Last update
3/28/2026
Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 27 Researches
7.2
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.4
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Soft Gels
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
10
Total Fat
1 g
1%
Saturated Fat
0 g
0%
Trans Fat
0 g
†
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
10 mcg (400 IU)
67%
Total Omega-3s♦
830 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
205 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
480 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
We explored the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a nutrient known for its heart benefits, on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC), a condition leading to heart failure. Our study focused on diabetic mice and revealed that EPA plays a protective role against DC, particularly by reducing harmful M1-polarized macrophages in the heart.
In our experiments, we found that EPA not only reduces cardiomyocyte injury caused by M1-polarized macrophages but also encourages a shift in macrophages' behavior from M1 to a protective Mox state—not M2. This shift is crucial because Mox macrophages help mitigate the damage inflicted by their M1 counterparts.
We identified heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as a key player in maintaining the Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1, which helps curb macrophage M1 polarization and the resulting cardiomyocyte injury. Interestingly, our findings also showed that EPA fosters this protective Mox polarization in monocyte-derived macrophages from diabetic patients, suggesting a broader application for this treatment strategy.
Overall, our study highlights the potential of EPA as a novel approach to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, emphasizing the importance of macrophage Mox polarization in maintaining heart health in diabetes.
In our experiments, we found that EPA not only reduces cardiomyocyte injury caused by M1-polarized macrophages but also encourages a shift in macrophages' behavior from M1 to a protective Mox state—not M2. This shift is crucial because Mox macrophages help mitigate the damage inflicted by their M1 counterparts.
We identified heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as a key player in maintaining the Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1, which helps curb macrophage M1 polarization and the resulting cardiomyocyte injury. Interestingly, our findings also showed that EPA fosters this protective Mox polarization in monocyte-derived macrophages from diabetic patients, suggesting a broader application for this treatment strategy.
Overall, our study highlights the potential of EPA as a novel approach to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, emphasizing the importance of macrophage Mox polarization in maintaining heart health in diabetes.
Read More
8
Vitamin D improves heart disease factors
We conducted a double-blind, randomized clinical trial to see how treating vitamin D deficiency could influence heart health, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). In our study, 44 IHD patients aged 40 to 65 were treated with either vitamin D or a placebo to assess changes in their lipid profiles and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
Our findings revealed that participants who received vitamin D supplementation showed notable improvements. Specifically, we observed higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)—often referred to as the "good" cholesterol—and lower triglyceride levels among those treated with vitamin D. Interestingly, the increase in HDL-C and improvement in triglyceride levels underscore vitamin D’s potential role in enhancing lipid profiles in patients struggling with heart disease.
We also noted that vitamin D treatment didn’t significantly impact CRP levels, which are typically used as a marker for inflammation and heart disease risk. This suggests that while vitamin D might help improve certain lipids, its effects on other markers of heart disease need further investigation.
Overall, our study highlights the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a tool to manage heart disease risk factors, offering a promising option for healthcare professionals working with patients suffering from IHD.
Our findings revealed that participants who received vitamin D supplementation showed notable improvements. Specifically, we observed higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)—often referred to as the "good" cholesterol—and lower triglyceride levels among those treated with vitamin D. Interestingly, the increase in HDL-C and improvement in triglyceride levels underscore vitamin D’s potential role in enhancing lipid profiles in patients struggling with heart disease.
We also noted that vitamin D treatment didn’t significantly impact CRP levels, which are typically used as a marker for inflammation and heart disease risk. This suggests that while vitamin D might help improve certain lipids, its effects on other markers of heart disease need further investigation.
Overall, our study highlights the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a tool to manage heart disease risk factors, offering a promising option for healthcare professionals working with patients suffering from IHD.
Read More
8
We explored how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a key component of omega-3 fatty acids, influences cardiovascular health by analyzing the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL). This large, randomized controlled trial involved 25,871 older adults in the U.S., with a median follow-up of 5.3 years to assess the effects of daily supplementation.
Initially, the results seemed non-significant for major cardiovascular events. However, our Bayesian analysis, which incorporated previous research, showed more positive outcomes. We observed that EPA supplementation could significantly reduce the risk of coronary events, such as total coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction, while it didn’t seem to impact stroke rates.
