol while noting a negative correlation with adrenal steroids and estrogen levels in overweight postmenopausal women.
These insights suggest that it may be beneficial for postmenopausal women to avoid high dietary zinc and consider adrenal steroid supplementation to help manage obesity effectively.
The accumulation of zinc in the adrenal glands played a crucial role by interfering with steroid production. This is particularly important since, in Ovx mice, adrenal steroids are the only source of estrogen. The lack of estrogen triggered adrenal hyperplasia and an increase in glucocorticoids, which contributed to the development of Cushing's-like symptoms.
Interestingly, our results showed that supplementing with adrenal steroids could counteract the negative impacts of excess zinc. We also found a positive correlation between plasma zinc levels and cortisol while noting a negative correlation with adrenal steroids and estrogen levels in overweight postmenopausal women.
These insights suggest that it may be beneficial for postmenopausal women to avoid high dietary zinc and consider adrenal steroid supplementation to help manage obesity effectively.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 10 Reviews
8.1
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Necessary for menopause
2 people found this helpful
Convenient small capsules are essential for my mother during menopause. Many have touted their benefits. They are well tolerated, and I have observed no negative aspects.
Read More
9
Menopause support
Zinc is crucial for the body's function, aiding hormone synthesis and preventing prostate issues. It is beneficial in alleviating menopause symptoms like hot flashes and mood changes. I appreciate Now's zinc glycinate for its bioavailability and additional pumpkin seed oil. The capsules are easy to swallow, and I'm very satisfied with their quality.
Read More
9
Mood improvement
I feel more mobile in the mornings, and my mood swings have calmed significantly.
Read More
7.5
Improved condition
1 people found this helpful
I purchased this supplement to help with male menopause. It contains a variety of high-quality ingredients, and I genuinely feel an improvement in my physical condition compared to the limited zinc I consume in Japan. I am also hopeful for benefits in hair growth and skin health.
Read More
9
Regulates menstruation
After suffering from menopause irregularities, I began taking zinc to improve my bones, skin, and hair. My hair loss has decreased and my menstruation has stabilised, returning to a regular schedule. It has also improved my mood and made me less irritable, helping even my children with their ailments.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
8
Less hot flashes
My husband, at 52, needed to lose weight. I recommended zinc supplements to boost his vitality; he's very pleased. I also took it to alleviate hot flashes during menopause, and it made a significant difference. Highly recommend!
9
Regulates menstruation
After suffering from menopause irregularities, I began taking zinc to improve my bones, skin, and hair. My hair loss has decreased and my menstruation has stabilised, returning to a regular schedule. It has also improved my mood and made me less irritable, helping even my children with their ailments.
9
Mood improvement
I feel more mobile in the mornings, and my mood swings have calmed significantly.
8
Zinc enhances antioxidant protection
We assessed how zinc (Zn) supplementation can impact the health of postmenopausal women, particularly regarding their antioxidant status. In this study, fifty-one women participating were split into two groups: one receiving a placebo treatment and the other receiving zinc supplements. This double-blind randomized trial lasted for eight weeks and focused on measuring changes in mineral status along with different antioxidant markers in the blood.
Before the intervention, we noticed that many participants had low zinc levels, which can lead to weakened antioxidant defenses—especially critical for postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes. After eight weeks of zinc supplementation, we saw a marked improvement in zinc levels among the women receiving the supplements. There were also significant positive correlations between zinc levels and overall antioxidant capacity, as well as specific antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.
From our findings, it seems clear that zinc supplementation is a promising way to address deficiencies and bolster antioxidant defenses in postmenopausal women. This could not only support their nutritional health but might also contribute positively to their overall well-being during this transitional life stage.
Before the intervention, we noticed that many participants had low zinc levels, which can lead to weakened antioxidant defenses—especially critical for postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes. After eight weeks of zinc supplementation, we saw a marked improvement in zinc levels among the women receiving the supplements. There were also significant positive correlations between zinc levels and overall antioxidant capacity, as well as specific antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.
