Last update
5/21/2026
Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 9 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 63 Reviews
8.5
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Capsules
Amount Per Serving
%DV
European Elder (berry)
920 mg
**
European Elder (flower)
230 mg
**
Top Medical Research Studies
9
We delved into how elderberry, specifically from the black elderberry fruit, impacts the flu virus, H1N1. Using an innovative technique called Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART TOF-MS), we were able to identify the powerful anti-viral properties of elderberry extract without the need for complicated processes like separation or derivatization.
Our findings revealed that elderberry extract does indeed inhibit H1N1 infection in a lab setting, with an effective concentration (IC50) of 252 micrograms per milliliter. Interestingly, we discovered that flavonoids present in the elderberry bind to H1N1 virions—essentially blocking their ability to infect host cells.
Among the compounds, two key flavonoids emerged: the 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-methylquercetin and dihydromyricetin. These compounds not only bound to the virus but also effectively prevented infection. Notably, the tetra-O-methylquercetin demonstrated an impressive IC50 of just 0.13 micrograms per milliliter, which is comparable to well-known antiviral medications like Oseltamivir and Amantadine.
In summary, elderberry shows promising potential as a natural remedy against the H1N1 flu, offering a fascinating area for further research and utilization in flu prevention strategies.
Our findings revealed that elderberry extract does indeed inhibit H1N1 infection in a lab setting, with an effective concentration (IC50) of 252 micrograms per milliliter. Interestingly, we discovered that flavonoids present in the elderberry bind to H1N1 virions—essentially blocking their ability to infect host cells.
Among the compounds, two key flavonoids emerged: the 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-methylquercetin and dihydromyricetin. These compounds not only bound to the virus but also effectively prevented infection. Notably, the tetra-O-methylquercetin demonstrated an impressive IC50 of just 0.13 micrograms per milliliter, which is comparable to well-known antiviral medications like Oseltamivir and Amantadine.
In summary, elderberry shows promising potential as a natural remedy against the H1N1 flu, offering a fascinating area for further research and utilization in flu prevention strategies.
Read More
8
Elderberry effective against flu pathogens
We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a standardized elderberry extract against influenza viruses and respiratory bacterial pathogens. The study utilized liquid cultures to examine how various concentrations of the elderberry extract—specifically 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%—inhibited bacterial growth.
Our findings revealed that the elderberry extract is not just a potential ally against flu viruses, but also demonstrates activity against several harmful bacteria. We specifically tested its effects on both H5N1-type influenza A and influenza B viruses using reputable laboratory methods.
The results suggest that elderberry could offer additional strategies for combating infections, particularly during the flu season when complications often arise from bacterial super-infections following viral illnesses. These findings encourage the exploration of natural products like elderberry as a supportive treatment for respiratory infections.
Our findings revealed that the elderberry extract is not just a potential ally against flu viruses, but also demonstrates activity against several harmful bacteria. We specifically tested its effects on both H5N1-type influenza A and influenza B viruses using reputable laboratory methods.
The results suggest that elderberry could offer additional strategies for combating infections, particularly during the flu season when complications often arise from bacterial super-infections following viral illnesses. These findings encourage the exploration of natural products like elderberry as a supportive treatment for respiratory infections.
Read More
9
Elderberry shows promise for flu symptoms
We delved into the effectiveness of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) as a treatment for upper respiratory symptoms. This meta-analysis included 180 participants and aimed to provide insight into its benefits, particularly in relation to vaccination status and specific health conditions.
Our findings showed that elderberry supplementation significantly reduced symptoms associated with colds and flu. This suggests that elderberry could serve as a safer alternative to antibiotics and other prescription medications for managing these common viral infections.