These findings enhance our understanding of omega-3 supplements in preventing heart-related issues, emphasizing their potential as a primary preventative measure against coronary diseases.
Initially, the results seemed non-significant for major cardiovascular events. However, our Bayesian analysis, which incorporated previous research, showed more positive outcomes. We observed that EPA supplementation could significantly reduce the risk of coronary events, such as total coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction, while it didn’t seem to impact stroke rates.
These findings enhance our understanding of omega-3 supplements in preventing heart-related issues, emphasizing their potential as a primary preventative measure against coronary diseases.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Essential supplement during pregnancy
Omega-3 acids greatly benefit the cardiovascular system and blood supply to the placenta, ensuring the fetus receives vital nutrients. I recommend that all mothers take these supplements to support both their health and the healthy development of their baby, particularly in managing cardiovascular disease.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 27 Researches
7.2
- All Researches
9
Icosapent ethyl reduces cardiovascular risks
We explored the effectiveness of icosapent ethyl, a form of eicosapentaenoic acid, in reducing cardiovascular events among statin-treated patients who had high cardiovascular risk and controlled cholesterol levels.
In this analysis of the REDUCE-IT trial, 8,175 patients with elevated triglycerides were observed. These patients were divided based on their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels before treatment. We found that, overall, icosapent ethyl lead to significant reductions in major cardiovascular events, regardless of whether LDL-C was less than or greater than 55 mg/dL.
Specifically, those with LDL-C levels below 55 mg/dL experienced a drop in serious cardiovascular issues from 22.8% to 16.2% when treated with icosapent ethyl. Likewise, patients with LDL-C levels at or above 55 mg/dL showed improvements, with cardiovascular event rates declining from 21.9% to 17.4%. These results indicate that this treatment could be beneficial for patients who maintain good LDL-C levels while having high triglycerides.
Overall, we have strong evidence that icosapent ethyl effectively reduces cardiovascular risks in high-risk patients, which is great news for those looking for additional treatment options alongside statins.
In this analysis of the REDUCE-IT trial, 8,175 patients with elevated triglycerides were observed. These patients were divided based on their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels before treatment. We found that, overall, icosapent ethyl lead to significant reductions in major cardiovascular events, regardless of whether LDL-C was less than or greater than 55 mg/dL.
Specifically, those with LDL-C levels below 55 mg/dL experienced a drop in serious cardiovascular issues from 22.8% to 16.2% when treated with icosapent ethyl. Likewise, patients with LDL-C levels at or above 55 mg/dL showed improvements, with cardiovascular event rates declining from 21.9% to 17.4%. These results indicate that this treatment could be beneficial for patients who maintain good LDL-C levels while having high triglycerides.
Overall, we have strong evidence that icosapent ethyl effectively reduces cardiovascular risks in high-risk patients, which is great news for those looking for additional treatment options alongside statins.
Read More
9
We explored the effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), in managing heart failure. By analyzing data from multiple randomized controlled trials, we aimed to identify the best doses and treatment durations for EPA supplementation.
The findings from our network meta-analysis included 14 studies with nearly 9,000 participants, primarily older adults with heart failure. We discovered that high doses of omega-3 PUFAs, specifically between 2000 and 4000 mg per day for at least one year, significantly improved heart function. This was measured by an increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction and peak oxygen consumption.
However, lower doses and shorter supplementation periods did not yield similar benefits. It's worth noting that EPA supplementation did not increase the risk of adverse events, as dropout rates and overall mortality were comparable to control groups.
Our study suggests that long-term, high-dose omega-3 supplementation shows promise for enhancing heart function in individuals with heart failure. Nonetheless, we believe that more in-depth clinical trials are necessary to confirm these results and ensure the findings are robust and reliable.
The findings from our network meta-analysis included 14 studies with nearly 9,000 participants, primarily older adults with heart failure. We discovered that high doses of omega-3 PUFAs, specifically between 2000 and 4000 mg per day for at least one year, significantly improved heart function. This was measured by an increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction and peak oxygen consumption.
