Combining In Vitro, In Vivo, and Network Pharmacology Assays to Identify Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Spirulina-Derived Biomolecules against Breast Cancer.
We investigated how Spirulina might combat breast cancer using an animal model and a human cell line.
When given to animals, Spirulina increased antioxidants and reduced tumor growth.
It caused changes at the cellular level, promoting cancer cell death and impacting key growth pathways.
The study identified several compounds in Spirulina that target specific proteins, suggesting it could play a significant role in breast cancer treatment.
Read More
9
Spirulina shows promise in PDT
Efficacy of synthesized cubic spirulina platensis photosensitizer in anticancer photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study.
We explored the efficacy of a new cubic form of spirulina (CSP) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment. In our study using tongue cancer cells, we compared CSP with its naturally occurring counterpart and another photosensitizer.
All three showed safety for normal cells, but while CSP and the natural form mainly caused apoptotic cell death, the other led to necrosis. We found that CSP is a promising option for cancer PDT, although caution is advised with higher concentrations of the other photosensitizer due to toxicity concerns.
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7
C-PC shows promise against melanoma
Bioactive C-phycocyanin exerts immunomodulatory and antitumor activity in mice with induced melanoma.
We examined how C-phycocyanin (C-PC) impacts melanoma, a particularly aggressive skin cancer. In our study, we induced tumors in mice and subsequently treated them with C-PC for three days. We found that treatment boosted key immune cells and showed significant immunomodulatory effects, especially when tumors were present. Importantly, there was no damage to vital organs from the treatment. Our research highlights the potential role of C-PC in enhancing tumor immunity, suggesting promising avenues for future clinical trials in cancer treatment.
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Most Useful Reviews
9
Cancer treatment benefits
290 people found this helpful
Spirulina is a source of plant protein and B vitamins, particularly B12, making it beneficial for vegetarians. While it aids in weight loss, healthy eating and exercise are still essential. Spirulina boosts the immune system, helps with anemia by increasing hemoglobin, and has anti-cancer properties through phycocyanin, which can inhibit cancer cell growth. It is vital to use it in moderation and consider its effects on the body.
Read More
7.5
Memory function improved
6 people found this helpful
As a brain cancer survivor, I experienced memory loss and multitasking difficulties. Within no time using this product, I felt a considerable difference. I no longer suffer from brain fog or confusion and feel generally much better.
Read More
9
Antioxidant properties
1 people found this helpful
Spirulina is rich in phytochemicals like phycocyanin, which are powerful antioxidants. They help reduce oxidative damage, protect against cancer, and lower heart disease risk.
We explored the anticancer potential of Spirulina maxima extract, particularly through a new delivery method called nanoemulsion. This approach effectively loaded the extract into tiny nanoparticles, making it more stable.
Our findings showed that this treatment significantly reduced cell viability in cancer cell lines and successfully inhibited tumor growth in mice. Notably, the treatment also normalized liver enzymes and decreased oxidative stress.
While the results are promising, it's essential to note that more research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness in cancer treatment.
Read More
9
Spirulina aids in testicular protection
Nano Spirulina platensis countered cisplatin-induced repro-toxicity by reversing the expression of altered steroid hormones and downregulation of the StAR gene.
We examined the potential of nano Spirulina platensis (NSP) to protect rat testicles from cisplatin-induced damage, a common chemotherapy drug. In a controlled study with groups receiving different treatments, we found that NSP significantly improved sperm quality, hormone levels, and overall testicular health compared to those receiving cisplatin alone. Notably, NSP also enhanced the expression of key genes involved in reproductive health. This suggests that NSP could be a beneficial support for mitigating the harmful effects of cisplatin on fertility.
Read More
9
Spirulina shows promise in cancer treatment
Combining In Vitro, In Vivo, and Network Pharmacology Assays to Identify Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Spirulina-Derived Biomolecules against Breast Cancer.
We investigated how Spirulina might combat breast cancer using an animal model and a human cell line.
When given to animals, Spirulina increased antioxidants and reduced tumor growth.
It caused changes at the cellular level, promoting cancer cell death and impacting key growth pathways.
The study identified several compounds in Spirulina that target specific proteins, suggesting it could play a significant role in breast cancer treatment.
