Overview

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 35 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 17 Reviews
8.1
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 3 tablets
Serving Per Container: 83
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calcium (as calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium citrate)
1,000 mg
77%
Magnesium (as magnesium oxide, magnesium gluconate, magnesium citrate)
400 mg
95%
Zinc (as zinc gluconate)
15 mg
136%
Sodium†
15 mg
<1%

Top Medical Research Studies

9
Magnesium's role in osteoporosis therapy
We explored the effects of a special material called magnesium-based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, or Mg-ZIF, on osteoporosis. This study aimed to find a way to tackle osteoporosis by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)—harmful molecules that affect our bone health.

Our findings revealed that Mg-ZIF is effective at scavenging ROS, which helps boost the bone-forming ability of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). By promoting osteogenic differentiation, Mg-ZIF supports the formation of new bone while simultaneously discouraging the development of fat cells from BMSCs, a process known as lipogenic differentiation.

In our in vivo experiments, we confirmed that administering Mg-ZIF could successfully lower ROS levels and mitigate the effects of osteoporosis. On a deeper level, the mechanism behind this involves Mg-ZIF enhancing BMSC differentiation into bone-forming cells by upregulating specific lipid metabolic pathways.

Overall, we believe that Mg-ZIF holds promise as a therapeutic approach for osteoporosis. By addressing the oxidative stress in the bone marrow environment, it opens a new door for potential treatments targeting this common bone disease.
Read More
9
Magnesium enhances osteoporosis treatment
In our exploration of osteoporosis treatment, we focused on the effects of magnesium, particularly when combined with phosphorylated collagen peptide-magnesium chelates. Our study utilized osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and incorporated ovariectomized mice to simulate postmenopausal osteoporosis, which allowed us to see how magnesium might help in strengthening bones.

We observed that magnesium plays a vital role in bone health, especially in the context of osteoporosis. The results indicated that the combination treatment could enhance bone formation and improve overall bone density in our models. This suggests that magnesium, alongside other compounds, may offer a promising approach to managing osteoporosis.

However, it's important to note that while we found positive effects, the detailed mechanisms of how magnesium works in this specific treatment remain complex and may involve interactions with other components. Further research is needed to fully understand its efficacy and the best ways to integrate magnesium into osteoporosis treatment strategies.
Read More
9
Nanopowder eggshells improve bone health
We examined how nanopowder eggshells (NPES) could influence bone health in both healthy and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats.

In our research, we found that NPES treatment significantly enhanced indicators of bone formation, like calcium and osteocalcin, particularly in healthy rats.

Additionally, in the ovariectomized group, NPES treatment helped improve levels of vital nutrients and reduced bone resorption.

Overall, our findings suggest that NPES may play a beneficial role in bettering bone health in osteoporosis models.
Read More

Most Useful Reviews

9
Cramps alleviated
6 people found this helpful
I ordered this for my husband and now our whole family enjoys it. He had concerns about leg cramps, but after more than a month on the supplement, the cramps have ceased. I also began taking calcium, magnesium, and zinc to prevent osteoporosis. The dosage is appropriate, and the large packaging lasts a long time.
Read More
8
Impressive improvement
4 people found this helpful
An investment in bone health. I take these consistently. I have osteoporosis, and these were recommended to me. During my last Dexa scan, the technician noted improvement in one of the problematic areas. There is no unpleasant taste, and I highly recommend these.
Read More
9
Essential for bones
Calcium is fundamental for strong bones and teeth, as well as supporting skeletal muscle health. Magnesium aids calcium transport, while zinc is important for collagen formation in the bones. Adequate calcium intake, alongside physical activity, can lower osteoporosis risk in later life.
Read More

Medical Researches

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 35 Researches
7.8
  • All Researches
9
Calcium complex enhances bone health
Our research explored the effects of a new calcium-loaded complex, made from Antarctic krill protein and enriched with pectin, on calcium absorption and bone health in mice with calcium deficiency. We created a model that simulated calcium deficiency, which is a significant concern as it can contribute to osteoporosis.

