We investigated the potential of vitamin B12 to mitigate anxiety in adult zebrafish subjected to chronic alcohol exposure. Our study involved exposing zebrafish to alcohol and then providing them with vitamin B12 to see if it would help reduce anxiety-related behaviors. By using a geotaxis test, we could observe how the fish responded in terms of anxiety in a controlled environment.
The effects were examined alongside oxidative stress and brain health, letting us delve into the biological changes that might occur due to both alcohol and vitamin treatment. The results indicated that chronic alcohol exposure did indeed affect brain function and behavior in the zebrafish. However, we found promising evidence that vitamin B12 operations as a neuroprotective agent, possibly offering relief from the anxiety associated with long-term alcohol use.
Our findings suggest that there may be valuable implications for using vitamin B12 in addressing anxiety related to chronic alcoholism, albeit further studies would be instrumental to fully understand its capabilities and mechanisms.
Read More
9
Vitamin B shows anxiety relief potential
Vitamin B reversed anxiety and depression induced by adolescent nicotine withdrawal through alteration the inflammatory, oxidative and serotoninergic profiles in male rats.
We investigated how vitamin B might alleviate anxiety and depression caused by nicotine withdrawal in adolescent male rats.
The study compared the effects of vitamin B with bupropion, revealing that vitamin B was similarly effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms.
Notably, it also demonstrated a positive impact on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory levels, suggesting vitamin B could be a promising treatment not just for nicotine withdrawal but potentially for other conditions linked to oxidative stress.
Read More
8
B12 improves fibromyalgia-related anxiety
Effect of vitamin B12 on the symptom severity and psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients; a prospective pre-post study.
We aimed to understand how a daily dose of 1000 mcg of vitamin B12 affects anxiety and overall symptoms in fibromyalgia patients. In a straightforward open-label study, patients took this vitamin for 50 days and completed various health questionnaires before and after the treatment.
The results revealed that vitamin B12 significantly improved both the severity of fibromyalgia symptoms and anxiety scores. This suggests that considering vitamin B12 as an additional therapy for fibromyalgia and related anxiety could be beneficial.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Anxiety improvements
9 people found this helpful
This is my repeat order. It is highly absorbable with no chemical ingredients. I've been taking it for my chronic anxiety and depression, and after three months, my neurological symptoms have greatly improved.
Read More
8
Reduced anxiety levels
4 people found this helpful
As my mother is vegetarian, elderly, and has diabetes, I bought this B12 supplement. She has seen good effects without any signs of anaemia or emotional anxiety and is feeling energetic.
Read More
0
Caused side effects
4 people found this helpful
Initially, I felt more energetic with this B12, as it was more convenient than the vegan lozenge. However, after time, I experienced numerous side effects like anxiety, headaches, acne, and numbness in my leg. The symptoms vanished when I stopped taking it. I will not purchase this again.
Vitamin B reversed anxiety and depression induced by adolescent nicotine withdrawal through alteration the inflammatory, oxidative and serotoninergic profiles in male rats.
We investigated how vitamin B might alleviate anxiety and depression caused by nicotine withdrawal in adolescent male rats.
The study compared the effects of vitamin B with bupropion, revealing that vitamin B was similarly effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms.
Notably, it also demonstrated a positive impact on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory levels, suggesting vitamin B could be a promising treatment not just for nicotine withdrawal but potentially for other conditions linked to oxidative stress.
Read More
8
B12 improves fibromyalgia-related anxiety
Effect of vitamin B12 on the symptom severity and psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients; a prospective pre-post study.
We aimed to understand how a daily dose of 1000 mcg of vitamin B12 affects anxiety and overall symptoms in fibromyalgia patients. In a straightforward open-label study, patients took this vitamin for 50 days and completed various health questionnaires before and after the treatment.
The results revealed that vitamin B12 significantly improved both the severity of fibromyalgia symptoms and anxiety scores. This suggests that considering vitamin B12 as an additional therapy for fibromyalgia and related anxiety could be beneficial.
