Reviewed By
Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 8 Researches
8.1
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 6 Reviews
8.4
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Tablet
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Zinc (from 405 mg Zinc Gluconate)
50 mg
455%
Top Medical Research Studies
8
Zinc may alleviate anxiety symptoms
We explored the connection between zinc intake and anxiety in adults through a systematic review of nine original studies. Two of these studies looked at how zinc consumption impacts anxiety, while the other seven focused on the relationship between serum zinc levels and anxiety symptoms. Our analysis included studies published in English within peer-reviewed journals, ensuring a solid foundation for understanding this potential link.
What we discovered was quite illuminating. The data indicated that individuals experiencing anxiety often had lower levels of zinc in their serum compared to those who did not suffer from anxiety. Additionally, we observed an inverse association between zinc intake and anxiety levels. This suggests that higher consumption of zinc may contribute to reduced anxiety symptoms.
In conclusion, the evidence points towards zinc playing a positive role in treating anxiety, although we acknowledge some limitations in the available studies. This means zinc supplementation could be a beneficial strategy for those looking to manage their anxiety, but more research is needed to confirm these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms better.
What we discovered was quite illuminating. The data indicated that individuals experiencing anxiety often had lower levels of zinc in their serum compared to those who did not suffer from anxiety. Additionally, we observed an inverse association between zinc intake and anxiety levels. This suggests that higher consumption of zinc may contribute to reduced anxiety symptoms.
In conclusion, the evidence points towards zinc playing a positive role in treating anxiety, although we acknowledge some limitations in the available studies. This means zinc supplementation could be a beneficial strategy for those looking to manage their anxiety, but more research is needed to confirm these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms better.
Read More
7
Zinc alleviates acrylamide-induced anxiety
We explored the effects of zinc treatment on anxiety caused by exposure to acrylamide, a harmful chemical found in some foods that can lead to cognitive decline and emotional distress. In our study, twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; one group received water, while the other groups were given a daily oral dose of acrylamide.
Among those exposed to acrylamide, some were treated with low and high doses of zinc for eight weeks. We observed that zinc significantly improved anxiety-like behavior in the treated groups. This suggests that zinc acts not only as a protector against cognitive impairment but also helps in alleviating anxiety symptoms associated with acrylamide exposure.
Furthermore, zinc demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to its ability to improve mood and mental function. Overall, zinc emerged as a promising contender in mitigating anxiety and cognitive challenges posed by acrylamide, leading to better mental clarity and emotional well-being.
Among those exposed to acrylamide, some were treated with low and high doses of zinc for eight weeks. We observed that zinc significantly improved anxiety-like behavior in the treated groups. This suggests that zinc acts not only as a protector against cognitive impairment but also helps in alleviating anxiety symptoms associated with acrylamide exposure.
Furthermore, zinc demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to its ability to improve mood and mental function. Overall, zinc emerged as a promising contender in mitigating anxiety and cognitive challenges posed by acrylamide, leading to better mental clarity and emotional well-being.
Read More
8
We investigated how zinc oxide nanoparticles, which have been shown to induce neurotoxicity and influence anxiety levels, affect behavior in rats. For 21 days, we administered these nanoparticles to see if they caused any noticeable changes, especially in terms of anxiety-related behaviors and cognitive functions.
Following this, we introduced saffron extract to the rats to determine if it could counteract any negative effects caused by the zinc exposure. Our findings revealed that the zinc nanoparticles did lead to an increase in anxiety-related behavior. However, when saffron was administered concurrently, we observed a significant improvement in anxiety over the control groups, indicating that saffron may offer some neuroprotective benefits.
This research highlights the complex relationship between zinc and anxiety. Although zinc itself may contribute to anxiety issues, saffron seems to provide a protective effect that counters these adverse effects. Therefore, we suggest that further exploration into saffron's properties could lead to new therapeutic avenues for managing anxiety linked to neurotoxic agents.
