Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 35 Researches
7.5
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 9 Reviews
7.9
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Soft Gels
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
30
Total Fat
2.5 g
3%**
Cholesterol
<5 mg
1%
Protein
<1 g
Vitamin E (as natural d-alpha tocopherol)
13.4 mg
89%
Norwegian Fish Oil
2.5 g
†
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids*
1,600 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)*
800 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)*
600 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
7
We examined the relationship between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and osteoporosis using a method called 2-sample Mendelian randomization. This approach allowed us to investigate if higher levels of DHA could be a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Our findings revealed a causal tie: increased blood levels of DHA were indeed linked to a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in DHA levels, the risk for osteoporosis rose by nearly 10%. We found this connection to be statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.033.
However, it's important to point out that the genetic correlation between DHA and osteoporosis was weak, suggesting that this relationship might not be heavily influenced by our genes. While these results indicate that DHA levels are a risk factor for osteoporosis, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
Our findings revealed a causal tie: increased blood levels of DHA were indeed linked to a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in DHA levels, the risk for osteoporosis rose by nearly 10%. We found this connection to be statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.033.
However, it's important to point out that the genetic correlation between DHA and osteoporosis was weak, suggesting that this relationship might not be heavily influenced by our genes. While these results indicate that DHA levels are a risk factor for osteoporosis, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
9
We examined how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, influences bone health, particularly in conditions like osteoporosis caused by inflammation and estrogen deficiency. Through tests on mouse stem cells and a specific inflammatory environment, we discovered that EPA can enhance the formation of bone-building cells while reducing the activity of bone-resorbing cells.
Additionally, in an ovariectomized mouse model, EPA effectively prevented bone loss, showing promise for tackling postmenopausal osteoporosis. This suggests that dietary supplementation with EPA could be beneficial in managing bone health, although further research is essential to confirm these effects in humans.
Additionally, in an ovariectomized mouse model, EPA effectively prevented bone loss, showing promise for tackling postmenopausal osteoporosis. This suggests that dietary supplementation with EPA could be beneficial in managing bone health, although further research is essential to confirm these effects in humans.
9
We explored how different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect bone health. Mice with postmenopausal osteoporosis were treated with Antarctic krill oil (rich in omega-3 PUFAs) or arachidonic acid-rich oil (rich in omega-6 PUFAs) over a 120-day period.
Our findings revealed that Antarctic krill oil improved bone density and strength, while arachidonic acid-rich oil worsened these conditions. This study highlights the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for osteoporosis, suggesting that diet can play a crucial role in bone health.
Our findings revealed that Antarctic krill oil improved bone density and strength, while arachidonic acid-rich oil worsened these conditions. This study highlights the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for osteoporosis, suggesting that diet can play a crucial role in bone health.
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Prophylactic use
Omega-3 from my favourite brand, Carlson Products, is of excellent quality. Each bank lasts a long time as I take this twice a year for three months. One capsule, containing 800 mg, suffices for the prophylactic intake. Omega-3 fatty acids effectively prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain joint health, and alleviate pain during flare-ups. They also help combat bone loss and inflammation, which is especially beneficial given my age.
7.5
Cholesterol management
Omega-3 normalises blood pressure and cleanses blood vessels of accumulated "bad" cholesterol, preventing the formation of plaques. Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids help prevent osteoporosis, maintain joint health, and relieve pain during exacerbations.
7.5
Pain relief
Omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in preventing osteoporosis by maintaining healthy joints and alleviating pain during flare-ups. They also combat bone loss, reduce inflammation, and help with symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, slowing the destruction of articular cartilage during arthrosis.
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 35 Researches
7.5
- All Researches
9
We examined how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, influences bone health, particularly in conditions like osteoporosis caused by inflammation and estrogen deficiency. Through tests on mouse stem cells and a specific inflammatory environment, we discovered that EPA can enhance the formation of bone-building cells while reducing the activity of bone-resorbing cells.