Read More
8
Vitamin B12 may reduce anxiety
Therapeutic intervention of vitamin B12 in mitigating chronic alcoholism induced alterations in adult zebrafish (): a holistic approach.
We investigated the potential of vitamin B12 to mitigate anxiety in adult zebrafish subjected to chronic alcohol exposure. Our study involved exposing zebrafish to alcohol and then providing them with vitamin B12 to see if it would help reduce anxiety-related behaviors. By using a geotaxis test, we could observe how the fish responded in terms of anxiety in a controlled environment.
The effects were examined alongside oxidative stress and brain health, letting us delve into the biological changes that might occur due to both alcohol and vitamin treatment. The results indicated that chronic alcohol exposure did indeed affect brain function and behavior in the zebrafish. However, we found promising evidence that vitamin B12 operations as a neuroprotective agent, possibly offering relief from the anxiety associated with long-term alcohol use.
Our findings suggest that there may be valuable implications for using vitamin B12 in addressing anxiety related to chronic alcoholism, albeit further studies would be instrumental to fully understand its capabilities and mechanisms.
Read More
7
Vitamin B improves anxiety-related behaviors
[Effects of Vitamin B on Behaviors, Brain Monoamine Neurotransmitters, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Depressive Rats].
We set out to understand how Vitamin B affects behavior and brain chemistry in rats experiencing depression due to stress. In our study, 72 rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a group under stress, and a group under stress receiving Vitamin B injections.
Results showed that Vitamin B helped elevate brain chemicals associated with mood and reduced anxiety-like behaviors by improving neurochemical balance. This suggests a beneficial impact of Vitamin B on anxiety, particularly through its influence on essential neurotransmitters and the brain's supporting structures.
Read More
7
B12 treatment showed no significant anxiety benefit
Feasibility, safety and effectiveness of prednisolone and vitamin B1, B6, and B12 in patients with post-COVID-19-syndrome (PreVitaCOV) - protocol of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial in primary care (phase IIIb).
We evaluated the effectiveness of B12, along with other B vitamins, in managing anxiety symptoms in patients suffering from Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PC19S). The PreVitaCOV trial was carefully designed as a phase IIIb study with a double-blind, placebo-controlled structure. While over half of participants showed a notable improvement in other symptoms, B12 treatment did not demonstrate significant benefits specifically for anxiety.
This highlights the need for further research into effective anxiety treatments following COVID-19 infections.
This is my repeat order. It is highly absorbable with no chemical ingredients. I've been taking it for my chronic anxiety and depression, and after three months, my neurological symptoms have greatly improved.
Read More
8
Reduced anxiety levels
4 people found this helpful
As my mother is vegetarian, elderly, and has diabetes, I bought this B12 supplement. She has seen good effects without any signs of anaemia or emotional anxiety and is feeling energetic.
Read More
0
Caused side effects
4 people found this helpful
Initially, I felt more energetic with this B12, as it was more convenient than the vegan lozenge. However, after time, I experienced numerous side effects like anxiety, headaches, acne, and numbness in my leg. The symptoms vanished when I stopped taking it. I will not purchase this again.
Read More
9
Anxiety relief
3 people found this helpful
Great brand for my mum's B12 supplementation. Her deficiency caused tingling in her feet and anxiety, but after six months of continuous use, she no longer suffers from these negative symptoms.
Read More
9
Improved anxiety
1 people found this helpful
I've been taking this B12 for over a year, and it's one of the best on the market. It aids red blood cell production and significantly reduces my anxiety attacks. The capsules are tiny and easy to swallow.
Anxiety is a natural and often healthy emotion characterized by feelings of worry, nervousness, or fear about an impending event or situation. While some level of anxiety is a normal reaction to stress, excessive or chronic anxiety can become a mental health issue. It may present in various forms, from everyday worries to more severe conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, or social anxiety disorder. Symptoms can manifest both psychologically, such as persistent worry and difficulty concentrating, and physically, including symptoms like increased heart rate, sweating, or fatigue.