We observed that chronic calcium deprivation led to decreased calcium absorption and deterioration of bone structure. However, the P + Ca + HMP complex significantly improved calcium retention and increased the strength of the femur, indicating a positive impact on bone health.

Additionally, this complex improved the structure of the trabecular network, which is essential for maintaining strong bones. The presence of beneficial bacteria in the gut also rose after the intervention, and these were linked to better calcium absorption and bone synthesis. Overall, these findings point to the potential of the P + Ca + HMP complex as an effective calcium supplement that could help prevent calcium deficiency and thus support bone health.
Read More
9
Combination therapy for osteoporosis
We explored how salmon calcitonin (sCT) works in tandem with calcium antagonists—specifically verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem—to influence blood calcium and phosphorus levels in female rats with osteoporosis post-ovarian removal.

The study involved a systematic approach where we administered these combinations to different groups of osteoporotic rats and measured their blood levels. Our findings revealed that combining sCT with nifedipine had a particularly strong effect in lowering both calcium and phosphorus in the blood, outperforming the use of sCT alone.

Our analysis indicated that while sCT with nifedipine was most effective, the combinations with verapamil and diltiazem also showed beneficial effects, albeit to a lesser extent. These insights provide valuable information on how combination therapies might be targeted for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, potentially paving the way for more effective treatment options in human patients.
Read More
9
Magnesium's role in osteoporosis
We examined how dietary intake of magnesium, along with potassium and sodium, influences bone health, specifically focusing on osteoporosis and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults across the U.S. Our analysis was based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, which spanned from 2005 to 2018, involving over 10,000 participants.

The findings revealed a positive association between higher dietary intake of potassium, magnesium, and sodium and improved BMD of the femur. This means that those who consumed more of these nutrients tended to have stronger bones. Additionally, we observed that a higher intake of these minerals was linked to a lower occurrence of osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Our study highlights how magnesium, when part of a broader nutrient intake that includes potassium and sodium, could play a significant role in maintaining bone health. While our research points to a beneficial relationship, more targeted studies are needed to definitively isolate the effects of magnesium alone on osteoporosis. Overall, this reinforces the importance of a balanced diet for bone health.
Read More
9
Magnesium improves osteoporotic bone repair
We delved into the use of a unique injectable hydrogel loaded with magnesium to address the challenges of repairing osteoporotic bone defects. The study aimed to understand how this magnesium-infused hydrogel could combat the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that hinder bone repair. With impressive qualities such as excellent injectability and adaptability, the hydrogel can be introduced into irregular bone areas without the need for major surgery.

Once injected, the hydrogel not only transforms into a supportive scaffold but also begins to release hydrogen and magnesium ions. This release is key in reducing harmful intracellular ROS and guiding the immune response favorably by promoting macrophage polarization. We observed that this gel suppressed the formation of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption, while simultaneously encouraging the growth of new bone cells.

Animal experiments further illuminated the effectiveness of the magnesium-loaded hydrogel, showing a remarkable ability to enhance the repair of bone defects by controlling inflammation and supporting bone formation. Overall, our findings shine a light on the potential of magnesium-based hydrogels as promising solutions for those dealing with osteoporosis-related bone damage.
Read More
9
Magnesium's role in osteoporosis therapy
We explored the effects of a special material called magnesium-based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, or Mg-ZIF, on osteoporosis. This study aimed to find a way to tackle osteoporosis by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)—harmful molecules that affect our bone health.

Our findings revealed that Mg-ZIF is effective at scavenging ROS, which helps boost the bone-forming ability of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). By promoting osteogenic differentiation, Mg-ZIF supports the formation of new bone while simultaneously discouraging the development of fat cells from BMSCs, a process known as lipogenic differentiation.

In our in vivo experiments, we confirmed that administering Mg-ZIF could successfully lower ROS levels and mitigate the effects of osteoporosis. On a deeper level, the mechanism behind this involves Mg-ZIF enhancing BMSC differentiation into bone-forming cells by upregulating specific lipid metabolic pathways.

