Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 39 Researches
7.2
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 10 Reviews
8.5
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Soft Gels
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
10
Total Fat
1 g
1%
Saturated Fat
0 g
0%
Trans Fat
0 g
†
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
10 mcg (400 IU)
67%
Total Omega-3s♦
830 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
205 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
480 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
Vitamin D3 improves depressive symptoms
We conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial to explore the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on depression. Our study involved 56 adults with mild to moderate depression, who were assigned to either a vitamin D group or a placebo group. Over the course of eight weeks, the vitamin D group received a high dose of 50,000 IU cholecalciferol every two weeks, while the control group received a placebo.
After the treatment period, we observed that the participants who received the vitamin D3 experienced a significant reduction in depression severity, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Interestingly, this improvement in mood occurred independently of any changes in inflammatory biomarkers like IL-1β, IL-6, and hs-CRP, which we also assessed during the study.
This indicates that while vitamin D supplementation may positively impact depressive symptoms, its effects are not directly linked to the inflammatory markers we evaluated. Our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could be a helpful addition to depression treatment strategies, particularly in individuals with low vitamin D levels.
After the treatment period, we observed that the participants who received the vitamin D3 experienced a significant reduction in depression severity, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Interestingly, this improvement in mood occurred independently of any changes in inflammatory biomarkers like IL-1β, IL-6, and hs-CRP, which we also assessed during the study.
This indicates that while vitamin D supplementation may positively impact depressive symptoms, its effects are not directly linked to the inflammatory markers we evaluated. Our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could be a helpful addition to depression treatment strategies, particularly in individuals with low vitamin D levels.
Read More
8
We conducted a study to explore the effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, in treating major depressive disorder (MDD). Over the course of 12 weeks, 60 participants suffering from MDD were divided into two groups: one received 3.2 grams of EPA daily, while the other group was given a placebo, which was soybean oil.
Throughout the study, we assessed the severity of depression using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). What we found was promising. The group taking EPA experienced significantly lower HRSD scores at various checkpoints—specifically at weeks 4, 6, 8, and 12—indicating a reduction in depressive symptoms. Although the rates of remission and response were higher in the EPA group compared to the placebo group, these findings did not achieve statistical significance.
Overall, while EPA shows potential as a treatment for depression, further research is needed to solidify its role. Our findings suggest that it may be an alternative option for MDD patients seeking additional treatment pathways.
Throughout the study, we assessed the severity of depression using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). What we found was promising. The group taking EPA experienced significantly lower HRSD scores at various checkpoints—specifically at weeks 4, 6, 8, and 12—indicating a reduction in depressive symptoms. Although the rates of remission and response were higher in the EPA group compared to the placebo group, these findings did not achieve statistical significance.
Overall, while EPA shows potential as a treatment for depression, further research is needed to solidify its role. Our findings suggest that it may be an alternative option for MDD patients seeking additional treatment pathways.
Read More
5
Potential benefits for depression prevention
We conducted a study to explore whether eicosapentaenoic acid (a type of omega-3 fatty acid) can help prevent depression recurrence in older adults who have previously experienced late-life depression. Our research involved a rigorous 52-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 39 patients who were currently stable and free from depression symptoms.
The participants were randomly assigned to either receive daily doses of eicosapentaenoic acid alongside docosahexaenoic acid or a placebo for the duration of the trial. We wanted to see if this supplementation could not only protect against future depressive episodes but also impact depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as some inflammatory markers associated with depression.
Interestingly, our findings revealed that eicosapentaenoic acid did indeed show a protective effect against the recurrence of depression, with a significant hazard ratio suggesting that those taking the supplement were less likely to relapse compared to the placebo group. However, we didn't observe any notable improvements in current depressive or anxiety symptoms, nor in the inflammatory markers between the two groups.
While the results are promising regarding the prevention of depression recurrence, it's essential to keep in mind the modest size of our sample when interpreting these findings.