Following this, we introduced saffron extract to the rats to determine if it could counteract any negative effects caused by the zinc exposure. Our findings revealed that the zinc nanoparticles did lead to an increase in anxiety-related behavior. However, when saffron was administered concurrently, we observed a significant improvement in anxiety over the control groups, indicating that saffron may offer some neuroprotective benefits.
This research highlights the complex relationship between zinc and anxiety. Although zinc itself may contribute to anxiety issues, saffron seems to provide a protective effect that counters these adverse effects. Therefore, we suggest that further exploration into saffron's properties could lead to new therapeutic avenues for managing anxiety linked to neurotoxic agents.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Improved energy
34 people found this helpful
Now zinc is wonderful! It arrived in 9 days in Brazil, which is excellent as deliveries can take up to 15 days without charge. I’ve been taking 50mg daily to boost my immunity. The cost benefit is fantastic as it lasts nearly a year, and I have used Now products for six years. Since starting zinc, I’ve noticed improvements in my hair and feel shinier, with my anxiety markedly decreased. I have more energy for daily tasks, and I started to feel the effects within 2 weeks. I hope this helps you!
Read More
8
Reduced stress
Excellent for improving health and immunity while reducing body stress, tension, and anxiety.
Read More
6
Stable mind
8 people found this helpful
To avoid overdosing, I cut the pill into quarters. I felt lightheaded on half a pill, so now I take a quarter. I have my iron after dinner and zinc after breakfast. Since zinc deficiency can lead to anxiety, taking zinc has helped stabilise my mind significantly.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Moderately Effective
Based on 8 Researches
8.1
- All Researches
9
We aimed to understand how zinc chloride may help reduce anxiety, particularly when combined with diazepam. In our study, we organized Wistar albino rats into five groups, with each group receiving different combinations of zinc chloride and diazepam. The dosages included two different levels of diazepam (1 and 2 mg/kg) paired with a consistent dose of zinc chloride (10 mg/kg).
To assess the anxiety levels of the rats, we employed four established models: the Elevated Plus Maze, the hole board, the light and dark box, and the mirror chamber. Our observations indicated that when combined, zinc chloride and diazepam produced more potent anxiolytic effects compared to when either treatment was used alone. This suggests a possible synergistic effect that could enhance anxiety relief.
Overall, we found that zinc chloride, especially when combined with diazepam, can significantly improve anxiety outcomes in these animal models. This research opens the door to further studies on zinc's role in anxiety management and its potential as a supplementary treatment option alongside traditional medications.
To assess the anxiety levels of the rats, we employed four established models: the Elevated Plus Maze, the hole board, the light and dark box, and the mirror chamber. Our observations indicated that when combined, zinc chloride and diazepam produced more potent anxiolytic effects compared to when either treatment was used alone. This suggests a possible synergistic effect that could enhance anxiety relief.
Overall, we found that zinc chloride, especially when combined with diazepam, can significantly improve anxiety outcomes in these animal models. This research opens the door to further studies on zinc's role in anxiety management and its potential as a supplementary treatment option alongside traditional medications.
Read More
9
Zinc reduces anxiety in treatment
In a recent study, we investigated how zinc supplementation could impact anxiety levels among patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder. The research involved a randomized controlled trial with 68 participants. We divided them into two groups: one received zinc supplements along with their usual methadone treatment, while the other group only received methadone.
Our findings revealed some encouraging results regarding anxiety reduction. Specifically, we noted a significant decrease in anxiety levels among those who took zinc, with a marked difference when compared to the control group. This was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), where we observed a notable reduction in anxiety scores following the treatment period.
Overall, it appears that zinc supplementation may contribute positively to reducing anxiety in this particular patient demographic. However, since zinc was combined with methadone treatment, it's essential we approach these findings with caution and encourage further research to clarify the role of zinc supplementation alone.
Our findings revealed some encouraging results regarding anxiety reduction. Specifically, we noted a significant decrease in anxiety levels among those who took zinc, with a marked difference when compared to the control group. This was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), where we observed a notable reduction in anxiety scores following the treatment period.