Additionally, in an ovariectomized mouse model, EPA effectively prevented bone loss, showing promise for tackling postmenopausal osteoporosis. This suggests that dietary supplementation with EPA could be beneficial in managing bone health, although further research is essential to confirm these effects in humans.
Additionally, in an ovariectomized mouse model, EPA effectively prevented bone loss, showing promise for tackling postmenopausal osteoporosis. This suggests that dietary supplementation with EPA could be beneficial in managing bone health, although further research is essential to confirm these effects in humans.
9
Omega-3 benefits in osteoporosis treatment
We explored the effects of different forms of omega-3 fish oil on obesity-induced osteoporosis in mice. The study showed that DHA-enriched phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) had superior benefits compared to traditional DHA triglyceride (DHA-TG).
Over 120 days, DHA-PC significantly improved bone mineral density and increased new bone formation while reducing bone marrow fat more effectively than DHA-TG. This indicates that DHA-PC not only supports bone health but also encourages beneficial cell differentiation in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Over 120 days, DHA-PC significantly improved bone mineral density and increased new bone formation while reducing bone marrow fat more effectively than DHA-TG. This indicates that DHA-PC not only supports bone health but also encourages beneficial cell differentiation in the treatment of osteoporosis.
9
We explored how different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect bone health. Mice with postmenopausal osteoporosis were treated with Antarctic krill oil (rich in omega-3 PUFAs) or arachidonic acid-rich oil (rich in omega-6 PUFAs) over a 120-day period.
Our findings revealed that Antarctic krill oil improved bone density and strength, while arachidonic acid-rich oil worsened these conditions. This study highlights the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for osteoporosis, suggesting that diet can play a crucial role in bone health.
Our findings revealed that Antarctic krill oil improved bone density and strength, while arachidonic acid-rich oil worsened these conditions. This study highlights the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for osteoporosis, suggesting that diet can play a crucial role in bone health.
9
We delved into how omega-3 fatty acids, particularly from fish oil, impact bone health in aging mice suffering from osteoporosis. Through a study involving several dietary groups, we found that those on a fish oil diet had significant improvements in bone mass and lower levels of marrow adipose tissue compared to controls.
While we noted positive changes in bone density, the hematopoietic bone marrow remained stable across all groups. This suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may help counteract some age-related bone loss by reducing harmful fat tissue in the marrow.
While we noted positive changes in bone density, the hematopoietic bone marrow remained stable across all groups. This suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may help counteract some age-related bone loss by reducing harmful fat tissue in the marrow.
9
We explored the relationship between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Korean women. Our study involved fifty women diagnosed with osteoporosis and a control group of one hundred women without the condition. By measuring erythrocyte levels of EPA and examining fish intake, we aimed to see how they correlate with bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Moderately Good
Based on 9 Reviews
7.9
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Prophylactic use
Omega-3 from my favourite brand, Carlson Products, is of excellent quality. Each bank lasts a long time as I take this twice a year for three months. One capsule, containing 800 mg, suffices for the prophylactic intake. Omega-3 fatty acids effectively prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain joint health, and alleviate pain during flare-ups. They also help combat bone loss and inflammation, which is especially beneficial given my age.
7.5
Cholesterol management
Omega-3 normalises blood pressure and cleanses blood vessels of accumulated "bad" cholesterol, preventing the formation of plaques. Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids help prevent osteoporosis, maintain joint health, and relieve pain during exacerbations.
7.5
Pain relief
Omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in preventing osteoporosis by maintaining healthy joints and alleviating pain during flare-ups. They also combat bone loss, reduce inflammation, and help with symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, slowing the destruction of articular cartilage during arthrosis.
7.5
Support for osteoporosis
I buy this complex multiple times as it offers good value for money. Omega-3 acids support joint health and prevent osteoporosis, while also reducing inflammation and combating bone loss. Additionally, they alleviate joint pain and mitigate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, slowing the loss of articular cartilage. They also normalise cardiovascular function and hormones.