The participants were randomly assigned to either receive daily doses of eicosapentaenoic acid alongside docosahexaenoic acid or a placebo for the duration of the trial. We wanted to see if this supplementation could not only protect against future depressive episodes but also impact depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as some inflammatory markers associated with depression.
Interestingly, our findings revealed that eicosapentaenoic acid did indeed show a protective effect against the recurrence of depression, with a significant hazard ratio suggesting that those taking the supplement were less likely to relapse compared to the placebo group. However, we didn't observe any notable improvements in current depressive or anxiety symptoms, nor in the inflammatory markers between the two groups.
While the results are promising regarding the prevention of depression recurrence, it's essential to keep in mind the modest size of our sample when interpreting these findings.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Depression prevention
46 people found this helpful
Excellent prenatal vitamins! Omega-3 plays a crucial role in pregnancy, helping to reduce the risk of late toxicity and depression. Nordic Naturals is entirely safe, with independent testing confirming high safety standards. Their production process eliminates heavy metals and dioxins, ensuring quality. The capsules have a pleasant taste and don't cause belching, which is common with many fish oils.
Read More
9
Postpartum calmness
9 people found this helpful
I took this during my pregnancy and postpartum. My hair became thicker, and thankfully, I experienced no depression this time. I also took vitamin D and magnesium, which helped me feel calm and content. Thank you for your prayers!
Read More
9
No depressive symptoms
1 people found this helpful
An excellent, odourless omega-3! They are easy to swallow, even for me. I took them throughout my pregnancy and while breastfeeding, leading to overall well-being and no depression.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 39 Researches
7.2
- All Researches
9.5
Cholecalciferol eases depression symptoms
We conducted a thorough exploration of how vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, affects depressive symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involved 70 participants who experienced both T2DM and depression. For 12 weeks, one group received a daily dose of 4000 IU of cholecalciferol, while the other group received a placebo.
By assessing depression levels using the Beck Depression Inventory-II before and after the study, we observed notable results. Not only did the cholecalciferol group report a significant reduction in depression scores, but we found a marked increase in C-peptide levels as well, which may be linked to improvements in mood.
However, we did not find significant changes in serotonin and neurotrophin-3 levels between the two groups, leaving us with some unanswered questions about these mechanisms. Overall, our findings suggest that supplementing with cholecalciferol could potentially relieve mild to moderate depressive symptoms for people managing T2DM, especially through enhanced C-peptide levels.
By assessing depression levels using the Beck Depression Inventory-II before and after the study, we observed notable results. Not only did the cholecalciferol group report a significant reduction in depression scores, but we found a marked increase in C-peptide levels as well, which may be linked to improvements in mood.
However, we did not find significant changes in serotonin and neurotrophin-3 levels between the two groups, leaving us with some unanswered questions about these mechanisms. Overall, our findings suggest that supplementing with cholecalciferol could potentially relieve mild to moderate depressive symptoms for people managing T2DM, especially through enhanced C-peptide levels.
Read More
9
Calcitriol impacts depression positively
We explored how calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, impacts depression linked to neuroinflammation. Using a well-structured study with control and experimental groups, we examined the effects of calcitriol on mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a substance that induces depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation.
During our experiments, we found that calcitriol not only reduced the inflammatory response in brain cells but also improved behavioral symptoms associated with depression. In particular, it lowered the levels of inflammation-related molecules while promoting anti-inflammatory ones in the brain's hippocampus, an area important for mood and memory.
We observed that calcitriol helped alleviate some of the negative behavioral effects triggered by LPS. The treatment also appeared to prevent the activation of microglia, the brain's immune cells, by interfering with a specific signaling pathway involved in inflammation.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could offer promising benefits as a treatment for depression by tackling neuroinflammation and protecting neuronal health.