Overall, we believe that Mg-ZIF holds promise as a therapeutic approach for osteoporosis. By addressing the oxidative stress in the bone marrow environment, it opens a new door for potential treatments targeting this common bone disease.
Read More

User Reviews

USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 17 Reviews
8.1
  • All Reviews
  • Positive Reviews
  • Negative Reviews
9
Cramps alleviated
6 people found this helpful
I ordered this for my husband and now our whole family enjoys it. He had concerns about leg cramps, but after more than a month on the supplement, the cramps have ceased. I also began taking calcium, magnesium, and zinc to prevent osteoporosis. The dosage is appropriate, and the large packaging lasts a long time.
Read More
8
Impressive improvement
4 people found this helpful
An investment in bone health. I take these consistently. I have osteoporosis, and these were recommended to me. During my last Dexa scan, the technician noted improvement in one of the problematic areas. There is no unpleasant taste, and I highly recommend these.
Read More
9
Essential for bones
Calcium is fundamental for strong bones and teeth, as well as supporting skeletal muscle health. Magnesium aids calcium transport, while zinc is important for collagen formation in the bones. Adequate calcium intake, alongside physical activity, can lower osteoporosis risk in later life.
Read More
9
Improved well-being
A wonderful combination of three elements for bone health. I bought it for my aunt, as we manage osteoporosis. I appreciate the quality of Solgar products, which have passed quality control. I can affirm that the supplement is effective, as my aunt feels better. The capsules are somewhat large, but she says they are easy to swallow.
Read More
9
Essential supplement
It is an essential supplement for osteoporosis and very easy to take.
Read More

Frequently Asked Questions

9
Cramps alleviated
6 people found this helpful
I ordered this for my husband and now our whole family enjoys it. He had concerns about leg cramps, but after more than a month on the supplement, the cramps have ceased. I also began taking calcium, magnesium, and zinc to prevent osteoporosis. The dosage is appropriate, and the large packaging lasts a long time.
9
Improved well-being
A wonderful combination of three elements for bone health. I bought it for my aunt, as we manage osteoporosis. I appreciate the quality of Solgar products, which have passed quality control. I can affirm that the supplement is effective, as my aunt feels better. The capsules are somewhat large, but she says they are easy to swallow.
9
Effective for osteoporosis
4 people found this helpful
This product helps with my osteoporosis. I take it in courses and trust this company's quality. The form of calcium is easy to digest, and I've noticed less hair loss, stronger nails, and even whiter teeth.
8
Positive effects noted
1 people found this helpful
I ordered this because I was concerned about osteoporosis. I’ve noticed that the trembling under my eyes has disappeared, indicating an effect from the supplement.
7.5
Improved sleep
I take this daily with calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Besides preventing osteoporosis, it helps me sleep better and calms my mind.
9
Essential for bones
Calcium is fundamental for strong bones and teeth, as well as supporting skeletal muscle health. Magnesium aids calcium transport, while zinc is important for collagen formation in the bones. Adequate calcium intake, alongside physical activity, can lower osteoporosis risk in later life.
7
Habitual intake
I bought this supplement to ensure I get enough calcium to combat osteoporosis while also incorporating magnesium and zinc. It’s easy to take and has become part of my daily routine.
7.5
Less pain
A good option for osteoporosis; I have noticed less pain overall. I took D3 alongside it.
7.5
Ongoing purchase
2 people found this helpful
Due to my osteoporosis, I consistently purchase this supplement. I benefit from a high calcium content, and the pricing is quite reasonable.
4
Calcium's role in osteoporosis unclear
We conducted a thorough review of various treatments for osteoporosis in people living with HIV, particularly focusing on the role of calcium. Our analysis included randomized controlled trials that compared different treatment strategies, such as calcium combined with medications like zoledronate or alendronate.

While zoledronate showed promising results in improving bone mineral density, calcium was often used alongside these treatments. Unfortunately, this combination makes it difficult to isolate the specific effects of calcium on osteoporosis. We found that alendronate, although it helped reduce certain bone turnover markers, did not significantly improve bone density.