Read More
9
Spirulina boosts radiotherapy effectiveness
Photosynthetic bacteria-based whole-cell inorganic-biohybrid system for multimodal enhanced tumor radiotherapy.
We investigated an innovative system using Spirulina platensis and gold nanoclusters to enhance cancer radiotherapy. This approach is designed to work through several mechanisms, including producing oxygen when exposed to light.
The system effectively generates reactive oxygen species that can attack tumor cells and improve the sensitivity of radiation treatment. In studies with two cancer models, the results showed significant improvements in tumor reduction compared to standard treatments.
While promising, this research is still in its early phases, so further exploration is necessary to fully understand its potential in real-world applications.
Read More
9
Spirulina fermentation reduces cancer cell viability
Optimizing bioreactor conditions for Spirulina fermentation by Lactobacillus helveticus and Kluyveromyces marxianus: Impact on chemical & bioactive properties.
We looked into how fermented Spirulina, produced under optimized conditions with specific bacteria and yeast, affects cancer treatment. In our testing, a unique production mode significantly reduced the viability of colon cancer cells by up to 72% without harming normal cell function.
This indicates that fermented Spirulina has potential as a supplementary food source with beneficial properties, particularly for cancer support. However, more research is needed to truly understand its bioactive compounds and their impact on human health.
Spirulina is a source of plant protein and B vitamins, particularly B12, making it beneficial for vegetarians. While it aids in weight loss, healthy eating and exercise are still essential. Spirulina boosts the immune system, helps with anemia by increasing hemoglobin, and has anti-cancer properties through phycocyanin, which can inhibit cancer cell growth. It is vital to use it in moderation and consider its effects on the body.
Read More
7.5
Memory function improved
6 people found this helpful
As a brain cancer survivor, I experienced memory loss and multitasking difficulties. Within no time using this product, I felt a considerable difference. I no longer suffer from brain fog or confusion and feel generally much better.
Read More
9
Antioxidant properties
1 people found this helpful
Spirulina is rich in phytochemicals like phycocyanin, which are powerful antioxidants. They help reduce oxidative damage, protect against cancer, and lower heart disease risk.
Read More
9
Bone marrow health
I respect spirulina for its properties, especially phycocyanin which fights cancer cell growth and boosts immunity. It helps in recovering from radiation damage and improves overall nutrition. Spirulina is vital for health, but care is needed with dosages, especially regarding vitamin A levels due to potential cancer risks.
Read More
7.5
Weight loss aid
67 people found this helpful
I take spirulina regularly, with my family joining in. For weight management, it’s crucial to take it before meals. Spirulina is rich in elements and iron, with antioxidant properties. It normalises metabolism and can lower cholesterol. Following a proper drinking regimen is vital to achieve results, especially when dealing with cancer or other health issues.
Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. These cells can form tumors, invade nearby tissues, and metastasize to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. While cancer can affect nearly any part of the body, it is classified into various types, including carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, and lymphomas, each originating from different types of cells. Risk factors for developing cancer can include genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices such as smoking and diet, environmental exposures, and certain infections.
Diagnosis typically involves medical imaging, biopsies, and a thorough review of personal and family health histories. Treatment options vary widely depending on the type and stage of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Early detection is crucial and can significantly improve treatment outcomes, leading to better survival rates. As awareness and research continue to advance, new methods for prevention, detection, and treatment of cancer are consistently being developed, offering hope to those affected by this challenging disease.
Spirulina is a blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, that is often touted as a superfood due to its high nutrient profile. It is packed with proteins, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular dietary supplement for health enthusiasts. Spirulina is known for its vibrant green color and is commonly sold in powder form, tablets, or capsules. Many people incorporate it into smoothies, juices, or energy bars as a way to enhance their nutrient intake conveniently.
Rich in protein—about 60-70% by weight—spirulina is also a good source of essential vitamins such as B12, which is crucial for vegetarians and vegans. In addition, it contains antioxidants like phycocyanin, which may have anti-inflammatory properties. However, while its health benefits are supported by some research, it is important for consumers to choose high-quality spirulina from reputable sources to ensure purity and avoid contamination. Overall, spirulina can be a beneficial addition to a balanced diet, though individuals should consider their specific nutritional needs and consult with healthcare professionals if they have concerns.
