We investigated the connection between dietary zinc intake and the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected over several years, we applied various statistical methods to analyze how zinc impacts bone health in these patients.
Our findings revealed that higher dietary zinc intake appears to be linked with a lower incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among individuals with RA. This suggests that consuming adequate amounts of zinc might support better bone health for those suffering from this chronic condition.
Despite our positive findings, we acknowledge that further research, including longitudinal and randomized trials, is essential for confirming these results and understanding the underlying mechanisms at play. However, the evidence from our analysis encourages a focus on dietary zinc as a possible factor in maintaining bone health for patients with RA.
Read More
9
Zinc alloy boosts bone healing
Biodegradable Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy promotes the bone repair of senile osteoporotic fractures via the immune-modulation of macrophages.
We explored the potential of a novel biodegradable zinc-based alloy, known as Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr, designed to improve healing in senile osteoporotic fractures. Aging often complicates bone healing due to changes in the bone and immune systems, creating a need for materials that can support recovery in older patients.
The Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy showed not only enhanced mechanical strength but also displayed remarkable biocompatibility, as it did not harm bone marrow stem cells. Furthermore, it exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties by influencing the behavior of immune cells called macrophages, which play a key role in healing.
In tests involving aged rats, this zinc alloy significantly accelerated the healing process in tibial fractures, confirming its effectiveness in promoting bone repair. The promising results suggest that the Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy may offer a beneficial approach to treating osteoporosis-related fractures in elderly individuals.
Read More
7
Zinc's protective role in bones
Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Trabecular Bone Scores among Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis.
We explored how zinc affects bone health, particularly osteoporosis, in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. This study included 316 patients and measured their serum zinc levels, along with assessing bone density and microarchitecture.
Findings revealed that about 41% of the participants had low zinc levels, which is classified as zinc deficiency. Interestingly, higher serum zinc levels were linked to better bone microarchitecture, as measured by the trabecular bone score (TBS). This suggests that zinc may play a protective role in maintaining bone quality, even though we did not observe a significant correlation with traditional bone density measurements.
Overall, our analysis indicates that while zinc treatment might not directly enhance bone density, it could benefit bone health by improving microarchitecture in patients with chronic kidney disease, highlighting its potential role in osteoporosis management.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Supports osteoporosis treatment
493 people found this helpful
A tiny capsule of zinc helps combat various health issues. This small dietary supplement is easy to consume and plays a crucial role in preventing diseases such as osteoporosis. Zinc contributes to skin cell renewal and collagen formation, reducing dryness and helping combat wrinkles and acne. The importance of zinc in overall health cannot be overstated, particularly in maintaining beauty and preventing various health problems.
Read More
7.5
Aids immunity and osteoporosis
6 people found this helpful
I chose this zinc picolinate as it is quickly absorbed and essential for proper immune function. Zinc is vital for bone health, helping to prevent osteoporosis and healing wounds. It effectively lowers the risk of age-related chronic diseases.
Read More
7.5
Beneficial for immunity
2 people found this helpful
This zinc picolinate is excellent due to its rapid absorption. It significantly supports immunity and bone health, thus playing a role in preventing osteoporosis.
We investigated the connection between dietary zinc intake and the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected over several years, we applied various statistical methods to analyze how zinc impacts bone health in these patients.
Our findings revealed that higher dietary zinc intake appears to be linked with a lower incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among individuals with RA. This suggests that consuming adequate amounts of zinc might support better bone health for those suffering from this chronic condition.
Despite our positive findings, we acknowledge that further research, including longitudinal and randomized trials, is essential for confirming these results and understanding the underlying mechanisms at play. However, the evidence from our analysis encourages a focus on dietary zinc as a possible factor in maintaining bone health for patients with RA.
Read More
9
Zinc alloy boosts bone healing
Biodegradable Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy promotes the bone repair of senile osteoporotic fractures via the immune-modulation of macrophages.
We explored the potential of a novel biodegradable zinc-based alloy, known as Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr, designed to improve healing in senile osteoporotic fractures. Aging often complicates bone healing due to changes in the bone and immune systems, creating a need for materials that can support recovery in older patients.
The Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy showed not only enhanced mechanical strength but also displayed remarkable biocompatibility, as it did not harm bone marrow stem cells. Furthermore, it exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties by influencing the behavior of immune cells called macrophages, which play a key role in healing.
In tests involving aged rats, this zinc alloy significantly accelerated the healing process in tibial fractures, confirming its effectiveness in promoting bone repair. The promising results suggest that the Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy may offer a beneficial approach to treating osteoporosis-related fractures in elderly individuals.