Understanding the difference between normal anxiety and an anxiety disorder is crucial. Normal anxiety can be beneficial, motivating you to prepare for important events like exams or public speaking. However, when it starts to interfere with daily activities or leads to avoidance behaviors, it may indicate the need for professional help. Treatments for anxiety often include therapy, medications, and lifestyle changes, allowing individuals to manage their symptoms effectively. If someone is struggling with anxiety that impacts their quality of life, seeking guidance from a healthcare professional is a key step toward recovery.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in several vital functions in the human body. It is essential for red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Naturally occurring in animal products, the vitamin can be found in high concentrations in meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, making it particularly important for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as plant-based sources of B12 are limited and often require supplementation.
A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to serious health issues, including anemia, fatigue, memory problems, and nerve damage. Due to its significance, it's crucial for individuals, particularly those at risk of deficiency, to ensure adequate intake through diet or supplementation. For most adults, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) is around 2.4 micrograms, though pregnant or breastfeeding women may require higher amounts. If you're considering B12 supplements, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best option for your specific needs and health status.
Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in maintaining overall brain health and is involved in the production of neurotransmitters that regulate mood, such as serotonin and dopamine. While some studies have indicated that individuals with low levels of B12 may experience higher rates of anxiety and depression, research specifically linking B12 supplementation directly to significant anxiety relief is limited. It’s important to note that a balanced diet rich in B12, which can be found in foods like meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, may support proper brain function and potentially help mitigate anxiety symptoms.
If you are considering B12 supplements for anxiety management, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional first. They can assess your B12 levels and provide personalized recommendations. While supplementation may help those who are deficient in this vital nutrient, relying solely on B12 without addressing other aspects of mental health, such as therapy or lifestyle changes, may not be an effective strategy for anxiety management.
Based on user reviews, the time it takes to see results from B12 supplementation for anxiety can vary significantly. Some users note quick improvements; one individual reported noticeable changes in mood and a reduction in anxiety within just a few days of starting the supplement Read Review. Others indicate a longer timeline, with improvements emerging after several weeks. For instance, one user experienced about 60% relief in anxiety symptoms after three weeks of consistent use Read Review.
Long-term use appears to yield even greater benefits, as several reviewers mentioned ongoing improvements over the course of months. One user reported significant improvement in neurological symptoms, including anxiety, after three months Read Review, while another saw no longer-lasting symptoms after six months of regular intake Read Review. Overall, while some users may find relief quickly, a timeframe of several weeks to months is common for achieving significant results in anxiety reduction through B12 supplementation.
While the overall body of research regarding the efficacy of Vitamin B for anxiety is mixed, there are several studies that indicate its potential benefits. An animal study demonstrated that Vitamin B significantly improved mood-related behaviors and reduced anxiety-like symptoms by aiding neurotransmitter balance in stressed rats [1]. Additionally, a trial focused on fibromyalgia patients showed notable improvements in anxiety levels after 50 days of Vitamin B12 supplementation, suggesting that it could play a role in alleviating anxiety in certain populations [8].
On the other hand, the relationship between Vitamin B12 and anxiety isn't entirely straightforward. An investigation into its effects on a post-COVID cohort found no significant benefits for anxiety symptoms specifically, even though other health improvements were noted [3]. Furthermore, a genetic analysis hinted at a peculiar association, where elevated serum Vitamin B12 levels might correlate with a higher risk of anxiety disorders, although this requires further examination to understand the underlying factors involved [11]. Thus, while there is some scientific support for Vitamin B's role in influencing anxiety, particularly in specific contexts, further research is essential to delineate its effectiveness clearly across diverse populations and conditions.