Overall, it appears that zinc supplementation may contribute positively to reducing anxiety in this particular patient demographic. However, since zinc was combined with methadone treatment, it's essential we approach these findings with caution and encourage further research to clarify the role of zinc supplementation alone.
Read More
8
Zinc's potential impact on anxiety
Our study delved into how the intranasal administration of a chelate complex involving zinc arginyl-glycinate and alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan dipeptide influences anxiety and related behaviors. We utilized various rodent models, including Wistar rats and different types of mice to assess behavioral changes and levels of key brain chemicals.
We observed that intranasal delivery had noticeable effects, particularly in mice. Those given alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan showed reduced anxiety and less depressive-like behavior during acute trials. The promising results hint that this method of administration could serve as an effective new approach for treating anxiety.
Despite these findings, it's important to note that because zinc was administered in combination with other compounds, we cannot isolate the effects of zinc alone on anxiety. Nonetheless, this research sets the stage for further pre-clinical studies on how these treatments may possibly serve as anxiolytics or antidepressants.
We observed that intranasal delivery had noticeable effects, particularly in mice. Those given alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan showed reduced anxiety and less depressive-like behavior during acute trials. The promising results hint that this method of administration could serve as an effective new approach for treating anxiety.
Despite these findings, it's important to note that because zinc was administered in combination with other compounds, we cannot isolate the effects of zinc alone on anxiety. Nonetheless, this research sets the stage for further pre-clinical studies on how these treatments may possibly serve as anxiolytics or antidepressants.
Read More
8
We investigated if a combination of zinc and selenium could help reduce anxiety and improve memory in rats affected by a transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a minor stroke. This study involved giving male Wistar rats a preventative dose of zinc prior to the stroke and a therapeutic dose of selenium afterward. Our findings indicated that, while zinc alone was part of a broader treatment, the combined approach did yield positive effects in managing anxiety-like behaviors, alongside reducing memory loss and signs of depression over the long term.
It is important to highlight that while we observed improvements in behavior and cognitive functions, the specific effects of zinc on anxiety were not isolated or thoroughly examined. This raises an interesting point about the need for further research that targets zinc’s individual impact on anxiety management. Nevertheless, in combination, zinc and selenium appeared to offer long-term neuroprotective effects that could be promising for future treatments in similar contexts.
It is important to highlight that while we observed improvements in behavior and cognitive functions, the specific effects of zinc on anxiety were not isolated or thoroughly examined. This raises an interesting point about the need for further research that targets zinc’s individual impact on anxiety management. Nevertheless, in combination, zinc and selenium appeared to offer long-term neuroprotective effects that could be promising for future treatments in similar contexts.
Read More
8
Zinc alleviates prenatal stress-induced anxiety
We investigated how zinc treatment impacts anxiety levels in the offspring of rats exposed to prenatal stress. Pregnant rats were divided into different groups, some experiencing stress, while others received zinc supplements or were subjected to forced exercise.
The study revealed that prenatal restraint stress heightened anxiety and passive behaviors in the offspring. We observed that zinc supplementation helped to reverse these anxiety-induced behaviors, indicating that it may have a positive effect on managing anxiety.
However, when combined with forced exercise, zinc did not enhance its effects further. This suggests that while zinc appears helpful in mitigating anxiety linked to prenatal stress, its benefit is not necessarily amplified when paired with other interventions. Overall, zinc shows promise as a therapeutic option for anxiety related to stress exposure during pregnancy.
The study revealed that prenatal restraint stress heightened anxiety and passive behaviors in the offspring. We observed that zinc supplementation helped to reverse these anxiety-induced behaviors, indicating that it may have a positive effect on managing anxiety.