Read More
8
Zinc boosts silybin in plants
Foliar spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles enhances the anti-osteoporotic efficacy of the fruit extracts of L. by stimulating silybin production.
We aimed to explore how zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) can impact the growth and health benefits of a medicinal plant known for its powerful antioxidant properties. By administering ZnO-NPs as foliar sprays to plants under greenhouse conditions, we wanted to see if these nanoparticles could boost the production of silymarin, particularly silybin, which is essential for its soothing effects on the liver and potential benefits in combating osteoporosis.
Our findings were quite promising. The foliar application of ZnO-NPs resulted in increased levels of silybin in the plant's fruit, enhancing its overall medicinal value. We noticed notable improvements in plant growth and yield, alongside higher concentrations of crucial nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. The most substantial benefits appeared with a higher concentration of ZnO-NPs (20.0 mg/L).
Notably, the extracts from these treated plants showed promise against osteoporosis in an experimental setting. When administered to rats subjected to dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis, the extracts helped stimulate bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, suggesting a protective effect against bone loss.
While we did not isolate zinc's direct effect on osteoporosis independently, the results hint at its supportive role through enhanced plant-sourced bioactive compounds. Ultimately, our study illustrates the potential of using zinc treatments to enrich medicinal plants, potentially offering new avenues for managing osteoporosis through natural products.
Read More
8
Zinc intake benefits bone health
Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study.
We investigated how dietary zinc intake influences osteoporosis, particularly in elderly patients with hypertension. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we assessed the dietary habits of over 5,000 participants. Our analysis focused on the relationship between zinc intake and bone mineral density, which is critical for identifying osteoporosis and osteopenia.
After looking at patients' dietary copper, iron, selenium, and zinc levels, we found that those consuming zinc at recommended levels showed a positive correlation with better bone mineral density in areas like the total femur and femoral neck. This indicates that higher zinc intake could help improve bone health and potentially lower the chances of developing osteoporosis.
However, we want to emphasize that while zinc appears to have beneficial effects on bone density for hypertensive patients, it is essential to view these findings within a broader context of overall dietary health and medical guidance. Hence, increasing zinc intake, alongside other nutrients like copper, may be beneficial for our bones as we age.
Read More
8
MT3's Role in Osteoporosis Regulated
Unique expression and critical role of metallothionein 3 in the control of osteoclastogenesis and osteoporosis.
We observed a fascinating connection between zinc and osteoporosis in the context of a recent study that isolated the role of metallothionein 3 (MT3) in osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone absorption. Throughout our investigation, we discovered that MT3 is uniquely expressed in osteoclasts and significantly increased during their differentiation. This upregulation was not only validated through experimental means, but it was also supported by advanced ATAC sequencing techniques.
When we knocked down or knocked out MT3, we noted a troubling increase in osteoclast formation, leading to accelerated bone loss, particularly in models that mimic menopause-related osteoporosis. Our transcriptome analysis of MT3-deficient osteoclasts indicated that pathways related to oxidative stress and redox balance were particularly active.
Furthermore, we found that MT3 has a pivotal role in regulating reactive oxygen species levels, which are crucial for maintaining bone health. We identified that MT3 modulates the activity of a protein known as SP1, which becomes hyperactive when MT3 is absent. SP1, in turn, regulates critical pathways that lead to osteoclast formation. In summary, this study highlights the important role of MT3 and suggests that increasing MT3 could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating bone disorders like osteoporosis.
A tiny capsule of zinc helps combat various health issues. This small dietary supplement is easy to consume and plays a crucial role in preventing diseases such as osteoporosis. Zinc contributes to skin cell renewal and collagen formation, reducing dryness and helping combat wrinkles and acne. The importance of zinc in overall health cannot be overstated, particularly in maintaining beauty and preventing various health problems.
Read More
7.5
Aids immunity and osteoporosis
6 people found this helpful
I chose this zinc picolinate as it is quickly absorbed and essential for proper immune function. Zinc is vital for bone health, helping to prevent osteoporosis and healing wounds. It effectively lowers the risk of age-related chronic diseases.
Read More
7.5
Beneficial for immunity
2 people found this helpful
This zinc picolinate is excellent due to its rapid absorption. It significantly supports immunity and bone health, thus playing a role in preventing osteoporosis.
Read More
7.5
Promotes bone formation
Signs of zinc deficiency include loss of appetite, slow wound healing, and skin issues. This supplement supports immune health and bone formation, thus helping to prevent osteoporosis and maintain overall wellness.