Users have reported a variety of positive improvements in their symptoms after incorporating B12 supplements into their routines. Many individuals noted significant reductions in anxiety levels, with some experiencing an outright disappearance of anxiety symptoms. For example, one user shared that after six months of consistent use, both anxiety and tingling sensations in their feet were alleviated Read Review. Another reviewer mentioned feeling lighter and more relaxed, with their anxiety vanishing after completing a jar Read Review. Additionally, some users felt improvements in their mood, motivation, and overall energy levels along with decreased anxiety, indicating a holistic benefit of B12 supplementation on emotional well-being Read Review.
While these positive experiences dominate the feedback, it’s essential to recognize that individual results can vary significantly. Some users reported mixed outcomes, with adverse effects such as heightened anxiety and skin issues emerging after starting the supplement Read Review. Moreover, personal stories reflect a range of timeframes for noticing improvements, emphasizing that while many users felt benefits within days or weeks Read Review; others found gradual enhancements over several months Read Review. Thus, while B12 may offer anxiety relief for many, it remains crucial to approach supplementation with awareness of its varying impact.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive outcomes when combining B12 supplements with their routines for managing anxiety. A significant number of users highlighted the supplement's effectiveness in reducing anxiety symptoms, with some experiencing complete relief. For example, one user noted that after consistent use, their anxiety vanished and they could finally sleep well Read Review. Another reported an improvement in mood and energy alongside a noticeable decrease in anxiety Read Review. This suggests that B12 may work synergistically with other healthy habits or supplements to enhance emotional well-being.
However, it's important to note that some users experienced adverse reactions, indicating that the combination of B12 with other supplements or medications should be approached with caution. One reviewer mentioned heightened anxiety and acne following B12 use, which ceased when they discontinued it Read Review. As with any supplement, individual responses can vary, and it may be beneficial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting B12, especially if other supplements are being taken concurrently Read Review. Ultimately, while there is a consensus on the potential benefits of B12 for anxiety, personal experiences reflect a need for careful consideration tailored to each individual's health circumstances.
According to recent studies, dosing for vitamin B12 in the context of anxiety appears to vary based on specific conditions and patient populations. For instance, research involving fibromyalgia patients showed that a daily dose of 1000 mcg of vitamin B12 for 50 days led to significant improvements in anxiety levels [8]. This suggests that individuals with certain conditions may benefit from this specific dosage as part of their treatment plan. However, it’s essential to recognize that the effectiveness of vitamin B12 can differ, as seen in another study where high doses did not yield significant benefits for anxiety [9].
Moreover, research looking into the relationship between vitamin B12 levels and anxiety indicates that while lower levels might correlate with increased anxiety symptoms, the connections are complex and not entirely straightforward [12]. Therefore, while 1000 mcg has been effective in specific scenarios, it's critical to approach supplementation carefully, considering individual health conditions and in consultation with a healthcare provider to determine the optimal dosage tailored to one's needs.
9
No anxiety issues
1 people found this helpful
I love this product. I noticed improvements in my mood and energy within days, and most importantly, I no longer have anxiety issues.
7.5
Improved anxiety symptoms
16 people found this helpful
Excellent B12 dosage. I had been experiencing numbness in my feet and toes, but after three weeks of use, I feel about 60% better. I've also noticed slight improvements in my anxiety symptoms. I’ll continue monitoring my reactions to this supplement.
9
Anxiety improvements
9 people found this helpful
This is my repeat order. It is highly absorbable with no chemical ingredients. I've been taking it for my chronic anxiety and depression, and after three months, my neurological symptoms have greatly improved.
9
Anxiety relief
3 people found this helpful
Great brand for my mum's B12 supplementation. Her deficiency caused tingling in her feet and anxiety, but after six months of continuous use, she no longer suffers from these negative symptoms.
9
Insomnia gone
After consuming a jar, I felt lighter, my anxiety vanished, and I could finally sleep well. I recommend it to everyone for brain health!