7.5
Effective for pain
Omega-3 fatty acids effectively prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain joint health, and relieve pain during exacerbations.
Frequently Asked Questions
6
Joint health benefits
I began to order this particular brand of omega-3. One drawback is that it is not so commonly available, and it would be more convenient to have one capsule instead of two. The benefits of omega-3 include maintaining joint health, preventing the development of osteoporosis, and relieving inflammation to combat bone loss. It also alleviates joint pain and helps with rheumatoid arthritis, slowing down the destruction of the articular cartilage. I've been using it for two months now.
7.5
Monthly supply
Two jars are sufficient for exactly two months. This omega-3 has a wonderful composition and should be taken with food in the morning. They support joint health, prevent osteoporosis, and help relieve inflammation and combat bone loss. They also alleviate joint pain and slow the destruction of articular cartilage in cases of arthrosis.
7.5
Pain relief
Omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in preventing osteoporosis by maintaining healthy joints and alleviating pain during flare-ups. They also combat bone loss, reduce inflammation, and help with symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, slowing the destruction of articular cartilage during arthrosis.
7.5
Prophylactic use
Omega-3 from my favourite brand, Carlson Products, is of excellent quality. Each bank lasts a long time as I take this twice a year for three months. One capsule, containing 800 mg, suffices for the prophylactic intake. Omega-3 fatty acids effectively prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain joint health, and alleviate pain during flare-ups. They also help combat bone loss and inflammation, which is especially beneficial given my age.
7.5
Support for osteoporosis
I buy this complex multiple times as it offers good value for money. Omega-3 acids support joint health and prevent osteoporosis, while also reducing inflammation and combating bone loss. Additionally, they alleviate joint pain and mitigate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, slowing the loss of articular cartilage. They also normalise cardiovascular function and hormones.
7.5
Effective for pain
Omega-3 fatty acids effectively prevent the development of osteoporosis, maintain joint health, and relieve pain during exacerbations.
7.5
Blood vessel health
Omega-3s help normalise blood pressure and cleanse blood vessels of cholesterol, preventing plaque formation. They are also effective in preventing osteoporosis, maintaining joint health, and relieving pain during exacerbations.
9
We examined how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid, influences bone health, particularly in conditions like osteoporosis caused by inflammation and estrogen deficiency. Through tests on mouse stem cells and a specific inflammatory environment, we discovered that EPA can enhance the formation of bone-building cells while reducing the activity of bone-resorbing cells.
Additionally, in an ovariectomized mouse model, EPA effectively prevented bone loss, showing promise for tackling postmenopausal osteoporosis. This suggests that dietary supplementation with EPA could be beneficial in managing bone health, although further research is essential to confirm these effects in humans.
Additionally, in an ovariectomized mouse model, EPA effectively prevented bone loss, showing promise for tackling postmenopausal osteoporosis. This suggests that dietary supplementation with EPA could be beneficial in managing bone health, although further research is essential to confirm these effects in humans.
7
We examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), part of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), on bone health specifically in relation to osteoporosis. Our analysis included data from 12 randomized controlled trials, focusing on how EPA might enhance bone mineral density and affect key bone metabolism markers.
The findings revealed that while there was a slight positive effect on bone mineral density overall, it was postmenopausal women who showed the most notable improvement. Our analysis indicated that eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation could decrease bone resorption markers, showing a decrease in levels of CTX, a marker for bone loss, in those who received n-3 PUFAs.
However, when it came to other markers of bone formation, such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, we found no significant changes attributable to EPA alone. This suggests while EPA may offer some benefits for bone density, it does not significantly enhance bone formation markers.
Ultimately, we can conclude that while eicosapentaenoic acid shows promise in supporting bone health, especially among specific populations like postmenopausal women, the overall benefits require further investigation to fully understand its role in osteoporosis treatment.
The findings revealed that while there was a slight positive effect on bone mineral density overall, it was postmenopausal women who showed the most notable improvement. Our analysis indicated that eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation could decrease bone resorption markers, showing a decrease in levels of CTX, a marker for bone loss, in those who received n-3 PUFAs.