During our experiments, we found that calcitriol not only reduced the inflammatory response in brain cells but also improved behavioral symptoms associated with depression. In particular, it lowered the levels of inflammation-related molecules while promoting anti-inflammatory ones in the brain's hippocampus, an area important for mood and memory.
We observed that calcitriol helped alleviate some of the negative behavioral effects triggered by LPS. The treatment also appeared to prevent the activation of microglia, the brain's immune cells, by interfering with a specific signaling pathway involved in inflammation.
Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could offer promising benefits as a treatment for depression by tackling neuroinflammation and protecting neuronal health.
Read More
9
We looked at how vitamin D3 could help combat depression, especially in the context of chronic stress. The study involved 40 male Wistar rats, divided into different groups to compare the effects of vitamin D3, the antidepressant fluoxetine, and a combination of both.
The rats underwent 21 days of mild but unpredictable stress, simulating conditions often linked to depression. To measure the effects, we conducted several behavioral tests and collected blood samples to assess hormonal changes.
Results showed that vitamin D3 had a positive impact similar to fluoxetine on the rats' depressive behaviors. Specifically, we found that vitamin D3 improved results in key behavioral tests, suggesting it can help protect against stress-induced anxiety and depression.
Notably, the levels of corticosterone, a stress hormone, were lower in rats that received vitamin D3, indicating a protective effect. Overall, this study emphasizes the potential of vitamin D3 in alleviating depressive symptoms resulting from chronic stress.
The rats underwent 21 days of mild but unpredictable stress, simulating conditions often linked to depression. To measure the effects, we conducted several behavioral tests and collected blood samples to assess hormonal changes.
Results showed that vitamin D3 had a positive impact similar to fluoxetine on the rats' depressive behaviors. Specifically, we found that vitamin D3 improved results in key behavioral tests, suggesting it can help protect against stress-induced anxiety and depression.
Notably, the levels of corticosterone, a stress hormone, were lower in rats that received vitamin D3, indicating a protective effect. Overall, this study emphasizes the potential of vitamin D3 in alleviating depressive symptoms resulting from chronic stress.
Read More
9
Vitamin D3 improves depressive symptoms
We conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial to explore the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on depression. Our study involved 56 adults with mild to moderate depression, who were assigned to either a vitamin D group or a placebo group. Over the course of eight weeks, the vitamin D group received a high dose of 50,000 IU cholecalciferol every two weeks, while the control group received a placebo.
After the treatment period, we observed that the participants who received the vitamin D3 experienced a significant reduction in depression severity, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Interestingly, this improvement in mood occurred independently of any changes in inflammatory biomarkers like IL-1β, IL-6, and hs-CRP, which we also assessed during the study.
This indicates that while vitamin D supplementation may positively impact depressive symptoms, its effects are not directly linked to the inflammatory markers we evaluated. Our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could be a helpful addition to depression treatment strategies, particularly in individuals with low vitamin D levels.
After the treatment period, we observed that the participants who received the vitamin D3 experienced a significant reduction in depression severity, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Interestingly, this improvement in mood occurred independently of any changes in inflammatory biomarkers like IL-1β, IL-6, and hs-CRP, which we also assessed during the study.
This indicates that while vitamin D supplementation may positively impact depressive symptoms, its effects are not directly linked to the inflammatory markers we evaluated. Our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could be a helpful addition to depression treatment strategies, particularly in individuals with low vitamin D levels.
Read More
9
EPA alleviates depressive behavior
We investigated how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) impacts depressive-like behaviors in mice that were subject to chronic sleep deprivation. Our findings indicated that EPA is more effective than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in alleviating signs of depression, as evidenced by changes in preferences and behaviors observed in these mice.
Both EPA and DHA were shown to reduce myelin damage and support the health of oligodendrocytes, but EPA led to more significant improvements. We noted higher levels of essential proteins related to myelin repair alongside reduced lipid peroxidation in the presence of EPA.