Read More
7.5
Prevents osteoporosis
Doctors recommend taking zinc in the morning for its benefits on nervous and endocrine systems. Zinc aids in the functioning of systems important for skin, hair, nails, and reproduction, while also being vital for preventing osteoporosis and other health issues.
Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by weakened bones, making them fragile and more prone to fractures. This condition occurs when the body loses too much bone mass, doesn't make enough bone, or a combination of both. As bones lose density, they can break more easily, often as a result of minor falls or injury. Osteoporosis is often referred to as a "silent disease" because bone loss occurs without any symptoms until a fracture occurs, often in the hip, spine, or wrist.
Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include age, gender (it’s more common in women), family history, low body weight, and certain medical conditions and medications. Lifestyle choices such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a diet low in calcium and vitamin D can also contribute to bone loss. Regular weight-bearing exercise, ensuring adequate nutrition, and, in some cases, medications can help prevent or manage osteoporosis. If you believe you may be at risk, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate screening and intervention options.
Zinc is a versatile metal known for its various applications in industry and health. It is a bluish-white metallic element represented by the symbol Zn and atomic number 30 on the periodic table. Zinc is primarily used for galvanizing steel to prevent rusting, in the manufacturing of alloys, and as a component in batteries. Additionally, zinc plays a crucial role in biological processes, making it an essential trace element in the human diet. It is involved in immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and DNA synthesis, highlighting its importance in maintaining overall health and well-being.
Zinc plays a critical role in bone health, and some studies suggest that it may have a beneficial effect on osteoporosis. Zinc is involved in the function of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation, and can help maintain bone density. Some research indicates that adequate zinc levels are associated with improved bone mineral density, particularly in postmenopausal women who are at a heightened risk for osteoporosis.
However, while zinc supplementation may contribute to overall bone health, it should not be viewed as a standalone treatment for osteoporosis. It's essential to consider a comprehensive approach that includes other nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, along with lifestyle changes such as regular weight-bearing exercises. If you're considering taking zinc supplements for osteoporosis, it's best to consult a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage and ensure it fits into your overall treatment plan.
Current research indicates a complex relationship between zinc supplementation and osteoporosis management. Studies have shown that dietary zinc intake is associated with lower odds of developing osteoporosis among various populations, including older adults and those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1], [5]. By analyzing the dietary zinc levels among patients, researchers found higher intake to correlate with improved bone health, particularly among elderly hypertensive patients [6]. However, it's important to note that while these correlations exist, the studies do not conclusively establish that zinc alone is an effective treatment for osteoporosis. Rather, the evidence suggests it may support bone health as part of a broader dietary approach.
Moreover, specialized studies have explored zinc's role in bone density improvements and the overall microarchitecture of bones, particularly in patients undergoing treatments for osteoporosis [2], [9]. Some findings suggest that zinc supplementation could enhance the effectiveness of osteoporosis medications, particularly in women who are zinc deficient [9]. However, it's essential for further research to confirm these results and determine the most effective means of incorporating zinc into osteoporosis management strategies.
Users report several noteworthy improvements in their health after incorporating zinc supplements, particularly zinc picolinate, into their diets. Many have highlighted significant benefits in immune function and bone health, with a focus on preventing conditions like osteoporosis (review-id: '4e1e9a0b-9b06-447d-8310-bc8230244350', '180f9357-4c96-4388-acaa-24ca39dcf25e'). Reviewers have also mentioned enhanced wound healing and skin health, including reduced dryness and improved appearance, which is essential for overall wellness (review-id: 'ab9e8bcb-e87a-42f2-a3b0-f6dba0e052aa').
Moreover, users appreciate the fast absorption qualities of zinc, which they believe contribute to quicker positive responses regarding immunity and skin health (review-id: '4acac75b-9c1c-460e-a288-1239a53c8228'). While anecdotal evidence suggests that many individuals have experienced these health improvements, it's important to note that individual results can vary widely based on personal health conditions and dietary habits (review-id: 'c84a48ec-3810-4f76-9f11-abd0ed30b3cd').
Users report a variety of positive experiences when combining zinc supplements, particularly zinc picolinate, with other dietary supplements to manage osteoporosis. They emphasize the critical role of zinc in maintaining bone health and preventing diseases such as osteoporosis. For instance, one user noted that zinc's benefits extend beyond bone support to include immune function and skin health, which contributes to overall wellness (review-id: 'a5e980d3-6b0e-11e8-a1c0-6e12d8090867'). Additionally, many users highlighted the quick absorption of zinc, which is seen as beneficial for enhancing its effects on immunity and bone integrity (review-id: '4e1e9a0b-9b06-447d-8310-bc8230244350').