From our findings, it seems clear that zinc supplementation is a promising way to address deficiencies and bolster antioxidant defenses in postmenopausal women. This could not only support their nutritional health but might also contribute positively to their overall well-being during this transitional life stage.
9
We evaluated the impact of a zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel on postmenopausal women experiencing genitourinary symptoms of menopause (GSM). Some women hesitate to use hormonal treatments like vaginal estrogen, which can be highly effective. To explore an alternative, we asked 37 participants to apply the gel daily for two weeks while tracking their symptoms.
Throughout the study, we used various methods to assess improvement. The Vaginal Health Index, which measures vaginal health, showed significant improvement after treatment. We also noted that participants reported reduced levels of vaginal pain and dryness on a visual analog scale, with the most notable benefit occurring for vaginal dryness. Additionally, the vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire indicated a substantial decrease in overall symptoms. Notably, side effects were minor and infrequent, which is encouraging for those considering this option.
In summary, our findings suggest that a novel zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel can effectively alleviate postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms without serious side effects, providing a viable solution for women who prefer non-hormonal treatments.
Throughout the study, we used various methods to assess improvement. The Vaginal Health Index, which measures vaginal health, showed significant improvement after treatment. We also noted that participants reported reduced levels of vaginal pain and dryness on a visual analog scale, with the most notable benefit occurring for vaginal dryness. Additionally, the vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire indicated a substantial decrease in overall symptoms. Notably, side effects were minor and infrequent, which is encouraging for those considering this option.
In summary, our findings suggest that a novel zinc-containing vaginal moisturizer gel can effectively alleviate postmenopausal vulvovaginal symptoms without serious side effects, providing a viable solution for women who prefer non-hormonal treatments.
8
Zinc improves nutritional markers post-menopause
In our study, we examined how zinc supplementation could affect menopausal women, particularly focusing on markers like homocysteine, vitamin B, and folate levels. We worked with 51 postmenopausal women aged between 44 and 76 years, dividing them into two groups: one received a placebo, while the other was given 50 mg of zinc daily for eight weeks.
After analyzing the results, we found that those who took zinc showed significantly higher folate levels compared to their baseline measurements. Additionally, we observed a noteworthy decrease in homocysteine levels when comparing the two groups after the intervention. Interestingly, we also noted a strong correlation between higher folate and vitamin B levels with lower homocysteine levels in the zinc group.
These findings suggest that zinc supplementation can have positive effects on certain nutritional markers in menopausal women. However, we emphasize the need for further research with larger sample sizes and refined dosing to validate and expand upon our results.
After analyzing the results, we found that those who took zinc showed significantly higher folate levels compared to their baseline measurements. Additionally, we observed a noteworthy decrease in homocysteine levels when comparing the two groups after the intervention. Interestingly, we also noted a strong correlation between higher folate and vitamin B levels with lower homocysteine levels in the zinc group.
These findings suggest that zinc supplementation can have positive effects on certain nutritional markers in menopausal women. However, we emphasize the need for further research with larger sample sizes and refined dosing to validate and expand upon our results.
9
Zinc enhances vitamin D in menopause
We set out to understand how zinc supplementation could affect vitamin D status and leptin levels in postmenopausal women. The study involved 51 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 44 and 76 from Granada, Spain. They were divided into two groups: one receiving a zinc supplement of 50 mg daily for eight weeks and the other receiving a placebo.
Our findings revealed that zinc supplementation significantly improved vitamin D status in these women. Particularly, those who had reached menopause at a younger age saw a notable increase in their vitamin D levels after taking zinc.
Additionally, we discovered a connection between zinc and leptin levels, a hormone that regulates energy balance. Both dietary zinc intake and its plasma levels were found to be inversely related to serum leptin levels—meaning as zinc levels increased, leptin levels tended to decrease.
Overall, these results suggest that zinc supplementation may play a beneficial role during menopause by enhancing vitamin D levels and influencing leptin balance among postmenopausal women.