Our findings showed that elderberry supplementation significantly reduced symptoms associated with colds and flu. This suggests that elderberry could serve as a safer alternative to antibiotics and other prescription medications for managing these common viral infections.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Stay flu-free
258 people found this helpful
I have read many articles on Black Elderberry's benefits for the immune system. For the first time in 33 years of working in public education, I did not catch a single cold, sniffle, sinus infection, flu, or bronchitis. I cannot believe it. While it may be luck or other factors, I firmly believe that incorporating Black Elderberry into my daily routine has been key to maintaining my health.
Read More
9
Effective antiviral
135 people found this helpful
Elderberry has demonstrated its effectiveness in clinical trials as an antiviral against Influenza A and B, as well as H1N1. A notable study boasted that 93% of flu patients treated with Elderberry were symptom-free in two days, compared to six days for those receiving a placebo. This research has been published across several reputable journals. The findings suggest that Elderberry could aid immune systems, notably in individuals with compromised immunity.
Read More
9
Rapid recovery
76 people found this helpful
It's essential not to overlook this must-have supplement. I swear by elderberry! I began taking it at the start of the year after falling ill with influenza B. I started on it as soon as it arrived, and I was feeling like myself again in no time. I now take it consistently to keep my immunity strong. As a teacher, I cannot afford to be ill, and thankfully, I have not been! Even when I catch a common cold, I recover faster than those around me.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 9 Researches
7.8
- All Researches
9
Elderberry shows promise for flu symptoms
We delved into the effectiveness of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) as a treatment for upper respiratory symptoms. This meta-analysis included 180 participants and aimed to provide insight into its benefits, particularly in relation to vaccination status and specific health conditions.
Our findings showed that elderberry supplementation significantly reduced symptoms associated with colds and flu. This suggests that elderberry could serve as a safer alternative to antibiotics and other prescription medications for managing these common viral infections.
Our findings showed that elderberry supplementation significantly reduced symptoms associated with colds and flu. This suggests that elderberry could serve as a safer alternative to antibiotics and other prescription medications for managing these common viral infections.
Read More
9
We explored how European black elderberry affects the immune response, particularly regarding flu infections. Through comparing its water extract and polysaccharide fractions to a traditional alcoholic extract, we focused on the role of dendritic cells (DCs), which are crucial for triggering strong T cell responses.
Our findings showed that the water extract and its polysaccharide components effectively matured DCs, enhancing their ability to stimulate T cells significantly. In contrast, the traditional alcoholic extract did not demonstrate any capacity to induce T cell stimulation.
We also observed that the water extracts promoted the production of key inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, contributing to a robust immune response, which may be beneficial in fighting off viruses like influenza. Thus, it appears that the polysaccharides from elderberry extracts can play a significant role in modulating the immune system, potentially equipping us to better combat viral threats.
Our findings showed that the water extract and its polysaccharide components effectively matured DCs, enhancing their ability to stimulate T cells significantly. In contrast, the traditional alcoholic extract did not demonstrate any capacity to induce T cell stimulation.
We also observed that the water extracts promoted the production of key inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, contributing to a robust immune response, which may be beneficial in fighting off viruses like influenza. Thus, it appears that the polysaccharides from elderberry extracts can play a significant role in modulating the immune system, potentially equipping us to better combat viral threats.
Read More
9
We delved into how elderberry, specifically from the black elderberry fruit, impacts the flu virus, H1N1. Using an innovative technique called Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART TOF-MS), we were able to identify the powerful anti-viral properties of elderberry extract without the need for complicated processes like separation or derivatization.
Our findings revealed that elderberry extract does indeed inhibit H1N1 infection in a lab setting, with an effective concentration (IC50) of 252 micrograms per milliliter. Interestingly, we discovered that flavonoids present in the elderberry bind to H1N1 virions—essentially blocking their ability to infect host cells.
Among the compounds, two key flavonoids emerged: the 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-methylquercetin and dihydromyricetin. These compounds not only bound to the virus but also effectively prevented infection. Notably, the tetra-O-methylquercetin demonstrated an impressive IC50 of just 0.13 micrograms per milliliter, which is comparable to well-known antiviral medications like Oseltamivir and Amantadine.