Based on user reviews, the time it takes to see results from spirulina can vary significantly. Some users have indicated that for benefits such as increased energy, boosted immunity, and even improved hemoglobin levels—particularly useful for those undergoing cancer treatment—regular consumption is essential, and they have noticed improvements over a span of weeks to months (Read Review). One review highlighted the importance of following a consistent regimen, especially when addressing health issues like cancer, implying that patience and persistence are vital for seeing the desired effects (Read Review).
Another user noted that a period of continuous use is necessary to truly benefit from its multifaceted properties, which include cancer risk reduction and heightened overall health (Read Review). Overall, while individual experiences vary, a commitment to long-term use may result in positive changes over time, underscoring the need for an ongoing regimen to achieve health improvements related to cancer.
Spirulina, a potent blue-green microalgae, has garnered attention in recent scientific research for its potential in cancer treatment. Various studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in combating different types of cancer, showcasing promising results. For instance, research has highlighted Spirulina’s bioactive proteins, which exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against colorectal cancer cells while remaining safe for healthy cells [1]. Additionally, Spirulina platensis has been investigated as an innovative embolic agent combined with doxorubicin, effectively reducing tumor size in hepatocellular carcinoma cases with minimal side effects [2]. These findings suggest that Spirulina may serve as a natural ally in cancer therapies.
Other studies further underscore Spirulina's potential, such as its efficacy in tumor inhibition and enhancing immune responses against specific cancers [8]. The use of Spirulina-derived nanoparticles has also shown to induce cancer cell death, particularly in breast cancer cell lines, demonstrating its therapeutic potential [14]. Overall, while the research is still developing, the data indicates that Spirulina could play a significant role in future cancer treatment strategies, highlighting the necessity for ongoing studies to fully understand its mechanisms and applications.
Based on user reviews, many have reported significant improvements in various health symptoms after incorporating spirulina into their diets. Users have noted enhanced immune function and increased hemoglobin levels, which is particularly valuable for individuals undergoing cancer treatment (Read Review). In addition, several individuals highlighted weight management benefits, describing spirulina as a helpful aid to curb cravings and support metabolism when taken regularly before meals (Read Review).
Moreover, users have experienced improvements in skin health and overall nutrition, alongside reported effects such as reduced oxidative damage, which can protect against cancer and heart disease (Read Review). Others noted enhancement in energy levels, metabolic regulation, and increased muscle strength, reflecting spirulina's potential as a "superfood" in the eyes of many users (Read Review). While these anecdotal experiences indicate varied positive outcomes, it is essential to remember that individual results can differ significantly based on health status, lifestyle, and dosage.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive experiences when combining spirulina with other supplements to help manage cancer-related health issues. One user noted that they take spirulina alongside chlorella, highlighting its potential benefits for thyroid health as well as cancer prevention due to the antioxidant qualities found in both supplements (Read Review). Another user, whose mother is undergoing cancer treatment, mentioned that spirulina significantly improved her hemoglobin levels, suggesting that having a combination of effective supplements can lead to substantial positive changes in health (Read Review).
Furthermore, users have praised spirulina's unique properties, such as phycocyanin, which possess anti-cancer attributes and enhance immune function (Read Review). Many emphasized the importance of a consistent regimen, especially when dealing with cancer or other health issues, indicating that combining spirulina with other beneficial supplements may yield added advantages when maintained over time (Read Review). Overall, while user experiences vary, the anecdotal evidence suggests that combining spirulina with other supplements could enhance overall effectiveness in managing cancer-related health challenges.
Based on user reviews, several individuals have reported varying insights into the appropriate dosage of spirulina for treating cancer and maximizing its benefits. Users emphasized that while spirulina is rich in essential nutrients and has potential anti-cancer properties due to compounds like phycocyanin, it's crucial to use it in moderation. One user noted the importance of being cautious with dosages, especially regarding vitamin A levels, which can pose risks for those with cancer Read Review. Another review suggested that regular consumption is essential for achieving the desired results in overall health improvement and cancer support Read Review.
Moreover, some users also reflected on their personal experiences, highlighting that spirulina appears to improve hemoglobin levels in cancer patients, indicating its potential efficacy when used thoughtfully Read Review. Overall, while many users advocate for its benefits, they emphasize the importance of dosage moderation to avoid any adverse effects, particularly for those with specific health concerns.