However, when it came to other markers of bone formation, such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, we found no significant changes attributable to EPA alone. This suggests while EPA may offer some benefits for bone density, it does not significantly enhance bone formation markers.
Ultimately, we can conclude that while eicosapentaenoic acid shows promise in supporting bone health, especially among specific populations like postmenopausal women, the overall benefits require further investigation to fully understand its role in osteoporosis treatment.
4
Eicosapentaenoic acid and bone density
This study aimed to explore how dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, relates to bone mineral density (BMD) among Spanish women aged 20-79. Involving a total of 1,865 female participants, we measured BMD at various sites, including the lumbar spine and hip, using advanced dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology.
Our dietary assessment focused on sources of omega-3s, particularly EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and controlled for other factors like calcium and vitamin D intake, among other influences. We found encouraging evidence that EPA and other long-chain omega-3 fatty acids were positively associated with BMD in normal and osteopenic women, suggesting that these dietary fats might play a beneficial role in maintaining bone health.
However, it's noteworthy that we did not observe any significant correlations in osteoporotic women. This indicates that while increasing EPA intake might help bolster bone density in healthier populations, it might not offer the same benefits for those already facing osteoporosis. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of eicosapentaenoic acid and other omega-3s in supporting bone health, particularly in women who are not severely osteoporotic.
Our dietary assessment focused on sources of omega-3s, particularly EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and controlled for other factors like calcium and vitamin D intake, among other influences. We found encouraging evidence that EPA and other long-chain omega-3 fatty acids were positively associated with BMD in normal and osteopenic women, suggesting that these dietary fats might play a beneficial role in maintaining bone health.
However, it's noteworthy that we did not observe any significant correlations in osteoporotic women. This indicates that while increasing EPA intake might help bolster bone density in healthier populations, it might not offer the same benefits for those already facing osteoporosis. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of eicosapentaenoic acid and other omega-3s in supporting bone health, particularly in women who are not severely osteoporotic.
References
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- Wang Z, Wu J, Li L, Wang K, Wu X, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation modulates the osteoblast/osteoclast balance in inflammatory environments and protects against estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in mice. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:1715. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.022
- Yue H, Bo Y, Tian Y, Mao L, Xue C, et al. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Phosphatidylcholine Exerted Superior Effects to Triglyceride in Ameliorating Obesity-Induced Osteoporosis through Up-Regulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2022;70:13904. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06081
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- Abou-Saleh H, Ouhtit A, Halade GV, Rahman MM. Bone Benefits of Fish Oil Supplementation Depend on its EPA and DHA Content. Nutrients. 2019;11. doi:10.3390/nu11112701
- Bani Hassan E, Alderghaffar M, Wauquier F, Coxam V, Demontiero O, et al. The effects of dietary fatty acids on bone, hematopoietic marrow and marrow adipose tissue in a murine model of senile osteoporosis. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11:7938. doi:10.18632/aging.102299
- Shen D, Zhang X, Li Z, Bai H, Chen L. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2017;20:522. doi:10.1080/13697137.2017.1384952
- Longo AB, Ward WE. Providing Flaxseed Oil but Not Menhaden Oil Protects against OVX Induced Bone Loss in the Mandible of Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients. 2016;8. doi:10.3390/nu8100597
- Jørgensen HS, Eide IA, Hartmann A, Åsberg A, Christensen JH, et al. Plasma n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Renal Transplant Recipients. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26:196. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2015.11.007
- Chen TY, Zhang ZM, Zheng XC, Wang L, Huang MJ, et al. Endogenous n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) mitigate ovariectomy-induced bone loss by attenuating bone marrow adipogenesis in FAT1 transgenic mice. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013;7:545. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S45263