0
Caused side effects
4 people found this helpful
Initially, I felt more energetic with this B12, as it was more convenient than the vegan lozenge. However, after time, I experienced numerous side effects like anxiety, headaches, acne, and numbness in my leg. The symptoms vanished when I stopped taking it. I will not purchase this again.
0
Worsened acne
5 people found this helpful
This did not help my acne at all! Instead, it worsened it and caused cystic acne. I had done research that suggested it might help, but later findings indicated it could actually make things worse. Only take it if advised by your doctor, as it may affect your anxiety but isn't worth it if acute acne results.
7
Vitamin B improves anxiety-related behaviors
[Effects of Vitamin B on Behaviors, Brain Monoamine Neurotransmitters, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Depressive Rats].
We set out to understand how Vitamin B affects behavior and brain chemistry in rats experiencing depression due to stress. In our study, 72 rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a group under stress, and a group under stress receiving Vitamin B injections.
Results showed that Vitamin B helped elevate brain chemicals associated with mood and reduced anxiety-like behaviors by improving neurochemical balance. This suggests a beneficial impact of Vitamin B on anxiety, particularly through its influence on essential neurotransmitters and the brain's supporting structures.
8
B12 improves fibromyalgia-related anxiety
Effect of vitamin B12 on the symptom severity and psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients; a prospective pre-post study.
We aimed to understand how a daily dose of 1000 mcg of vitamin B12 affects anxiety and overall symptoms in fibromyalgia patients. In a straightforward open-label study, patients took this vitamin for 50 days and completed various health questionnaires before and after the treatment.
The results revealed that vitamin B12 significantly improved both the severity of fibromyalgia symptoms and anxiety scores. This suggests that considering vitamin B12 as an additional therapy for fibromyalgia and related anxiety could be beneficial.
7
B12 treatment showed no significant anxiety benefit
Feasibility, safety and effectiveness of prednisolone and vitamin B1, B6, and B12 in patients with post-COVID-19-syndrome (PreVitaCOV) - protocol of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial in primary care (phase IIIb).
We evaluated the effectiveness of B12, along with other B vitamins, in managing anxiety symptoms in patients suffering from Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PC19S). The PreVitaCOV trial was carefully designed as a phase IIIb study with a double-blind, placebo-controlled structure. While over half of participants showed a notable improvement in other symptoms, B12 treatment did not demonstrate significant benefits specifically for anxiety.
This highlights the need for further research into effective anxiety treatments following COVID-19 infections.
7
Potential link of vitamin B12 to anxiety
Exploring the Association between Serum B Vitamins, Homocysteine and Mental Disorders: Insights from Mendelian Randomization.
We set out to explore the role of serum vitamin B12 levels in relation to anxiety disorders, using a robust methodology that involved genetic data analysis. By pulling information from large-scale genome-wide association studies, we focused on identifying potential causal relationships between vitamin B12 and anxiety symptoms.
Our findings suggest that higher levels of vitamin B12 might be associated with an increased risk of anxiety disorders. Specifically, the analysis revealed that for every unit increase in serum vitamin B12, there's an odds ratio of 1.34 for anxiety disorders. This means that individuals with elevated vitamin B12 levels could be more likely to experience anxiety.
However, it’s essential to note that while there is a suggestive link, the relationship isn't fully straightforward. Other factors could be influencing this association, and we cannot eliminate the possibility that genetic variation might play a role in these findings. Thus, further studies are necessary to validate these results in broader and more diverse populations.
In conclusion, while our study highlights a potential connection between serum vitamin B12 levels and anxiety, it's crucial to approach these observations with caution until more research can provide clearer insights.
We explored the impact of high-dose Vitamin B6 and B12 supplementation on anxiety in a double-blind study involving 478 young adults. Participants reported their anxiety and depression levels before and after taking the supplements for a month.
While B6 showed promising results, significantly reducing anxiety and even suggesting lower depression levels, B12 did not produce notable benefits in these areas. Overall, our findings point to B6’s potential in enhancing GABA activity, which may help with emotional regulation.