9
Hemoglobin improvement
I’ve been consuming spirulina for three years, and it helped me gain weight. Now, my mother is undergoing cancer treatment, and I gave her spirulina, which remarkably raised her hemoglobin levels. We see positive changes and hope for continued improvement.
7.5
Weight loss aid
67 people found this helpful
I take spirulina regularly, with my family joining in. For weight management, it’s crucial to take it before meals. Spirulina is rich in elements and iron, with antioxidant properties. It normalises metabolism and can lower cholesterol. Following a proper drinking regimen is vital to achieve results, especially when dealing with cancer or other health issues.
7.5
Cancer risk reduction
1 people found this helpful
Spirulina needs to be taken regularly for best results. Its benefits are multifaceted, reducing cancer risk, boosting energy, and enhancing memory. It provides essential nutrients, alleviates allergies, helps metabolism and promotes weight loss.
9
Antioxidant properties
1 people found this helpful
Spirulina is rich in phytochemicals like phycocyanin, which are powerful antioxidants. They help reduce oxidative damage, protect against cancer, and lower heart disease risk.
7.5
Anti-cancer effects
The antioxidant, blood pressure regulation, cholesterol control, blood sugar management, and antiviral effects are remarkable. I find it significantly aids in recovery from fatigue and improves muscle strength as well. It truly is a superfood, and I take it regularly to maintain my health, especially concerning cancer concerns.
7.5
Anti-cancer effects
11 people found this helpful
I’m new to spirulina, consuming it with chlorella. It supports thyroid health and may help with heart disease and cancer. The antioxidants in spirulina have anti-ageing effects. Courses of spirulina should be taken with breaks to maximise benefits, including preventing iron deficiency and reducing cancer risks.
9
Bone marrow health
I respect spirulina for its properties, especially phycocyanin which fights cancer cell growth and boosts immunity. It helps in recovering from radiation damage and improves overall nutrition. Spirulina is vital for health, but care is needed with dosages, especially regarding vitamin A levels due to potential cancer risks.
8
Spirulina proteins show anticancer promise
Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Antioxidant and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Proteins from Biomass: Process Intensification, Characterization, and Bioactivity Evaluation.
We explored a novel technique to extract antioxidants and anticancer proteins from spirulina, a cyanobacterial biomass known for its beneficial properties. This method utilized ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction, optimizing extraction parameters to maximize protein yield and bioactivity.
Our findings revealed a protein yield of over 80% with impressive antioxidant capabilities. Notably, the extracted proteins showed significant cytotoxic effects against colorectal cancer cells while being safe for normal cells. This highlights spirulina’s potential as a natural ally in cancer treatment and health enhancement.
8
Spirulina enhances HCC treatment efficacy
Microalgae-based biodegradable embolic agent for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma through transarterial embolization.
We investigated a new treatment using Spirulina platensis as an innovative embolic agent for tackling hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This microalgae formulation, loaded with doxorubicin, was designed to overcome challenges with current therapies by improving drug delivery and maintaining effectiveness in challenging tumor environments.
The treatment not only showed success in reducing tumor size in rat models but did so with minimal side effects due to the natural safety profile of Spirulina. These promising results suggest that DOX-SP may offer a viable solution for improving cancer treatment strategies in HCC.
9
Spirulina aids in testicular protection
Nano Spirulina platensis countered cisplatin-induced repro-toxicity by reversing the expression of altered steroid hormones and downregulation of the StAR gene.
We examined the potential of nano Spirulina platensis (NSP) to protect rat testicles from cisplatin-induced damage, a common chemotherapy drug. In a controlled study with groups receiving different treatments, we found that NSP significantly improved sperm quality, hormone levels, and overall testicular health compared to those receiving cisplatin alone. Notably, NSP also enhanced the expression of key genes involved in reproductive health. This suggests that NSP could be a beneficial support for mitigating the harmful effects of cisplatin on fertility.
8
Spirulina nanoparticles show anticancer promise
Preparation of biogenic silver chloride nanoparticles from microalgae Spirulina Platensis extract: anticancer properties in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells.
We explored the potential of silver chloride nanoparticles made from Spirulina platensis extract as a new treatment for breast cancer. By employing various techniques, the nanoparticles showed a size range of 40-70 nm and a spherical shape.