However, lower doses and shorter supplementation periods did not yield similar benefits. It's worth noting that EPA supplementation did not increase the risk of adverse events, as dropout rates and overall mortality were comparable to control groups.
Our study suggests that long-term, high-dose omega-3 supplementation shows promise for enhancing heart function in individuals with heart failure. Nonetheless, we believe that more in-depth clinical trials are necessary to confirm these results and ensure the findings are robust and reliable.
Read More
9
We delved into how Antarctic krill oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), can influence cardiovascular health, specifically in the context of obesity. Our focus centered on its effects in mice fed a high-fat diet, which typically leads to increased cholesterol levels and oxidative stress—conditions that can heighten cardiovascular disease risk.
Through our research methods, including molecular docking and analysis of liver histology, we discovered that Antarctic krill oil appears to play a beneficial role in combating these adverse effects. We observed that the oil reduced oxidative stress and fat accumulation in these obese mice. This was associated with improved metabolic parameters that contribute to heart health, primarily through its action on molecules involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Notably, we found that krill oil helped lower the levels of harmful low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and activated pathways that support good cholesterol management in the body. These findings suggest that incorporating Antarctic krill oil, with its high EPA content, might be a promising strategy for addressing obesity-related cardiovascular issues.
Overall, our study points to the potential of eicosapentaenoic acid from krill oil as a natural approach to improving heart health, particularly for those struggling with obesity and its challenges.
Through our research methods, including molecular docking and analysis of liver histology, we discovered that Antarctic krill oil appears to play a beneficial role in combating these adverse effects. We observed that the oil reduced oxidative stress and fat accumulation in these obese mice. This was associated with improved metabolic parameters that contribute to heart health, primarily through its action on molecules involved in cholesterol metabolism.
Notably, we found that krill oil helped lower the levels of harmful low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and activated pathways that support good cholesterol management in the body. These findings suggest that incorporating Antarctic krill oil, with its high EPA content, might be a promising strategy for addressing obesity-related cardiovascular issues.
Overall, our study points to the potential of eicosapentaenoic acid from krill oil as a natural approach to improving heart health, particularly for those struggling with obesity and its challenges.
Read More
9
We explored the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a nutrient known for its heart benefits, on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC), a condition leading to heart failure. Our study focused on diabetic mice and revealed that EPA plays a protective role against DC, particularly by reducing harmful M1-polarized macrophages in the heart.
In our experiments, we found that EPA not only reduces cardiomyocyte injury caused by M1-polarized macrophages but also encourages a shift in macrophages' behavior from M1 to a protective Mox state—not M2. This shift is crucial because Mox macrophages help mitigate the damage inflicted by their M1 counterparts.
We identified heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as a key player in maintaining the Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1, which helps curb macrophage M1 polarization and the resulting cardiomyocyte injury. Interestingly, our findings also showed that EPA fosters this protective Mox polarization in monocyte-derived macrophages from diabetic patients, suggesting a broader application for this treatment strategy.
Overall, our study highlights the potential of EPA as a novel approach to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, emphasizing the importance of macrophage Mox polarization in maintaining heart health in diabetes.
In our experiments, we found that EPA not only reduces cardiomyocyte injury caused by M1-polarized macrophages but also encourages a shift in macrophages' behavior from M1 to a protective Mox state—not M2. This shift is crucial because Mox macrophages help mitigate the damage inflicted by their M1 counterparts.
We identified heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as a key player in maintaining the Mox phenotype. EPA promotes HO-1, which helps curb macrophage M1 polarization and the resulting cardiomyocyte injury. Interestingly, our findings also showed that EPA fosters this protective Mox polarization in monocyte-derived macrophages from diabetic patients, suggesting a broader application for this treatment strategy.
Overall, our study highlights the potential of EPA as a novel approach to combat diabetic cardiomyopathy, emphasizing the importance of macrophage Mox polarization in maintaining heart health in diabetes.