4
Vitamin B12's role in anxiety
Vitamin B12, Folate, Homocysteine, Inflammatory Mediators (Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and C-Reactive Protein) Levels in Adolescents with Anxiety or Depressive Symptoms.
We explored the impact of vitamin B12 on anxiety symptoms in adolescents. In a study involving outpatients aged 12 to 18 with anxiety or depressive symptoms, we measured the severity of their conditions and checked various health markers, including serum vitamin B12 and folate levels.
Our findings indicated that lower levels of vitamin B12 were associated with a higher risk of experiencing severe anxiety and depressive symptoms. Interestingly, we also observed that vitamin B12, folate, and total homocysteine levels were interconnected, suggesting that deficiencies in these vitamins might be related.
However, while we found these associations, the correlations between vitamin levels and anxiety symptoms were generally weak.
In summary, while vitamin B12 might play a role in anxiety severity, the relationships are complex and influenced by other factors. Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering nutritional factors in mental health, but we should be cautious not to overstate the benefits of vitamin B12 alone.
References
Chen J, Liu J, Zhang P, Zhang S. [Effects of Vitamin B on Behaviors, Brain Monoamine Neurotransmitters, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Depressive Rats]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2025;56:206. doi:10.12182/20250160608
Al Jassem O, Kheir K, Ismail A, Abou-Abbas L, Masri A, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study of vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0297976. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297976
Tengelmann C, Joos S, Kaußner Y, Malzahn U, Lunden L, et al. Feasibility, safety and effectiveness of prednisolone and vitamin B1, B6, and B12 in patients with post-COVID-19-syndrome (PreVitaCOV) - protocol of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial in primary care (phase IIIb). BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24:56. doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08925-2
Pahlavani H, Masoudi M, Khoshroo N, Kakhki S, Mahdi Rezavanimehr M, et al. Vitamin B reversed anxiety and depression induced by adolescent nicotine withdrawal through alteration the inflammatory, oxidative and serotoninergic profiles in male rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023;217:115832. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115832
Pickering G, Noah L, Pereira B, Goubayon J, Leray V, et al. Assessing brain function in stressed healthy individuals following the use of a combination of green tea, Rhodiola, magnesium, and B vitamins: an fMRI study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1211321. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1211321
Shemirani F, Titcomb TJ, Saxby SM, Eyck PT, Rubenstein LM, et al. Association of serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B and mood following the Swank and Wahls elimination dietary interventions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Secondary analysis of the WAVES trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;75:104743. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104743
Young LM, Gauci S, Arnoldy L, Martin L, Perry N, et al. Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14235079
Gharibpoor F, Ghavidel-Parsa B, Sattari N, Bidari A, Nejatifar F, et al. Effect of vitamin B12 on the symptom severity and psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients; a prospective pre-post study. BMC Rheumatol. 2022;6:51. doi:10.1186/s41927-022-00282-y
Field DT, Cracknell RO, Eastwood JR, Scarfe P, Williams CM, et al. High-dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2022;37:e2852. doi:10.1002/hup.2852
Nahar M, Rai R, Jat D. Therapeutic intervention of vitamin B12 in mitigating chronic alcoholism induced alterations in adult zebrafish (): a holistic approach. Int J Neurosci. 2024. doi:10.1080/00207454.2024.2398564
Hu Y, Yu M, Wang Y, Wu H, Yang X, et al. Exploring the Association between Serum B Vitamins, Homocysteine and Mental Disorders: Insights from Mendelian Randomization. Nutrients. 2024;16. doi:10.3390/nu16131986
Tan Y, Zhou L, Huang J, Chen X, Wu Y, et al. Vitamin B12, Folate, Homocysteine, Inflammatory Mediators (Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and C-Reactive Protein) Levels in Adolescents with Anxiety or Depressive Symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:785. doi:10.2147/NDT.S399378