However, when combined with forced exercise, zinc did not enhance its effects further. This suggests that while zinc appears helpful in mitigating anxiety linked to prenatal stress, its benefit is not necessarily amplified when paired with other interventions. Overall, zinc shows promise as a therapeutic option for anxiety related to stress exposure during pregnancy.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 6 Reviews
8.4
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Improved energy
34 people found this helpful
Now zinc is wonderful! It arrived in 9 days in Brazil, which is excellent as deliveries can take up to 15 days without charge. I’ve been taking 50mg daily to boost my immunity. The cost benefit is fantastic as it lasts nearly a year, and I have used Now products for six years. Since starting zinc, I’ve noticed improvements in my hair and feel shinier, with my anxiety markedly decreased. I have more energy for daily tasks, and I started to feel the effects within 2 weeks. I hope this helps you!
Read More
8
Reduced stress
Excellent for improving health and immunity while reducing body stress, tension, and anxiety.
Read More
6
Stable mind
8 people found this helpful
To avoid overdosing, I cut the pill into quarters. I felt lightheaded on half a pill, so now I take a quarter. I have my iron after dinner and zinc after breakfast. Since zinc deficiency can lead to anxiety, taking zinc has helped stabilise my mind significantly.
Read More
7.5
Less anxiety
1 people found this helpful
Excellent! Everyone is now taking zinc due to fears of the coronavirus. I started using it to support my nervous system, and it genuinely makes a difference; I feel less anxiety and despondency. Dull gray days do not weigh me down as they used to. Highly recommend! Plus, supporting immunity is a fantastic bonus!
Read More
7.5
Relieves anxiety
I bought it for its antioxidant properties and immunity improvement. Despite its high content, I take one tablet each day without issues. I feel better overall and less likely to catch colds. My skin seems improved too, and it effectively relieves anxiety, making it an essential supplement at a reasonable price.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Improved energy
34 people found this helpful
Now zinc is wonderful! It arrived in 9 days in Brazil, which is excellent as deliveries can take up to 15 days without charge. I’ve been taking 50mg daily to boost my immunity. The cost benefit is fantastic as it lasts nearly a year, and I have used Now products for six years. Since starting zinc, I’ve noticed improvements in my hair and feel shinier, with my anxiety markedly decreased. I have more energy for daily tasks, and I started to feel the effects within 2 weeks. I hope this helps you!
6
Stable mind
8 people found this helpful
To avoid overdosing, I cut the pill into quarters. I felt lightheaded on half a pill, so now I take a quarter. I have my iron after dinner and zinc after breakfast. Since zinc deficiency can lead to anxiety, taking zinc has helped stabilise my mind significantly.
7.5
Less anxiety
1 people found this helpful
Excellent! Everyone is now taking zinc due to fears of the coronavirus. I started using it to support my nervous system, and it genuinely makes a difference; I feel less anxiety and despondency. Dull gray days do not weigh me down as they used to. Highly recommend! Plus, supporting immunity is a fantastic bonus!
7.5
Relieves anxiety
I bought it for its antioxidant properties and immunity improvement. Despite its high content, I take one tablet each day without issues. I feel better overall and less likely to catch colds. My skin seems improved too, and it effectively relieves anxiety, making it an essential supplement at a reasonable price.
8
Reduced stress
Excellent for improving health and immunity while reducing body stress, tension, and anxiety.
8
Zinc may alleviate anxiety symptoms
We explored the connection between zinc intake and anxiety in adults through a systematic review of nine original studies. Two of these studies looked at how zinc consumption impacts anxiety, while the other seven focused on the relationship between serum zinc levels and anxiety symptoms. Our analysis included studies published in English within peer-reviewed journals, ensuring a solid foundation for understanding this potential link.
What we discovered was quite illuminating. The data indicated that individuals experiencing anxiety often had lower levels of zinc in their serum compared to those who did not suffer from anxiety. Additionally, we observed an inverse association between zinc intake and anxiety levels. This suggests that higher consumption of zinc may contribute to reduced anxiety symptoms.
In conclusion, the evidence points towards zinc playing a positive role in treating anxiety, although we acknowledge some limitations in the available studies. This means zinc supplementation could be a beneficial strategy for those looking to manage their anxiety, but more research is needed to confirm these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms better.