Our findings revealed that zinc supplementation significantly improved vitamin D status in these women. Particularly, those who had reached menopause at a younger age saw a notable increase in their vitamin D levels after taking zinc.
Additionally, we discovered a connection between zinc and leptin levels, a hormone that regulates energy balance. Both dietary zinc intake and its plasma levels were found to be inversely related to serum leptin levels—meaning as zinc levels increased, leptin levels tended to decrease.
Overall, these results suggest that zinc supplementation may play a beneficial role during menopause by enhancing vitamin D levels and influencing leptin balance among postmenopausal women.
7
We investigated the effects of dietary zinc on obesity related to menopause, particularly in female mice that underwent ovariectomy (Ovx). Our findings revealed that excess zinc led to significant weight gain and symptoms resembling Cushing's syndrome, even though these mice did not consume more food.
The accumulation of zinc in the adrenal glands played a crucial role by interfering with steroid production. This is particularly important since, in Ovx mice, adrenal steroids are the only source of estrogen. The lack of estrogen triggered adrenal hyperplasia and an increase in glucocorticoids, which contributed to the development of Cushing's-like symptoms.
Interestingly, our results showed that supplementing with adrenal steroids could counteract the negative impacts of excess zinc. We also found a positive correlation between plasma zinc levels and cortisol while noting a negative correlation with adrenal steroids and estrogen levels in overweight postmenopausal women.
These insights suggest that it may be beneficial for postmenopausal women to avoid high dietary zinc and consider adrenal steroid supplementation to help manage obesity effectively.
The accumulation of zinc in the adrenal glands played a crucial role by interfering with steroid production. This is particularly important since, in Ovx mice, adrenal steroids are the only source of estrogen. The lack of estrogen triggered adrenal hyperplasia and an increase in glucocorticoids, which contributed to the development of Cushing's-like symptoms.
Interestingly, our results showed that supplementing with adrenal steroids could counteract the negative impacts of excess zinc. We also found a positive correlation between plasma zinc levels and cortisol while noting a negative correlation with adrenal steroids and estrogen levels in overweight postmenopausal women.
These insights suggest that it may be beneficial for postmenopausal women to avoid high dietary zinc and consider adrenal steroid supplementation to help manage obesity effectively.
References
- Zhao Y, Wang Y, Hu L, Chen H, Xiao X, et al. Excess dietary zinc drives a Cushing's-like syndrome in ovariectomized mice - Implications for postmenopausal obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022;630:101. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.042
- Vázquez-Lorente H, Molina-López J, Herrera-Quintana L, Gamarra-Morales Y, Quintero-Osso B, et al. Erythrocyte Zn concentration and antioxidant response after supplementation with Zn in a postmenopausal population. A double-blind randomized trial. Exp Gerontol. 2022;162:111766. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2022.111766
- Vázquez-Lorente H, Herrera-Quintana L, Molina-López J, Gamarra Y, Planells E. Effect of zinc supplementation on circulating concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B, and folate in a postmenopausal population. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2022;71:126942. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126942
- Vázquez-Lorente H, Molina-López J, Herrera-Quintana L, Gamarra-Morales Y, López-González B, et al. Effectiveness of eight-week zinc supplementation on vitamin D status and leptin levels in a population of postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized trial. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2021;65:126730. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126730
- Csikós A, Kozma B, Pór Á, Kovács I, Lampé R, et al. Zinc Transporter 9 (SLC30A9) Expression Is Decreased in the Vaginal Tissues of Menopausal Women. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199:4011. doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02525-w
- Damjanovich P, Sipos AG, Larson K, Cunningham TD, Takacs P, et al. Cervicovaginal lavage fluid zinc level as a marker of vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2020;27:776. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000001536
- Takacs P, Kozma B, Erdodi B, Jakab A, Larson K, et al. Zinc-containing Vaginal Moisturizer Gel Improves Postmenopausal Vulvovaginal Symptoms: A Pilot Study. J Menopausal Med. 2019;25:63. doi:10.6118/jmm.2019.25.1.63