Moreover, there are reports suggesting that taking zinc consistently can help mitigate osteoporosis symptoms and support recovery from related conditions (review-id: 'edc938b6-064f-4b6d-b6ae-c3a676918868'). Reviewers also indicate that combining zinc with other nutritional supplements could enhance its overall effects, especially for individuals at risk of osteoporosis or those aiming to boost their bone health (review-id: 'c84a48ec-3810-4f76-9f11-abd0ed30b3cd'). Ultimately, users find that a comprehensive approach, integrating zinc with other supportive nutrients, can yield better outcomes in managing osteoporosis.
Users report that zinc plays a crucial role in preventing osteoporosis, emphasizing its importance for bone health. While specific dosages are not discussed in detail, many users advocate for forms of zinc that are quickly absorbed, like zinc picolinate, which tend to provide faster benefits for immune function and bone health Read ReviewRead Review. Additionally, users mention that taking zinc in the morning may enhance its effects, given its influence on multiple bodily systems Read Review.
While not all users specify an exact dosage, the emphasis on regular intake and its necessity for those at risk of osteoporosis highlights the supplement's significance in a daily health routine. There is a consensus that adequate zinc intake is essential for promoting overall wellness and mitigating the risks associated with osteoporosis Read ReviewRead Review. Overall, users suggest that zinc supplementation can be a beneficial part of a comprehensive strategy to preserve bone health.
7.5
Aids immunity and osteoporosis
6 people found this helpful
I chose this zinc picolinate as it is quickly absorbed and essential for proper immune function. Zinc is vital for bone health, helping to prevent osteoporosis and healing wounds. It effectively lowers the risk of age-related chronic diseases.
7.5
Beneficial for immunity
2 people found this helpful
This zinc picolinate is excellent due to its rapid absorption. It significantly supports immunity and bone health, thus playing a role in preventing osteoporosis.
7.5
Prevents osteoporosis
Doctors recommend taking zinc in the morning for its benefits on nervous and endocrine systems. Zinc aids in the functioning of systems important for skin, hair, nails, and reproduction, while also being vital for preventing osteoporosis and other health issues.
7.5
Controls osteoporosis risk
Zinc is critical for immune function, wound healing, and proper brain function. It can help mitigate risks related to osteoporosis and is particularly beneficial in preventing chronic diseases. Adequate intake is essential, particularly for at-risk groups.
7.5
Optimises bone health
This product is well-packaged and economical. It assists in optimising bone health and electrolyte balance, and can help in reducing osteoporosis.
7
Dietary zinc linked to osteoporosis
Association between dietary zinc intake amount and prevalence of osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study.
We aimed to understand how dietary zinc intake relates to the prevalence of osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly individuals. By analyzing data from over 7,300 participants aged 45 and older, we found that those diagnosed with osteoporosis had significantly lower zinc intake compared to those without the condition.
Our results, derived from comprehensive statistical analyses, indicate that higher dietary zinc levels are associated with lower odds of developing osteoporosis. Even when adjusting for various factors, the connection remained strong. This suggests that zinc may play an important role in bone health.
However, it’s essential to note that while lower levels of dietary zinc correlate with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis, the study did not directly address the impact of zinc treatment on improving osteoporosis outcomes. Therefore, while the data points to a relationship, we cannot conclusively say that increasing zinc intake will treat osteoporosis effectively.
9
Zinc intake may protect bones
The association between dietary zinc intake and osteopenia, osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
We investigated the connection between dietary zinc intake and the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected over several years, we applied various statistical methods to analyze how zinc impacts bone health in these patients.
Our findings revealed that higher dietary zinc intake appears to be linked with a lower incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among individuals with RA. This suggests that consuming adequate amounts of zinc might support better bone health for those suffering from this chronic condition.
Despite our positive findings, we acknowledge that further research, including longitudinal and randomized trials, is essential for confirming these results and understanding the underlying mechanisms at play. However, the evidence from our analysis encourages a focus on dietary zinc as a possible factor in maintaining bone health for patients with RA.
8
Zinc intake benefits bone health
Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study.
We investigated how dietary zinc intake influences osteoporosis, particularly in elderly patients with hypertension. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we assessed the dietary habits of over 5,000 participants. Our analysis focused on the relationship between zinc intake and bone mineral density, which is critical for identifying osteoporosis and osteopenia.
After looking at patients' dietary copper, iron, selenium, and zinc levels, we found that those consuming zinc at recommended levels showed a positive correlation with better bone mineral density in areas like the total femur and femoral neck. This indicates that higher zinc intake could help improve bone health and potentially lower the chances of developing osteoporosis.