In summary, elderberry shows promising potential as a natural remedy against the H1N1 flu, offering a fascinating area for further research and utilization in flu prevention strategies.
Our findings revealed that elderberry extract does indeed inhibit H1N1 infection in a lab setting, with an effective concentration (IC50) of 252 micrograms per milliliter. Interestingly, we discovered that flavonoids present in the elderberry bind to H1N1 virions—essentially blocking their ability to infect host cells.
Among the compounds, two key flavonoids emerged: the 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-methylquercetin and dihydromyricetin. These compounds not only bound to the virus but also effectively prevented infection. Notably, the tetra-O-methylquercetin demonstrated an impressive IC50 of just 0.13 micrograms per milliliter, which is comparable to well-known antiviral medications like Oseltamivir and Amantadine.
In summary, elderberry shows promising potential as a natural remedy against the H1N1 flu, offering a fascinating area for further research and utilization in flu prevention strategies.
Read More
8
We explored how Sambucol, a black elderberry extract, affects the immune system's response to influenza. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study revealed that Sambucol not only shortens flu symptoms but also boosts the production of inflammatory cytokines, which are key in fighting infections.
In our findings, the elderberry extract significantly elevated levels of specific cytokines, particularly TNF-alpha. This suggests that Sambucol could enhance immune activity, making it potentially beneficial for those with various health conditions, including cancer and AIDS.
In our findings, the elderberry extract significantly elevated levels of specific cytokines, particularly TNF-alpha. This suggests that Sambucol could enhance immune activity, making it potentially beneficial for those with various health conditions, including cancer and AIDS.
Read More
8
We examined how elderberry might impact flu treatment based on several studies. From 1995 to 2013, three clinical trials looked specifically at different elderberry preparations, and all concluded that elderberry could be effective against influenza. However, it's important to note that these studies involved only 77 people, which is quite small for drawing definitive conclusions.
While the potential for elderberry's effectiveness seems promising, the limited sample size means we should be cautious in making broad claims about its benefits. There were no human or animal studies mentioned that specifically researched the safety of elderberry during pregnancy, presenting a gap in knowledge that is concerning for pregnant women considering herbal treatments for flu.
Overall, while elderberry appears effective against the flu based on the small trials, we need much more comprehensive research to better understand its efficacy and safety, particularly for vulnerable populations like pregnant women.
While the potential for elderberry's effectiveness seems promising, the limited sample size means we should be cautious in making broad claims about its benefits. There were no human or animal studies mentioned that specifically researched the safety of elderberry during pregnancy, presenting a gap in knowledge that is concerning for pregnant women considering herbal treatments for flu.
Overall, while elderberry appears effective against the flu based on the small trials, we need much more comprehensive research to better understand its efficacy and safety, particularly for vulnerable populations like pregnant women.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 63 Reviews
8.5
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Stay flu-free
258 people found this helpful
I have read many articles on Black Elderberry's benefits for the immune system. For the first time in 33 years of working in public education, I did not catch a single cold, sniffle, sinus infection, flu, or bronchitis. I cannot believe it. While it may be luck or other factors, I firmly believe that incorporating Black Elderberry into my daily routine has been key to maintaining my health.
Read More
9
Effective antiviral
135 people found this helpful
Elderberry has demonstrated its effectiveness in clinical trials as an antiviral against Influenza A and B, as well as H1N1. A notable study boasted that 93% of flu patients treated with Elderberry were symptom-free in two days, compared to six days for those receiving a placebo. This research has been published across several reputable journals. The findings suggest that Elderberry could aid immune systems, notably in individuals with compromised immunity.
Read More
9
Rapid recovery
76 people found this helpful
It's essential not to overlook this must-have supplement. I swear by elderberry! I began taking it at the start of the year after falling ill with influenza B. I started on it as soon as it arrived, and I was feeling like myself again in no time. I now take it consistently to keep my immunity strong. As a teacher, I cannot afford to be ill, and thankfully, I have not been! Even when I catch a common cold, I recover faster than those around me.