Notably, both compounds inhibited inflammation pathways associated with depression. However, EPA markedly outperformed DHA in curbing microglial activation and correcting imbalances in immune response. Overall, our research supports the understanding of EPA as a particularly promising option in the fight against depression.
Both EPA and DHA were shown to reduce myelin damage and support the health of oligodendrocytes, but EPA led to more significant improvements. We noted higher levels of essential proteins related to myelin repair alongside reduced lipid peroxidation in the presence of EPA.
Notably, both compounds inhibited inflammation pathways associated with depression. However, EPA markedly outperformed DHA in curbing microglial activation and correcting imbalances in immune response. Overall, our research supports the understanding of EPA as a particularly promising option in the fight against depression.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 10 Reviews
8.5
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Depression prevention
46 people found this helpful
Excellent prenatal vitamins! Omega-3 plays a crucial role in pregnancy, helping to reduce the risk of late toxicity and depression. Nordic Naturals is entirely safe, with independent testing confirming high safety standards. Their production process eliminates heavy metals and dioxins, ensuring quality. The capsules have a pleasant taste and don't cause belching, which is common with many fish oils.
Read More
9
Postpartum calmness
9 people found this helpful
I took this during my pregnancy and postpartum. My hair became thicker, and thankfully, I experienced no depression this time. I also took vitamin D and magnesium, which helped me feel calm and content. Thank you for your prayers!
Read More
9
No depressive symptoms
1 people found this helpful
An excellent, odourless omega-3! They are easy to swallow, even for me. I took them throughout my pregnancy and while breastfeeding, leading to overall well-being and no depression.
Read More
9
Positive mental state
1 people found this helpful
I consumed this omega throughout my pregnancy and the first six months of breastfeeding. I felt great, and I did not suffer from postpartum depression, which I attribute partly to these vitamins.
Read More
9
Support during pregnancy
I took this throughout my pregnancy, crucial for both mother and baby. Research shows low omega-3 levels correlate with postpartum depression. This product provides DHA for my baby's brain growth, and I recommend it to all expectant mothers.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Hair and nail strength
I've been taking this supplement for two weeks. I've noticed less hair fall and stronger nails. It also aids in alleviating postpartum depression, and I've ordered more for a friend.
9
Positive mental state
1 people found this helpful
I consumed this omega throughout my pregnancy and the first six months of breastfeeding. I felt great, and I did not suffer from postpartum depression, which I attribute partly to these vitamins.
6
Depression reduction
3 people found this helpful
I used this product during mid-pregnancy and found it easily digestible without any fishy taste. It significantly helped with my acne and reduced my depression, making my experience surprisingly positive considering my previous challenges.
7.5
Eased depressive symptoms
I recommended this product to my pregnant sister, who had depression symptoms. Thankfully, it eased her condition, and she benefited from the high vitamin content.
9
Postpartum calmness
9 people found this helpful
I took this during my pregnancy and postpartum. My hair became thicker, and thankfully, I experienced no depression this time. I also took vitamin D and magnesium, which helped me feel calm and content. Thank you for your prayers!
9
No depressive symptoms
1 people found this helpful
An excellent, odourless omega-3! They are easy to swallow, even for me. I took them throughout my pregnancy and while breastfeeding, leading to overall well-being and no depression.
7.5
Mental health improvement
15 people found this helpful
During pregnancy, I learned that omega-3 is vital for both mother and baby. This product contains 580mg, which is beneficial for protecting the fetal brain and preventing depression. I've personally found it effective, and I recommend this omega-3 for maintaining good health throughout pregnancy.
7
We explored the impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on depression through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Our analysis included data from 31 studies involving nearly 24,200 participants.
The findings revealed that taking an additional 1000 IU of vitamin D daily can lead to a modest reduction in depressive symptoms. Specifically, those with existing depressive symptoms experienced a more significant improvement. Notably, at higher doses of 8000 IU per day, the reduction was even more pronounced.