Read More
8
Vitamin D improves heart disease factors
We conducted a double-blind, randomized clinical trial to see how treating vitamin D deficiency could influence heart health, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). In our study, 44 IHD patients aged 40 to 65 were treated with either vitamin D or a placebo to assess changes in their lipid profiles and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
Our findings revealed that participants who received vitamin D supplementation showed notable improvements. Specifically, we observed higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)—often referred to as the "good" cholesterol—and lower triglyceride levels among those treated with vitamin D. Interestingly, the increase in HDL-C and improvement in triglyceride levels underscore vitamin D’s potential role in enhancing lipid profiles in patients struggling with heart disease.
We also noted that vitamin D treatment didn’t significantly impact CRP levels, which are typically used as a marker for inflammation and heart disease risk. This suggests that while vitamin D might help improve certain lipids, its effects on other markers of heart disease need further investigation.
Overall, our study highlights the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a tool to manage heart disease risk factors, offering a promising option for healthcare professionals working with patients suffering from IHD.
Our findings revealed that participants who received vitamin D supplementation showed notable improvements. Specifically, we observed higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)—often referred to as the "good" cholesterol—and lower triglyceride levels among those treated with vitamin D. Interestingly, the increase in HDL-C and improvement in triglyceride levels underscore vitamin D’s potential role in enhancing lipid profiles in patients struggling with heart disease.
We also noted that vitamin D treatment didn’t significantly impact CRP levels, which are typically used as a marker for inflammation and heart disease risk. This suggests that while vitamin D might help improve certain lipids, its effects on other markers of heart disease need further investigation.
Overall, our study highlights the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a tool to manage heart disease risk factors, offering a promising option for healthcare professionals working with patients suffering from IHD.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 1 Review
8.4
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Essential supplement during pregnancy
Omega-3 acids greatly benefit the cardiovascular system and blood supply to the placenta, ensuring the fetus receives vital nutrients. I recommend that all mothers take these supplements to support both their health and the healthy development of their baby, particularly in managing cardiovascular disease.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Essential supplement during pregnancy
Omega-3 acids greatly benefit the cardiovascular system and blood supply to the placenta, ensuring the fetus receives vital nutrients. I recommend that all mothers take these supplements to support both their health and the healthy development of their baby, particularly in managing cardiovascular disease.
8
Vitamin D improves heart disease factors
We conducted a double-blind, randomized clinical trial to see how treating vitamin D deficiency could influence heart health, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). In our study, 44 IHD patients aged 40 to 65 were treated with either vitamin D or a placebo to assess changes in their lipid profiles and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
Our findings revealed that participants who received vitamin D supplementation showed notable improvements. Specifically, we observed higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)—often referred to as the "good" cholesterol—and lower triglyceride levels among those treated with vitamin D. Interestingly, the increase in HDL-C and improvement in triglyceride levels underscore vitamin D’s potential role in enhancing lipid profiles in patients struggling with heart disease.
We also noted that vitamin D treatment didn’t significantly impact CRP levels, which are typically used as a marker for inflammation and heart disease risk. This suggests that while vitamin D might help improve certain lipids, its effects on other markers of heart disease need further investigation.
Overall, our study highlights the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a tool to manage heart disease risk factors, offering a promising option for healthcare professionals working with patients suffering from IHD.
Our findings revealed that participants who received vitamin D supplementation showed notable improvements. Specifically, we observed higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)—often referred to as the "good" cholesterol—and lower triglyceride levels among those treated with vitamin D. Interestingly, the increase in HDL-C and improvement in triglyceride levels underscore vitamin D’s potential role in enhancing lipid profiles in patients struggling with heart disease.
We also noted that vitamin D treatment didn’t significantly impact CRP levels, which are typically used as a marker for inflammation and heart disease risk. This suggests that while vitamin D might help improve certain lipids, its effects on other markers of heart disease need further investigation.
Overall, our study highlights the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation as a tool to manage heart disease risk factors, offering a promising option for healthcare professionals working with patients suffering from IHD.
3
We explored the connection between vitamin D levels and cardiovascular health in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Specifically, our study examined the effects of vitamin D3 treatment on heart-related outcomes among patients with differing levels of vitamin D. Using data from 70 healthcare organizations over a period of five years, we focused on individuals who had either deficient or adequate vitamin D levels.