Read More
9
Effective for flu
3 people found this helpful
This herb has changed my life regarding flu-like symptoms. I've struggled with a weak immune system since childhood, falling ill four times a winter. However, after taking black elderberry for over eight years, I now get ill less frequently, with symptoms lasting just 48 hours. When I notice the first signs, I quickly take two pills and another two every two hours, totalling six a day. More than that, however, makes my stomach upset.
Read More
9
Immunity success
3 people found this helpful
Between October and December, I suffered several colds. I decided it was time to boost my immune system with supplements. After some research, I found that Elderberry is excellent for immunity. I now take two capsules daily alongside another immune-boosting vitamin, and I haven’t gotten sick since. Even my husband and daughter (who received the flu shot) came down with the flu, but I remained unaffected. I highly recommend this supplement for immunity enhancement; it’s far more economical than a doctor's copay.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Effective for flu
3 people found this helpful
This herb has changed my life regarding flu-like symptoms. I've struggled with a weak immune system since childhood, falling ill four times a winter. However, after taking black elderberry for over eight years, I now get ill less frequently, with symptoms lasting just 48 hours. When I notice the first signs, I quickly take two pills and another two every two hours, totalling six a day. More than that, however, makes my stomach upset.
5
We explored the effectiveness of elderberry in treating and potentially preventing flu-related illness. This involved a systematic review of five randomized trials, which helped us examine whether elderberry could play a beneficial role in combatting viruses like the flu.
The findings suggest that while elderberry might not lower the risk of catching the common cold, it could potentially reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms. We learned that elderberry may also shorten the duration of influenza, but the certainty of these benefits is still uncertain.
Interestingly, when comparing elderberry to oseltamivir, a common antiviral medication, elderberry appeared linked to a lower risk of influenza complications and side effects. However, we found no substantial evidence connecting elderberry to significant inflammatory outcomes. Some studies hinted that elderberry might influence certain inflammatory markers, but this effect may lessen with prolonged use.
Overall, we did not find strong, clear-cut benefits from elderberry in treating flu, stressing the need for more research to confirm these findings. Though it seems to be a safe option without overstimulating the immune system, the evidence remains inconclusive, and more studies are essential to draw firmer conclusions.
The findings suggest that while elderberry might not lower the risk of catching the common cold, it could potentially reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms. We learned that elderberry may also shorten the duration of influenza, but the certainty of these benefits is still uncertain.
Interestingly, when comparing elderberry to oseltamivir, a common antiviral medication, elderberry appeared linked to a lower risk of influenza complications and side effects. However, we found no substantial evidence connecting elderberry to significant inflammatory outcomes. Some studies hinted that elderberry might influence certain inflammatory markers, but this effect may lessen with prolonged use.
Overall, we did not find strong, clear-cut benefits from elderberry in treating flu, stressing the need for more research to confirm these findings. Though it seems to be a safe option without overstimulating the immune system, the evidence remains inconclusive, and more studies are essential to draw firmer conclusions.
9
We explored how European black elderberry affects the immune response, particularly regarding flu infections. Through comparing its water extract and polysaccharide fractions to a traditional alcoholic extract, we focused on the role of dendritic cells (DCs), which are crucial for triggering strong T cell responses.
Our findings showed that the water extract and its polysaccharide components effectively matured DCs, enhancing their ability to stimulate T cells significantly. In contrast, the traditional alcoholic extract did not demonstrate any capacity to induce T cell stimulation.
We also observed that the water extracts promoted the production of key inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, contributing to a robust immune response, which may be beneficial in fighting off viruses like influenza. Thus, it appears that the polysaccharides from elderberry extracts can play a significant role in modulating the immune system, potentially equipping us to better combat viral threats.
Our findings showed that the water extract and its polysaccharide components effectively matured DCs, enhancing their ability to stimulate T cells significantly. In contrast, the traditional alcoholic extract did not demonstrate any capacity to induce T cell stimulation.