Interestingly, the benefits were more evident in the short term, especially during trials that lasted between 8 and 24 weeks. After this period, the effects seemed to diminish, suggesting the need for ongoing supplementation to maintain benefits.
It's important to mention that vitamin D3 did not show any significant effects on anxiety symptoms. While the results indicate a potential role for vitamin D3 in reducing depression, further high-quality research is necessary to fully understand its impact, particularly regarding anxiety.
The findings revealed that taking an additional 1000 IU of vitamin D daily can lead to a modest reduction in depressive symptoms. Specifically, those with existing depressive symptoms experienced a more significant improvement. Notably, at higher doses of 8000 IU per day, the reduction was even more pronounced.
Interestingly, the benefits were more evident in the short term, especially during trials that lasted between 8 and 24 weeks. After this period, the effects seemed to diminish, suggesting the need for ongoing supplementation to maintain benefits.
It's important to mention that vitamin D3 did not show any significant effects on anxiety symptoms. While the results indicate a potential role for vitamin D3 in reducing depression, further high-quality research is necessary to fully understand its impact, particularly regarding anxiety.
9
Vitamin D3 improves depressive symptoms
We conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial to explore the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on depression. Our study involved 56 adults with mild to moderate depression, who were assigned to either a vitamin D group or a placebo group. Over the course of eight weeks, the vitamin D group received a high dose of 50,000 IU cholecalciferol every two weeks, while the control group received a placebo.
After the treatment period, we observed that the participants who received the vitamin D3 experienced a significant reduction in depression severity, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Interestingly, this improvement in mood occurred independently of any changes in inflammatory biomarkers like IL-1β, IL-6, and hs-CRP, which we also assessed during the study.
This indicates that while vitamin D supplementation may positively impact depressive symptoms, its effects are not directly linked to the inflammatory markers we evaluated. Our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could be a helpful addition to depression treatment strategies, particularly in individuals with low vitamin D levels.
After the treatment period, we observed that the participants who received the vitamin D3 experienced a significant reduction in depression severity, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Interestingly, this improvement in mood occurred independently of any changes in inflammatory biomarkers like IL-1β, IL-6, and hs-CRP, which we also assessed during the study.
This indicates that while vitamin D supplementation may positively impact depressive symptoms, its effects are not directly linked to the inflammatory markers we evaluated. Our findings suggest that vitamin D3 could be a helpful addition to depression treatment strategies, particularly in individuals with low vitamin D levels.
3
We set out to explore the effects of vitamin D supplementation, particularly vitamin D3, on depression and related conditions. In our analysis, we reviewed data from six randomized clinical trials with a total of 356 participants.
Surprisingly, our findings showed no significant changes in serotonin levels between those who took vitamin D supplements and those who did not. This lack of impact indicates that vitamin D3 might not play a crucial role in managing depression, at least not through its effects on serotonin.
The trials we examined included a variety of groups, such as children and individuals with autism spectrum disorders, but none showed a noteworthy benefit from vitamin D supplementation either.
While the results may seem disappointing, they do highlight the need for further research to better understand the potential role of vitamin D in mental health. We believe exploring other avenues could provide new insights into treating depression and associated disorders.
Surprisingly, our findings showed no significant changes in serotonin levels between those who took vitamin D supplements and those who did not. This lack of impact indicates that vitamin D3 might not play a crucial role in managing depression, at least not through its effects on serotonin.
The trials we examined included a variety of groups, such as children and individuals with autism spectrum disorders, but none showed a noteworthy benefit from vitamin D supplementation either.
While the results may seem disappointing, they do highlight the need for further research to better understand the potential role of vitamin D in mental health. We believe exploring other avenues could provide new insights into treating depression and associated disorders.
4
We investigated whether vitamin D supplementation could help reduce depressive symptoms and lower the likelihood of needing antidepressants in older Australian adults. The D-Health Trial, which involved over 21,000 participants aged between 60 and 84, provided a solid platform for our research. This trial was carefully designed, using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled approach, which is the gold standard in clinical research.