Our findings revealed that pwMS with deficient or inadequate vitamin D levels experienced an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including heart attacks and strokes. Importantly, while some pwMS received cholecalciferol (a form of vitamin D3) supplementation, this did not significantly reduce their risk of heart problems compared to those with adequate vitamin D levels who were not taking supplements.
Overall, our inquiry shows that simply having adequate vitamin D is crucial, but supplementation with vitamin D3 alone may not confer the expected cardiovascular protective benefits for pwMS. This suggests that more comprehensive strategies may be needed to address heart health in these patients.
Our findings revealed that pwMS with deficient or inadequate vitamin D levels experienced an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including heart attacks and strokes. Importantly, while some pwMS received cholecalciferol (a form of vitamin D3) supplementation, this did not significantly reduce their risk of heart problems compared to those with adequate vitamin D levels who were not taking supplements.
Overall, our inquiry shows that simply having adequate vitamin D is crucial, but supplementation with vitamin D3 alone may not confer the expected cardiovascular protective benefits for pwMS. This suggests that more comprehensive strategies may be needed to address heart health in these patients.
7
In exploring how vitamin D3 influences cardiovascular disease, we conducted experiments with both young and aged mice, who were treated with vitamin D3 or saline to assess its impact on vascular calcification. Out of our findings, it was crucial to note that while vitamin D3 treatments were utilized, we also incorporated Elabela and other compounds, making it challenging to isolate vitamin D3's specific effects on cardiovascular health fully.
Through our study, we observed the potential protective role of Elabela against vascular calcification, particularly acting through pathways that involve PPAR-γ and FDX1 signaling. However, the combination of treatments lacks clarity on the specific benefits of vitamin D3 by itself in managing vascular health. Thus, the data does not present a clear advantage for vitamin D3 in reducing cardiovascular disease risks when considered independently from Elabela.
Overall, our research underlines the complexity of vitamin D3's role in cardiovascular conditions and indicates that more targeted studies are necessary to define its specific contributions clearly.
Through our study, we observed the potential protective role of Elabela against vascular calcification, particularly acting through pathways that involve PPAR-γ and FDX1 signaling. However, the combination of treatments lacks clarity on the specific benefits of vitamin D3 by itself in managing vascular health. Thus, the data does not present a clear advantage for vitamin D3 in reducing cardiovascular disease risks when considered independently from Elabela.
Overall, our research underlines the complexity of vitamin D3's role in cardiovascular conditions and indicates that more targeted studies are necessary to define its specific contributions clearly.
References
- Checa-Ros A, Locascio A, Okojie OJ, Abellán-Galiana P, D'Marco L. Perirenal fat differs in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving different vitamin D-based treatments: a preliminary study. BMC Nephrol. 2025;26:119. 10.1186/s12882-025-04041-2
- Astani A, Maroofi A, Hekmatimoghaddam S, Sarebanhassanabadi M, Safari F. Sirtuin 1 mediates the pro-survival effects of vitamin D in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;52:96. 10.1007/s11033-024-10168-6
- Qi RQ, Chen YF, Cheng J, Song JW, Chen YH, et al. Elabela alleviates cuproptosis and vascular calcification in vitaminD3- overloaded mice via regulation of the PPAR-γ /FDX1 signaling. Mol Med. 2024;30:223. 10.1186/s10020-024-00997-3
- France-Ratcliffe M, Harrison SL, Verma LA, Abdul-Rahim AH, McCallum L, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;92:106155. 10.1016/j.msard.2024.106155
- Sadeghi M, Momeni A, Mirsaeidi FS, Jamalian M, Amirpour A, et al. The Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency Treatment on Lipid Profile and C-reactive Protein in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Adv Biomed Res. 2024;13:79. 10.4103/abr.abr_380_23
- Pan YX, Fu YC, Chen H, Zhao MY. [Association of serum 25(OH)D with cardiovascular risk-related indicators: cross-sectional analysis of NHANES]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2024;58:1388. 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20240519-00403
- Hamaya R, Cook NR, Sesso HD, Buring JE, Manson JE. A Bayesian Analysis of the VITAL Trial: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025. 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.028