When tested on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells, these nanoparticles induced early apoptosis in a notable percentage of cells. The study revealed changes in several key genes related to cell death, suggesting AgCLNPs-SP could be an effective therapeutic approach against breast cancer.
Overall, findings indicate that these nanoparticles hold promise as a treatment, encouraging further research in cancer therapies.
References
Zin MT, Kaewkod T, Chaipoot S, Kanthakat G, Chen YY, et al. Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Antioxidant and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Proteins from Biomass: Process Intensification, Characterization, and Bioactivity Evaluation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14. doi:10.3390/antiox14030365
Wang K, Zhong D, Yang L, Zeng C, Hu Q, et al. Microalgae-based biodegradable embolic agent for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma through transarterial embolization. J Nanobiotechnology. 2025;23:234. doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03290-5
Yassein AS, Elamary RB, Alwaleed EA. Biogenesis, characterization, and applications of Spirulina selenium nanoparticles. Microb Cell Fact. 2025;24:39. doi:10.1186/s12934-025-02656-6
García-Martínez Y, Razo-Estrada AC, Pérez-Pastén-Borja R, Galván-Colorado C, Chamorro-Cevallos G, et al. Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18. doi:10.3390/ph18010101
Hussein MY, Nasr M, Emad V, Maged J, George P, et al. Unveiling the potential anticancer activity of Spirulina maxima extract-nanoemulsion through in vitro and in vivo studies. Sci Rep. 2025;15:912. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82924-4
Moura YAS, Marques da Silva M, Cadete da Silva S, Nascimento TP, Lima Leite AC, et al. Fibrinolytic enzyme from Arthrospira platensis and its effects on breast cancer cells: Exploring its potential as an innovative therapy. Biochimie. 2025;231:137. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2024.12.013
Panya A, Wathikthinnakon M, Thepmalee C, Chiawpanit C, Panwong S, et al. Polysaccharide extract of Spirulina sp. increases effector immune-cell killing activities against cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0312414. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312414
Khalil EM, Rady MI, Darwish SF, Abd-Allah ER. Nano Spirulina platensis countered cisplatin-induced repro-toxicity by reversing the expression of altered steroid hormones and downregulation of the StAR gene. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398:4053. doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03483-z
Hassanin SO, Hegab AMM, Mekky RH, Said MA, Khalil MG, et al. Combining In Vitro, In Vivo, and Network Pharmacology Assays to Identify Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Spirulina-Derived Biomolecules against Breast Cancer. Mar Drugs. 2024;22. doi:10.3390/md22070328
Hua S, Zhao J, Li L, Liu C, Zhou L, et al. Photosynthetic bacteria-based whole-cell inorganic-biohybrid system for multimodal enhanced tumor radiotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2024;22:379. doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02654-7
Yay C, Cinar ZO, Donmez S, Tumer TB, Guneser O, et al. Optimizing bioreactor conditions for Spirulina fermentation by Lactobacillus helveticus and Kluyveromyces marxianus: Impact on chemical & bioactive properties. Bioresour Technol. 2024;403:130832. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130832
Krushna BRR, Manjunatha K, Wu SY, Sivaganesh D, Sharma SC, et al. Ultrasound-driven facile fabrication of Pd doped SnO hierarchical superstructures: Structural, growth mechanism, dermatoglyphics, and anti-cancer activity. Biomater Adv. 2024;160:213855. doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213855
Salgado MTSF, Silva MCS, Fratelli C, Braga ARC, Lopes TBG, et al. Bioactive C-phycocyanin exerts immunomodulatory and antitumor activity in mice with induced melanoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024;484:116874. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2024.116874
Afzali M, Sadat Shandiz SA, Keshtmand Z. Preparation of biogenic silver chloride nanoparticles from microalgae Spirulina Platensis extract: anticancer properties in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;51:62. doi:10.1007/s11033-023-08970-9
Al-Badwy AH, Khalil AM, Bashal AH, Kebeish R. Polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (PSP): promising biostimulants for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential application in the treatment of cancer tumors. Microb Cell Fact. 2023;22:247. doi:10.1186/s12934-023-02257-1
Saberi S, Modiri-Delshad T, Etemad-Moghadam S, Alaeddini M, Jamshidloo R, et al. Efficacy of synthesized cubic spirulina platensis photosensitizer in anticancer photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;42:103511. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103511