We also observed that the water extracts promoted the production of key inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, contributing to a robust immune response, which may be beneficial in fighting off viruses like influenza. Thus, it appears that the polysaccharides from elderberry extracts can play a significant role in modulating the immune system, potentially equipping us to better combat viral threats.
9
We delved into how elderberry, specifically from the black elderberry fruit, impacts the flu virus, H1N1. Using an innovative technique called Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART TOF-MS), we were able to identify the powerful anti-viral properties of elderberry extract without the need for complicated processes like separation or derivatization.
Our findings revealed that elderberry extract does indeed inhibit H1N1 infection in a lab setting, with an effective concentration (IC50) of 252 micrograms per milliliter. Interestingly, we discovered that flavonoids present in the elderberry bind to H1N1 virions—essentially blocking their ability to infect host cells.
Among the compounds, two key flavonoids emerged: the 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-methylquercetin and dihydromyricetin. These compounds not only bound to the virus but also effectively prevented infection. Notably, the tetra-O-methylquercetin demonstrated an impressive IC50 of just 0.13 micrograms per milliliter, which is comparable to well-known antiviral medications like Oseltamivir and Amantadine.
In summary, elderberry shows promising potential as a natural remedy against the H1N1 flu, offering a fascinating area for further research and utilization in flu prevention strategies.
Our findings revealed that elderberry extract does indeed inhibit H1N1 infection in a lab setting, with an effective concentration (IC50) of 252 micrograms per milliliter. Interestingly, we discovered that flavonoids present in the elderberry bind to H1N1 virions—essentially blocking their ability to infect host cells.
Among the compounds, two key flavonoids emerged: the 5,7,3',4'-tetra-O-methylquercetin and dihydromyricetin. These compounds not only bound to the virus but also effectively prevented infection. Notably, the tetra-O-methylquercetin demonstrated an impressive IC50 of just 0.13 micrograms per milliliter, which is comparable to well-known antiviral medications like Oseltamivir and Amantadine.
In summary, elderberry shows promising potential as a natural remedy against the H1N1 flu, offering a fascinating area for further research and utilization in flu prevention strategies.
8
We examined how elderberry might impact flu treatment based on several studies. From 1995 to 2013, three clinical trials looked specifically at different elderberry preparations, and all concluded that elderberry could be effective against influenza. However, it's important to note that these studies involved only 77 people, which is quite small for drawing definitive conclusions.
While the potential for elderberry's effectiveness seems promising, the limited sample size means we should be cautious in making broad claims about its benefits. There were no human or animal studies mentioned that specifically researched the safety of elderberry during pregnancy, presenting a gap in knowledge that is concerning for pregnant women considering herbal treatments for flu.
Overall, while elderberry appears effective against the flu based on the small trials, we need much more comprehensive research to better understand its efficacy and safety, particularly for vulnerable populations like pregnant women.
While the potential for elderberry's effectiveness seems promising, the limited sample size means we should be cautious in making broad claims about its benefits. There were no human or animal studies mentioned that specifically researched the safety of elderberry during pregnancy, presenting a gap in knowledge that is concerning for pregnant women considering herbal treatments for flu.
Overall, while elderberry appears effective against the flu based on the small trials, we need much more comprehensive research to better understand its efficacy and safety, particularly for vulnerable populations like pregnant women.
7
Elderberry's variable effectiveness against influenza
We investigated the effects of elderberry fruit on flu viruses, specifically how it interacts with the H9N2 influenza strain in human epithelial cell cultures. Our approach involved treating the virus and cells with various concentrations of elderberry extract before and after infection to see its influence on virus replication.
During our experiments, we noticed that at lower doses of elderberry extract, the viral activity actually increased. This indicated that the herb didn’t stop the virus from replicating. However, when we applied higher concentrations—specifically 40 and 80 μg/mL—we observed a significant reduction in both the amount of virus present and the production of viral proteins. This suggests elderberry may interfere with how viruses enter cells or how they release from them.