Overall, the study indicates that while calcium plays a role in treatment combinations, its isolated impact on osteoporosis remains unclear. We emphasized the need for more focused research to determine calcium's true effectiveness in enhancing bone health for those affected by HIV.
9
Calcium complex enhances bone health
Our research explored the effects of a new calcium-loaded complex, made from Antarctic krill protein and enriched with pectin, on calcium absorption and bone health in mice with calcium deficiency. We created a model that simulated calcium deficiency, which is a significant concern as it can contribute to osteoporosis.

We observed that chronic calcium deprivation led to decreased calcium absorption and deterioration of bone structure. However, the P + Ca + HMP complex significantly improved calcium retention and increased the strength of the femur, indicating a positive impact on bone health.

Additionally, this complex improved the structure of the trabecular network, which is essential for maintaining strong bones. The presence of beneficial bacteria in the gut also rose after the intervention, and these were linked to better calcium absorption and bone synthesis. Overall, these findings point to the potential of the P + Ca + HMP complex as an effective calcium supplement that could help prevent calcium deficiency and thus support bone health.
We explored the connection between magnesium and osteoporosis by examining data from 2,115 participants. A variety of methods, including LASSO regression and logistic regression, were employed to analyze plasma concentrations of 22 different metals and their relationship with osteoporosis.

From our analysis, we found that magnesium plays a notable role in the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. Specifically, it was consistently associated with a reduced risk of this condition. In our findings, magnesium showed a negative correlation with osteoporosis, meaning higher levels of this essential mineral were linked to a lower chance of osteoporosis.

However, we also noted that exposure to metals like aluminum and cadmium was positively associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, indicating that a combination of various metal exposures could influence bone health adversely. While magnesium appears to offer protective benefits, the interplay of different metals complicates the overall picture.
We sought to understand whether individuals with affective disorders (AD) receive different levels of osteoporosis treatment compared to those without these mental health conditions. To do this, we analyzed a large group of people over a ten-year period, looking at how often patients with AD received calcium prescriptions and referrals for osteoporosis screening.

Our findings show that people with AD were more likely to receive calcium treatments, including calcium alone and calcium combined with vitamin D, compared to healthy controls. Specifically, the study highlighted that individuals with AD had a 64% higher chance of receiving a calcium prescription and a 125% higher likelihood of being referred for screening within two years of their diagnosis.

Despite these increased rates of screening and treatment, there remains a question about whether such efforts are effectively reducing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures in this vulnerable group. Factors such as age, sex, ethnic background, and use of analgesics also played significant roles in the treatment pathways for these patients, indicating that while there are advancements in management, the overall effectiveness still requires further investigation.
8
MT3's Role in Osteoporosis Regulated
We observed a fascinating connection between zinc and osteoporosis in the context of a recent study that isolated the role of metallothionein 3 (MT3) in osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone absorption. Throughout our investigation, we discovered that MT3 is uniquely expressed in osteoclasts and significantly increased during their differentiation. This upregulation was not only validated through experimental means, but it was also supported by advanced ATAC sequencing techniques.

When we knocked down or knocked out MT3, we noted a troubling increase in osteoclast formation, leading to accelerated bone loss, particularly in models that mimic menopause-related osteoporosis. Our transcriptome analysis of MT3-deficient osteoclasts indicated that pathways related to oxidative stress and redox balance were particularly active.

Furthermore, we found that MT3 has a pivotal role in regulating reactive oxygen species levels, which are crucial for maintaining bone health. We identified that MT3 modulates the activity of a protein known as SP1, which becomes hyperactive when MT3 is absent. SP1, in turn, regulates critical pathways that lead to osteoclast formation. In summary, this study highlights the important role of MT3 and suggests that increasing MT3 could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating bone disorders like osteoporosis.