What we discovered was quite illuminating. The data indicated that individuals experiencing anxiety often had lower levels of zinc in their serum compared to those who did not suffer from anxiety. Additionally, we observed an inverse association between zinc intake and anxiety levels. This suggests that higher consumption of zinc may contribute to reduced anxiety symptoms.
In conclusion, the evidence points towards zinc playing a positive role in treating anxiety, although we acknowledge some limitations in the available studies. This means zinc supplementation could be a beneficial strategy for those looking to manage their anxiety, but more research is needed to confirm these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms better.
9
We aimed to understand how zinc chloride may help reduce anxiety, particularly when combined with diazepam. In our study, we organized Wistar albino rats into five groups, with each group receiving different combinations of zinc chloride and diazepam. The dosages included two different levels of diazepam (1 and 2 mg/kg) paired with a consistent dose of zinc chloride (10 mg/kg).
To assess the anxiety levels of the rats, we employed four established models: the Elevated Plus Maze, the hole board, the light and dark box, and the mirror chamber. Our observations indicated that when combined, zinc chloride and diazepam produced more potent anxiolytic effects compared to when either treatment was used alone. This suggests a possible synergistic effect that could enhance anxiety relief.
Overall, we found that zinc chloride, especially when combined with diazepam, can significantly improve anxiety outcomes in these animal models. This research opens the door to further studies on zinc's role in anxiety management and its potential as a supplementary treatment option alongside traditional medications.
To assess the anxiety levels of the rats, we employed four established models: the Elevated Plus Maze, the hole board, the light and dark box, and the mirror chamber. Our observations indicated that when combined, zinc chloride and diazepam produced more potent anxiolytic effects compared to when either treatment was used alone. This suggests a possible synergistic effect that could enhance anxiety relief.
Overall, we found that zinc chloride, especially when combined with diazepam, can significantly improve anxiety outcomes in these animal models. This research opens the door to further studies on zinc's role in anxiety management and its potential as a supplementary treatment option alongside traditional medications.
8
Zinc alleviates prenatal stress-induced anxiety
We investigated how zinc treatment impacts anxiety levels in the offspring of rats exposed to prenatal stress. Pregnant rats were divided into different groups, some experiencing stress, while others received zinc supplements or were subjected to forced exercise.
The study revealed that prenatal restraint stress heightened anxiety and passive behaviors in the offspring. We observed that zinc supplementation helped to reverse these anxiety-induced behaviors, indicating that it may have a positive effect on managing anxiety.
However, when combined with forced exercise, zinc did not enhance its effects further. This suggests that while zinc appears helpful in mitigating anxiety linked to prenatal stress, its benefit is not necessarily amplified when paired with other interventions. Overall, zinc shows promise as a therapeutic option for anxiety related to stress exposure during pregnancy.
The study revealed that prenatal restraint stress heightened anxiety and passive behaviors in the offspring. We observed that zinc supplementation helped to reverse these anxiety-induced behaviors, indicating that it may have a positive effect on managing anxiety.
However, when combined with forced exercise, zinc did not enhance its effects further. This suggests that while zinc appears helpful in mitigating anxiety linked to prenatal stress, its benefit is not necessarily amplified when paired with other interventions. Overall, zinc shows promise as a therapeutic option for anxiety related to stress exposure during pregnancy.
7
Zinc alleviates acrylamide-induced anxiety
We explored the effects of zinc treatment on anxiety caused by exposure to acrylamide, a harmful chemical found in some foods that can lead to cognitive decline and emotional distress. In our study, twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; one group received water, while the other groups were given a daily oral dose of acrylamide.
Among those exposed to acrylamide, some were treated with low and high doses of zinc for eight weeks. We observed that zinc significantly improved anxiety-like behavior in the treated groups. This suggests that zinc acts not only as a protector against cognitive impairment but also helps in alleviating anxiety symptoms associated with acrylamide exposure.
Furthermore, zinc demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to its ability to improve mood and mental function. Overall, zinc emerged as a promising contender in mitigating anxiety and cognitive challenges posed by acrylamide, leading to better mental clarity and emotional well-being.