Participants answered the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure their depressive symptoms multiple times over five years, while national prescribing records allowed us to track the use of antidepressants.
Our findings revealed that monthly vitamin D supplementation did not show any significant benefits for alleviating depression overall. The average difference in PHQ-9 scores between the vitamin D and placebo groups was negligible. Moreover, the incidence of antidepressant use in both groups remained quite similar.
However, when we looked closer, some interesting trends emerged. For individuals already on antidepressants at the start of the study, vitamin D did seem to improve their depression scores slightly. Additionally, participants with low vitamin D levels at the outset showed a decrease in the risk of starting antidepressants after supplementation. Unfortunately, those with sufficient vitamin D levels saw an increased risk of antidepressant use.
Thus, while we didn’t find strong support for vitamin D's effectiveness against depression in general, our subgroup analyses suggest there might be some nuances worth exploring further.
Participants answered the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure their depressive symptoms multiple times over five years, while national prescribing records allowed us to track the use of antidepressants.
Our findings revealed that monthly vitamin D supplementation did not show any significant benefits for alleviating depression overall. The average difference in PHQ-9 scores between the vitamin D and placebo groups was negligible. Moreover, the incidence of antidepressant use in both groups remained quite similar.
However, when we looked closer, some interesting trends emerged. For individuals already on antidepressants at the start of the study, vitamin D did seem to improve their depression scores slightly. Additionally, participants with low vitamin D levels at the outset showed a decrease in the risk of starting antidepressants after supplementation. Unfortunately, those with sufficient vitamin D levels saw an increased risk of antidepressant use.
Thus, while we didn’t find strong support for vitamin D's effectiveness against depression in general, our subgroup analyses suggest there might be some nuances worth exploring further.
References
- Putranto R, Setiati S, Nasrun MW, Witjaksono F, Immanuel S, et al. Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on depressive symptoms, C-peptide, serotonin, and neurotrophin-3 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Narra J. 2024;4:e1342. doi:10.52225/narra.v4i3.1342
- Ghaemi S, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2024;54:1. doi:10.1017/S0033291724001697
- Alimohammadi-Kamalabadi M, Ziaei S, Hasani M, Mohammadi S, Mehrbod M, et al. Does vitamin D supplementation impact serotonin levels? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep. 2024;7:e2276. doi:10.1002/hsr2.2276
- Satyanarayana PT, Suryanarayana R, Yesupatham ST, Varadapuram Ramalingareddy SR, Gopalli NA. Does Vitamin D3 Supplementation Improve Depression Scores among Rural Adolescents? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2024;16. doi:10.3390/nu16121828
- Renteria KM, Constantine E, Teoh CM, Cooper A, Lozano N, et al. Combination of vitamin D and fructooligosaccharides upregulates colonic vitamin D receptor in C57BL/6J mice and affects anxiety-related behavior in a sex-specific manner. Nutr Res. 2024;125:16. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2024.02.003
- Wang C, Cui C, Xie X, Chen B, Feng L, et al. Calcitriol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviors by suppressing the P2X7R/NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2024;241:1329. doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06565-1
- Ceolin G, Moreira JD, Quialheiro A, Silva AAM, d'Orsi E, et al. Vitamin D serum concentration is prospectively associated with depressive symptoms in the EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study: a structural equation modeling approach. Braz J Psychiatry. 2024;46:e20233153. doi:10.47626/1516-4446-2023-3153
- Sirasangi MI, Roohi TF, Krishna KL, Kinattingal N, Wani SUD, et al. Dietary Co-supplements attenuate the chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2024;459:114788. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114788
- Evanchuk JL, Kozyrskyj A, Vaghef-Mehrabani E, Lamers Y, Giesbrecht GF, et al. Maternal Iron and Vitamin D Status during the Second Trimester Is Associated with Third Trimester Depression Symptoms among Pregnant Participants in the APrON Cohort. J Nutr. 2024;154:174. doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.029