References

  1. Wang JC, Chung SM, Wu PT, Tu YK, Lai PC, et al. Optimizing bone health in people living with HIV: insights from a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine. 2025;81:103103. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103103
  2. Chen L, Lin S, He X, Ye J, Huang Y, et al. A calcium-loaded complex based on Antarctic krill protein and supplemented with pectin promotes calcium absorption and bone health. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141634
  3. Ma R, Romano E, Ashworth M, Vancampfort D, Solmi M, et al. Is there a disparity in osteoporosis referral and treatment among people with affective disorders? A ten-year data linkage study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2025;94:56. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.02.009
  4. Chen J, Wang J, Jia W, Zhang Y, Li H, et al. Effect of salmon calcitonin combined with calcium antagonist on blood calcium and phosphorus ion concentration in osteoporosis rats. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30:115. doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02384-y
  5. Shi L, Bao Y, Deng X, Xu X, Hu J. Association between calcium and vitamin D supplementation and increased risk of kidney stone formation in patients with osteoporosis in Southwest China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2025;15:e092901. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092901
  6. Joris V, Balmayor ER, van Griensven M. miR-125b differentially impacts mineralization in dexamethasone and calcium-treated human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2025;36:102446. doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102446
  7. Hu W, Feng X, Wen C. Relationship between multi-nutrient intake and bone loss and osteoporosis in U.S. adults: Findings from NHANES. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103:e40768. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040768
  8. Li D, Dai D, Wang J, Zhang C. Honeycomb Bionic Graphene Oxide Quantum Dot/Layered Double Hydroxide Composite Nanocoating Promotes Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration via Activating Mitophagy. Small. 2024;20:e2403907. doi:10.1002/smll.202403907
  9. Zhou H, He Z, Cao Y, Chu L, Liang B, et al. An injectable magnesium-loaded hydrogel releases hydrogen to promote osteoporotic bone repair via ROS scavenging and immunomodulation. Theranostics. 2024;14:3739. doi:10.7150/thno.97412
  10. Liu L, Luo P, Wen P, Xu P. The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1406248. doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1406248
  11. Huang L, Cai P, Bian M, Yu J, Xiao L, et al. Injectable and high-strength PLGA/CPC loaded ALN/MgO bone cement for bone regeneration by facilitating osteogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in osteoporotic bone defects. Mater Today Bio. 2024;26:101092. doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101092
  12. Weng Z, Ye J, Cai C, Liu Z, Liu Y, et al. Inflammatory microenvironment regulation and osteogenesis promotion by bone-targeting calcium and magnesium repletion nanoplatform for osteoporosis therapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2024;22:314. doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02581-7
  13. Dai Q, Wang Z, Liu C, Chen X, Cao X. High performance injectable Mg doped bioactive glass bone cement for the regulation of osteogenic immune microenvironment. Biomater Adv. 2024;160:213864. doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213864
  14. Li J, Chen Y, Zha D, Wu C, Li X, et al. Mg-ZIF nanozyme regulates the switch between osteogenic and lipogenic differentiation in BMSCs via lipid metabolism. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23:88. doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02083-3
  15. Qin L, Liu Q, Zhang T, Tang X, Mo X, et al. Association Between Combined Polymetallic Exposure and Osteoporosis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024;202:3945. doi:10.1007/s12011-023-04002-6
  16. Ma T, Guan Y, Feng J, Yang Y, Chen J, et al. Osteogenic effect of magnesium oxychloride cement modified with phytic acid and loaded with strontium ranelate. Biomater Res. 2023;27:128. doi:10.1186/s40824-023-00474-8
  17. Zhang C, Du B, Deng G, Zhang S, Yu T, et al. Anti-osteoporosis properties of phosphorylated collagen peptide-magnesium chelates in osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and ovariectomized mice. Chin Med J (Engl). 2024;137:1762. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000002877