- Liboriussen C, Nygaard L, Jensen JD, Schmidt EB, Glerup RI, et al. Low Plasma Marine N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are Associated with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Treated with Maintenance Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2025. 10.1053/j.jrn.2025.02.001
- Yunoki K, Matsumi H, Miyoshi T, Kubo M, Hata Y, et al. Clinical Significance of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Under Statin Therapy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12. 10.3390/jcdd12020060
- Aggarwal R, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes With Icosapent Ethyl by Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Secondary Analysis of the REDUCE-IT Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038656. 10.1161/JAHA.124.038656
- Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Hsu CW, Liang CS, Stubbs B, et al. The Optimal Dosage and Duration of ω-3 PUFA Supplementation in Heart Failure Management: Evidence from a Network Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2025;16:100366. 10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100366
- Patil T, Gregory M, Savona N, Jarmukli N, Leonard CE. Evaluating the Real-World Safety of Icosapent Ethyl Versus Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in Nationwide US Veterans Cohort: Examining Atrial Fibrillation and Bleeding Endpoints. Clin Drug Investig. 2025;45:69. 10.1007/s40261-024-01417-4
- Kim JY, Kong SYJ, Jung E, Cho YS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Potential Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;14. 10.3390/jcm14010026
- Lamon-Fava S. Associations between omega-3 fatty acid-derived lipid mediators and markers of inflammation in older subjects with low-grade chronic inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2025;176:106948. 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2025.106948
- Fukuda T, Nakajima T, Hasegawa T, Amano H, Arikawa T, et al. Relationship Between Serum ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentration and Fatty Acid Fraction of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. Cureus. 2024;16:e73417. 10.7759/cureus.73417
- O'Keefe EL, O'Keefe JH, Abuissa H, Metzinger M, Murray E, et al. Omega-3 and Risk of atrial fibrillation: Vagally-mediated double-edged sword. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024. 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.11.003
- Choi JH, Park SE, Kim S. Antarctic Krill Oil Supplementation Attenuates Hypercholesterolemia, Fatty Liver, and Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16213614
- So J, Yao JH, Magadmi R, Matthan NR, Lamon-Fava S. Sex differences in lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids in older individuals with low-grade chronic inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2024;203:102655. 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102655
- Li J, Nan W, Huang X, Meng H, Wang S, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid induces macrophage Mox polarization to prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy. EMBO Rep. 2024;25:5507. 10.1038/s44319-024-00271-x
- Choi GY, Calder PC. The differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1423228. 10.3389/fnut.2024.1423228
- Follonier C, Rabassa G, Branca M, Carballo D, Koskinas K, et al. Eligibility for marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation after acute coronary syndromes. Atheroscler Plus. 2024;58:1. 10.1016/j.athplu.2024.09.002
- Koutsaliaris IK, Pantazi D, Tsouka AN, Argyropoulou O, Tellis CC, et al. Differential Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Platelet Inhibition by Antiplatelet Drugs In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. 10.3390/ijms251810136
- Ren Y, Chen B, Zhang H, Xu S. A cohort study reveals shared and distinct serum metabolic biomarkers for major adverse cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older adults. Geroscience. 2025. 10.1007/s11357-025-01544-6
- Arghavani H, Bilodeau JF, Rudkowska I. Association Between Circulating Fatty Acids and Blood Pressure: A Review. Curr Nutr Rep. 2025;14:15. 10.1007/s13668-024-00602-3
- Li J, Guo J, Yuen M, Yuen H, Peng Q. The comparative effects of ω-7 fatty acid-rich sea buckthorn oil and ω-3 fatty acid-rich DHA algal oil on improving high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Food Funct. 2025;16:1241. 10.1039/d4fo04961f
- Berkowitz L, Echeverría G, Salazar C, Faúndez C, Coe CL, et al. Lipidomic Signature of Healthy Diet Adherence and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Risk in American Adults. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16233995
- Shi F, Chowdhury R, Sofianopoulou E, Koulman A, Sun L, et al. Association of circulating fatty acids with cardiovascular disease risk: analysis of individual-level data in three large prospective cohorts and updated meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;32:233. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae315