Among those exposed to acrylamide, some were treated with low and high doses of zinc for eight weeks. We observed that zinc significantly improved anxiety-like behavior in the treated groups. This suggests that zinc acts not only as a protector against cognitive impairment but also helps in alleviating anxiety symptoms associated with acrylamide exposure.
Furthermore, zinc demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could contribute to its ability to improve mood and mental function. Overall, zinc emerged as a promising contender in mitigating anxiety and cognitive challenges posed by acrylamide, leading to better mental clarity and emotional well-being.
9
Zinc reduces anxiety in treatment
In a recent study, we investigated how zinc supplementation could impact anxiety levels among patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder. The research involved a randomized controlled trial with 68 participants. We divided them into two groups: one received zinc supplements along with their usual methadone treatment, while the other group only received methadone.
Our findings revealed some encouraging results regarding anxiety reduction. Specifically, we noted a significant decrease in anxiety levels among those who took zinc, with a marked difference when compared to the control group. This was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), where we observed a notable reduction in anxiety scores following the treatment period.
Overall, it appears that zinc supplementation may contribute positively to reducing anxiety in this particular patient demographic. However, since zinc was combined with methadone treatment, it's essential we approach these findings with caution and encourage further research to clarify the role of zinc supplementation alone.
Our findings revealed some encouraging results regarding anxiety reduction. Specifically, we noted a significant decrease in anxiety levels among those who took zinc, with a marked difference when compared to the control group. This was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), where we observed a notable reduction in anxiety scores following the treatment period.
Overall, it appears that zinc supplementation may contribute positively to reducing anxiety in this particular patient demographic. However, since zinc was combined with methadone treatment, it's essential we approach these findings with caution and encourage further research to clarify the role of zinc supplementation alone.
References
- Ajibare AJ, Akintoye OO, Oriowo OA, Asuku AO, Oriyomi IA, et al. Zinc Ameliorates Acrylamide-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Male Wistar Rats: Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Neuro-inflammation, and Neurotrophic Pathways. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024. 10.1007/s12011-024-04490-0
- Apryatin S, Lopachev A, Zhukov I, Efimova E, Apryatina V. BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF ALPHA-GLUTAMYL-TRYPTOPHAN AND CHELATE COMPLEX OF ZINC ARGINYL-GLYCINATE ON MONOAMINE SYSTEMS DYSFUNCTIONS KNOCK-OUT MODELS. Georgian Med News. 2024.
- Naik VV, Desai VH, Noronha S. Synergistic anxiolytic efficacy exploring the combined effects of diazepam and zinc chloride in wistar albino rats. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2024;74:220. 10.1055/a-2308-9192
- Tomas-Sanchez C, Blanco-Alvarez VM, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Martinez-Fong D, Soto-Rodriguez G, et al. Prophylactic zinc and therapeutic selenium administration in adult rats prevents long-term cognitive and behavioral sequelae by a transient ischemic attack. Heliyon. 2024;10:e30017. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30017
- Sameei P, Fatehfar S, Abdollahzadeh N, Chodari L, Saboory E, et al. The effects of forced exercise and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on prenatally stress-induced behavioral and neurobiological consequences in adolescent female rat offspring. Dev Psychobiol. 2023;65:e22411. 10.1002/dev.22411
- Azargoonjahromi A. A systematic review of the association between zinc and anxiety. Nutr Rev. 2024;82:612. 10.1093/nutrit/nuad076
- Hamdi E, Muñiz-Gonzalez AB, Hidouri S, Bermejo AM, Sakly M, et al. Prevention of neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment induced by zinc nanoparticles by oral administration of saffron extract. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2023;107:1473. 10.1111/jpn.13848
- Amini Z, HeidariFarsani E. Investigating the effect of zinc supplementation on probability of relapse and mental health in patients with opioid use disorder undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2023;18:1. 10.1186/s13011-023-00514-5