  18. Zhao Y, Liu J, Hu L, Yao X, Tu R, et al. Novel "hot spring"-mimetic scaffolds for sequential neurovascular network reconstruction and osteoporosis reversion. Biomaterials. 2025;320:123191. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123191
  19. Al-Garawi ZS, Al-Qaisi AHI, Al-Shamari KA, Öztürkkan FE, Necefoğlu H. The utility of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to prepare metal oxides NPs for clinical application on osteoporosis supported by theoretical study. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2024;47:753. doi:10.1007/s00449-024-03012-5
  20. Düğer H, Uçan B, Çalışkan M, Bostan H, Demirci T, et al. Hypomagnesemia may be associated with symptomatic disease in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine. 2024;83:466. doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03577-3
  21. Han H, Chen S, Wang X, Jin J, Li X, et al. Association of the composite dietary antioxidant index with bone mineral density in the United States general population: data from NHANES 2005-2010. J Bone Miner Metab. 2023;41:631. doi:10.1007/s00774-023-01438-7
  22. Zhu Y, Jia G, Yang Y, Weng J, Liu S, et al. Biomimetic Porous Magnesium Alloy Scaffolds Promote the Repair of Osteoporotic Bone Defects in Rats through Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023;9:3435. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01097
  23. Fouhy LE, Mangano KM, Zhang X, Hughes BD, Tucker KL, et al. Association between a Calcium-to-Magnesium Ratio and Osteoporosis among Puerto Rican Adults. J Nutr. 2023;153:2642. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.009
  24. Xie Y, Bao Z, Wang Z, Du D, Chen G, et al. Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate Promotes Bone Formation Via CaMKII Signaling. J Bone Miner Res. 2023;38:1015. doi:10.1002/jbmr.4820
  25. Salama RHM, Ali SS, Salama THM, Almged MA, Alsanory TA, et al. Dietary Effects of Nanopowder Eggshells on Mineral Contents, Bone Turnover Biomarkers, and Regulators of Bone Resorption in Healthy Rats and Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis Rat Model. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2023;195:5034. doi:10.1007/s12010-022-04038-9
  26. Zhang X, Zhang J, Shen L, Ni B, Wang C. Association between dietary zinc intake amount and prevalence of osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study. Ir J Med Sci. 2025. doi:10.1007/s11845-025-03910-x
  27. Hori M, Takahashi H, Kondo C, Takeda A, Morozumi K, et al. Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Trabecular Bone Scores among Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2025. doi:10.1159/000543756
  28. Fahad Almulhim B, Sherif FE, Younis NS, Safwat Y, Khattab S. Foliar spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles enhances the anti-osteoporotic efficacy of the fruit extracts of L. by stimulating silybin production. Front Plant Sci. 2024;15:1421485. doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1421485
  29. Liu L, Liu H, Lu X, Yin Z, Zhang W, et al. Palladium-Based Nanocomposites Remodel Osteoporotic Microenvironment by Bone-Targeted Hydrogen Enrichment and Zincum Repletion. Research (Wash D C). 2024;7:0540. doi:10.34133/research.0540
  30. Fang D, Jiang D, Shi G, Song Y. The association between dietary zinc intake and osteopenia, osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25:710. doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07768-5
  31. Chen M, Jia L, Gao R. Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1419379. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1419379
  32. Mo S, Kim MK, Jang JS, Lee SH, Hong SJ, et al. Unique expression and critical role of metallothionein 3 in the control of osteoclastogenesis and osteoporosis. Exp Mol Med. 2024;56:1791. doi:10.1038/s12276-024-01290-3
  33. Ji H, Shen G, Liu H, Liu Y, Qian J, et al. Biodegradable Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy promotes the bone repair of senile osteoporotic fractures via the immune-modulation of macrophages. Bioact Mater. 2024;38:422. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.003
  34. Ishizu H, Shimizu T, Ohashi Y, Kusunoki K, Kanayama M, et al. Zinc improves Denosumab and eldecalcitol efficacy for bone mineral density in patients with hypozincemia. J Bone Miner Metab. 2024;42:233. doi:10.1007/s00774-024-01498-3
  35. Xu X, Lyu J, Long P, Liu K, Wang H, et al. Associations of multiple plasma metals with osteoporosis: findings from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30:120903. doi:10.1007/s11356-023-30816-x
image