- Al-Ramadhan FR, Abulmeaty MMA, Alquraishi M, Razak S, Alhussain MH. Effect of Vitamin D3 on Depressive Behaviors of Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress. Biomedicines. 2023;11. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082112
- Vyas CM, Mischoulon D, Chang G, Reynolds CF, Cook NR, et al. Relation of serum BDNF to major depression and exploration of mechanistic roles of serum BDNF in a study of vitamin D3 and omega-3 supplements for late-life depression prevention. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;163:357. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.069
- Sandboge S, Räikkönen K, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Hauta-Alus H, Holmlund-Suila E, et al. Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in the First 2 Years of Life on Psychiatric Symptoms at Ages 6 to 8 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2314319. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.14319
- Lisakovska O, Labudzynskyi D, Khomenko A, Isaev D, Savotchenko A, et al. Brain vitamin D-auto/paracrine system in relation to structural, neurophysiological, and behavioral disturbances associated with glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci. 2023;17:1133400. doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1133400
- Tarikere Satyanarayana P, Suryanarayana R, Theophilus Yesupatham S, Reddy S, Reddy N. Is Sunshine Vitamin Related to Adolescent Depression? A Cross-Sectional Study of Vitamin D Status and Depression Among Rural Adolescents. Cureus. 2023;15:e34639. doi:10.7759/cureus.34639
- Rahman ST, Waterhouse M, Romero BD, Baxter C, English DR, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression in older Australian adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2023;38:e5847. doi:10.1002/gps.5847
- Kaviani M, Nikooyeh B, Etesam F, Behnagh SJ, Kangarani HM, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on depression and some selected pro-inflammatory biomarkers: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:694. doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04305-3
- Kong L, Zhang Q, Wang H, Xu Y, Xu C, et al. Exploration of the optimized portrait of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in treating depression: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.006
- Urata M, Sakurai H, Ueno F, Maruki T, Tada T, et al. Efficacy of Pharmacological Interventions in Milder Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2025;45:e70008. doi:10.1002/npr2.70008
- Dyall SC, Malau IA, Su KP. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression: insights from recent clinical trials. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2025;28:66. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000001077
- Faulkner P, Gibson EL, Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with brain connectivity and mood in young adults with subthreshold depression: A preliminary study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2025;204:102664. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2025.102664
- Campisi SC, Zasowski C, Bradley-Ridout G, Schumacher A, Szatmari P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;11:CD014803. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014803.pub2
- Wu SK, Yang KJ, Liu WC, Malau IA, Zailani H, et al. The Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids as the Monotherapy for Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2024;16. doi:10.3390/nu16213688
- Lin YW, Cheng SW, Liu WC, Zailani H, Wu SK, et al. Chemogenetic targeting TRPV1 in obesity-induced depression: Unveiling therapeutic potential of eicosapentaenoic acid and acupuncture. Brain Behav Immun. 2025;123:771. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.028
- Chen L, Yang Y, Zhang N, Che H, Wang Z, et al. DHA and EPA alleviate depressive-like behaviors in chronic sleep-deprived mice: Involvement of iron metabolism, oligodendrocyte-lipids peroxidation and the LCN2-NLRP3 signaling axis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024;225:654. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.10.298
- Li P, Zhang F, Huang C, Zhang C, Yang Z, et al. Exosomes Derived from DPA-treated UCMSCs Attenuated Depression-like Behaviors and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Depression Induced by Chronic Stress. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2024;19:55. doi:10.1007/s11481-024-10154-6
- Cheng YC, Chen WY, Lin C, Lee SH, Chiu CC, et al. The N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation to prevent depression recurrence in patients with late-life depression: A 52-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2025;369:8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.129
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