- Casado-Díaz A, Santiago-Mora R, Dorado G, Quesada-Gómez JM. The omega-6 arachidonic fatty acid, but not the omega-3 fatty acids, inhibits osteoblastogenesis and induces adipogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells: potential implication in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:1647. doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2138-z
- Das UN. Is there a role for essential fatty acids in osteoporosis?. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024;78:659. doi:10.1038/s41430-024-01456-2
- Dou Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Yu X, Ma D. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on bone health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10:145. doi:10.1002/fsn3.2655
- Lavado-García J, Roncero-Martin R, Moran JM, Pedrera-Canal M, Aliaga I, et al. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in normal and osteopenic Spanish women. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0190539. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190539
- Dong H, Hutchins-Wiese H, Kleppinger A, Annis K, Liva E, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Bone Turnover in Older Women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2014;84:124. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000199
- Erfanian A, Mirhosseini H, Rasti B, Hair-Bejo M, Bin Mustafa S, et al. Absorption and Bioavailability of Nano-Size Reduced Calcium Citrate Fortified Milk Powder in Ovariectomized and Ovariectomized-Osteoporosis Rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63:5795. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01468
- Mirás A, Bóveda MD, Leis MR, Mera A, Aldámiz-Echevarría L, et al. Risk factors for developing mineral bone disease in phenylketonuric patients. Mol Genet Metab. 2013;108:149. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.12.008
- Moon HJ, Kim TH, Byun DW, Park Y. Positive correlation between erythrocyte levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bone mass in postmenopausal Korean women with osteoporosis. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60:146. doi:10.1159/000337302
- Lappe J, Kunz I, Bendik I, Prudence K, Weber P, et al. Effect of a combination of genistein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins D3 and K1 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:203.
- Farina EK, Kiel DP, Roubenoff R, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, et al. Protective effects of fish intake and interactive effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes on hip bone mineral density in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:1142. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005926
- Bonnet N, Ferrari SL. Effects of long-term supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on longitudinal changes in bone mass and microstructure in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2011;22:665. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.05.006
- Sun L, Tamaki H, Ishimaru T, Teruya T, Ohta Y, et al. Inhibition of osteoporosis due to restricted food intake by the fish oils DHA and EPA and perilla oil in the rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004;68:2613.
- Shao L, Luo S, Zhao Z. Lipid metabolites are associated with the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Sci Rep. 2024;14:19245. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69594-y
- Li L, Wen Y, Liu D, Lan JP, Yang B. Causal link between docosahexaenoic acid and osteoporosis: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103:e38893. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000038893
- Cifuentes-Mendiola SE, Moreno-Fierros L, González-Alva P, García-Hernández AL. Docosahexaenoic acid improves altered mineralization proteins, the decreased quality of hydroxyapatite crystals and suppresses oxidative stress induced by high glucose. Exp Ther Med. 2022;23:235. doi:10.3892/etm.2022.11160
- Fang-Jie W, Ting W, Fang-Mei L, Chuan-Xiang Z, Shao L. [Study on anti-osteoporosis effect of Eucommiae Cortex based on GC-MS metabonomics]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2020;45:5555. doi:10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200624.202
- Kasonga AE, Kruger MC, Coetzee M. Free fatty acid receptor 4-β-arrestin 2 pathway mediates the effects of different classes of unsaturated fatty acids in osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2019;1864:281. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.009
- Kim HJ, Ohk B, Yoon HJ, Kang WY, Seong SJ, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid signaling attenuates the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived osteoclast precursors and promotes apoptosis in mature osteoclasts. Cell Signal. 2017;29:226. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.007
- Kruger MC, Tousen Y, Katsumata S, Tadaishi M, Kasonga AE, et al. Effects of Soy Phytoestrogens and New Zealand Functional Foods on Bone Health. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2015;61 Suppl:S142. doi:10.3177/jnsv.61.S142
- Akiyama M, Nakahama K, Morita I. Impact of docosahexaenoic acid on gene expression during osteoclastogenesis in vitro--a comprehensive analysis. Nutrients. 2013;5:3151. doi:10.3390/nu5083151