Importantly, the results hint that elderberry's effectiveness might stem from its interaction with lipid rafts in cell membranes. These rafts are crucial for the viruses' fusion and budding processes. Our findings underscore the importance of dosage and timing when using elderberry for treating influenza, highlighting the complexity of herbal treatments.
During our experiments, we noticed that at lower doses of elderberry extract, the viral activity actually increased. This indicated that the herb didn’t stop the virus from replicating. However, when we applied higher concentrations—specifically 40 and 80 μg/mL—we observed a significant reduction in both the amount of virus present and the production of viral proteins. This suggests elderberry may interfere with how viruses enter cells or how they release from them.
Importantly, the results hint that elderberry's effectiveness might stem from its interaction with lipid rafts in cell membranes. These rafts are crucial for the viruses' fusion and budding processes. Our findings underscore the importance of dosage and timing when using elderberry for treating influenza, highlighting the complexity of herbal treatments.
7
We evaluated the effectiveness of elderberry juice, specifically concentrated juice (CJ-E), in combating the human influenza A virus (IFV). Our experiments involved administering CJ-E to mice infected with IFV to observe any potential antiviral effects. While we found that CJ-E had a strong impact on the mice, its antiviral action was less impressive when tested in a controlled cell culture environment.
To further assess its effects, we separated CJ-E into different fractions using ultrafiltration and anion-exchange chromatography. We concentrated on the high-molecular-weight fractions of CJ-E, which appeared to significantly suppress viral replication in the mice's bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs). Moreover, these fractions seemed to boost the production of IFV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the serum, along with increasing secretory IgA levels in BALFs and feces.
Particularly, one fraction, Fr. II from the high-molecular-weight group, which contained acidic polysaccharides, showed notable strength in defending against the flu infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CJ-E can stimulate the immune response and may play a preventative role against the influenza virus infection.
To further assess its effects, we separated CJ-E into different fractions using ultrafiltration and anion-exchange chromatography. We concentrated on the high-molecular-weight fractions of CJ-E, which appeared to significantly suppress viral replication in the mice's bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs). Moreover, these fractions seemed to boost the production of IFV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the serum, along with increasing secretory IgA levels in BALFs and feces.
Particularly, one fraction, Fr. II from the high-molecular-weight group, which contained acidic polysaccharides, showed notable strength in defending against the flu infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CJ-E can stimulate the immune response and may play a preventative role against the influenza virus infection.
References
- Hawkins J, Baker C, Cherry L, Dunne E. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019;42:361. 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004
- Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2001;12:290. PubMed
- Stich L, Plattner S, McDougall G, Austin C, Steinkasserer A. Polysaccharides from European Black Elderberry Extract Enhance Dendritic Cell Mediated T Cell Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23. 10.3390/ijms23073949
- Wieland LS, Piechotta V, Feinberg T, Ludeman E, Hutton B, et al. Elderberry for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory illnesses: a systematic review. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21:112. 10.1186/s12906-021-03283-5
- Shahsavandi S, Ebrahimi MM, Hasaninejad Farahani A. Interfering With Lipid Raft Association: A Mechanism to Control Influenza Virus Infection By . Iran J Pharm Res. 2017;16:1147. PubMed
- Holst L, Havnen GC, Nordeng H. Echinacea and elderberry-should they be used against upper respiratory tract infections during pregnancy?. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:31. 10.3389/fphar.2014.00031
- Kinoshita E, Hayashi K, Katayama H, Hayashi T, Obata A. Anti-influenza virus effects of elderberry juice and its fractions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2012;76:1633. PubMed
- Krawitz C, Mraheil MA, Stein M, Imirzalioglu C, Domann E, et al. Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;11:16. 10.1186/1472-6882-11-16
- Roschek B, Fink RC, McMichael MD, Li D, Alberte RS. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry. 2009;70:1255. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.003