However, we want to emphasize that while zinc appears to have beneficial effects on bone density for hypertensive patients, it is essential to view these findings within a broader context of overall dietary health and medical guidance. Hence, increasing zinc intake, alongside other nutrients like copper, may be beneficial for our bones as we age.
7
Zinc's protective role in bones
Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Trabecular Bone Scores among Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis.
We explored how zinc affects bone health, particularly osteoporosis, in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. This study included 316 patients and measured their serum zinc levels, along with assessing bone density and microarchitecture.
Findings revealed that about 41% of the participants had low zinc levels, which is classified as zinc deficiency. Interestingly, higher serum zinc levels were linked to better bone microarchitecture, as measured by the trabecular bone score (TBS). This suggests that zinc may play a protective role in maintaining bone quality, even though we did not observe a significant correlation with traditional bone density measurements.
Overall, our analysis indicates that while zinc treatment might not directly enhance bone density, it could benefit bone health by improving microarchitecture in patients with chronic kidney disease, highlighting its potential role in osteoporosis management.
8
Zinc supplementation aids osteoporosis treatment
Zinc improves Denosumab and eldecalcitol efficacy for bone mineral density in patients with hypozincemia.
We explored the impacts of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation in women with osteoporosis who were undergoing treatment with denosumab (DMAb) and eldecalcitol. Our research focused on examining whether zinc levels play any role in enhancing the effectiveness of these commonly prescribed osteoporosis medications.
Conducted as a retrospective study at a single hospital, we followed a group of female patients between April 2019 and April 2020. They were categorized based on their zinc intake and serum zinc levels after twelve months on dietary advice that included zinc-rich foods. We found that while dietary guidance alone didn’t significantly change the serum zinc levels, introducing zinc supplements did make a difference.
Notably, women suffering from zinc deficiency but receiving zinc supplements showed improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) that matched those of other groups, unlike those with insufficient zinc who did not take supplements. Moreover, none of the patients with hypozincemia on zinc medication experienced fractures, offering a promising insight into fracture prevention. However, we also noted that factors like thyroid disease hampered treatment responses.
Ultimately, we observed that hypozincemia can hinder the benefits of DMAb and eldecalcitol in boosting BMD and preventing fractures, emphasizing the importance of managing zinc levels in osteoporosis treatment.
References
Zhang X, Zhang J, Shen L, Ni B, Wang C. Association between dietary zinc intake amount and prevalence of osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study. Ir J Med Sci. 2025. doi:10.1007/s11845-025-03910-x
Hori M, Takahashi H, Kondo C, Takeda A, Morozumi K, et al. Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Trabecular Bone Scores among Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2025. doi:10.1159/000543756
Fahad Almulhim B, Sherif FE, Younis NS, Safwat Y, Khattab S. Foliar spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles enhances the anti-osteoporotic efficacy of the fruit extracts of L. by stimulating silybin production. Front Plant Sci. 2024;15:1421485. doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1421485
Liu L, Liu H, Lu X, Yin Z, Zhang W, et al. Palladium-Based Nanocomposites Remodel Osteoporotic Microenvironment by Bone-Targeted Hydrogen Enrichment and Zincum Repletion. Research (Wash D C). 2024;7:0540. doi:10.34133/research.0540
Fang D, Jiang D, Shi G, Song Y. The association between dietary zinc intake and osteopenia, osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25:710. doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07768-5
Chen M, Jia L, Gao R. Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1419379. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1419379
Mo S, Kim MK, Jang JS, Lee SH, Hong SJ, et al. Unique expression and critical role of metallothionein 3 in the control of osteoclastogenesis and osteoporosis. Exp Mol Med. 2024;56:1791. doi:10.1038/s12276-024-01290-3
Ji H, Shen G, Liu H, Liu Y, Qian J, et al. Biodegradable Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy promotes the bone repair of senile osteoporotic fractures via the immune-modulation of macrophages. Bioact Mater. 2024;38:422. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.003
Ishizu H, Shimizu T, Ohashi Y, Kusunoki K, Kanayama M, et al. Zinc improves Denosumab and eldecalcitol efficacy for bone mineral density in patients with hypozincemia. J Bone Miner Metab. 2024;42:233. doi:10.1007/s00774-024-01498-3
Xu X, Lyu J, Long P, Liu K, Wang H, et al. Associations of multiple plasma metals with osteoporosis: findings from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30:120903. doi:10.1007/s11356-023-30816-x