Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 15 Researches
7.8
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.5
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Veg Capsule
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Vitamin K2(as Menaquinone-7) (MK-7 ) (MenaQ7®)
100 mcg
**
Top Medical Research Studies
8
We explored the effects of vitamin K2 on arteriosclerosis by examining its impact on calcium and phosphorus levels in the aorta and the elastin fraction in male rats. This study was designed to assess how vitamin K2 (at doses of 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) compares to vitamin E (at 40 mg/kg) in preventing the changes induced by a vitamin D2 and atherogenic diet that led to arteriosclerosis.
Our findings were promising. Both vitamin K2 and vitamin E appeared to inhibit increases in calcium and phosphorus levels in the aorta among the rats with arteriosclerosis. Specifically, the higher dose of vitamin K2 not only prevented these increases but also suppressed their deposition in the aorta. However, we observed that vitamin K3 and geranylgeraniol did not show similar benefits or radical scavenging activity.
Furthermore, both vitamin K2 and vitamin E demonstrated an ability to scavenge lipid radicals in vitro, indicating a potential mechanism for their protective effects. Overall, our study suggests that vitamin K2 may be an effective ally in managing arterial health by combating arteriosclerosis through these radical scavenging properties.
Our findings were promising. Both vitamin K2 and vitamin E appeared to inhibit increases in calcium and phosphorus levels in the aorta among the rats with arteriosclerosis. Specifically, the higher dose of vitamin K2 not only prevented these increases but also suppressed their deposition in the aorta. However, we observed that vitamin K3 and geranylgeraniol did not show similar benefits or radical scavenging activity.
Furthermore, both vitamin K2 and vitamin E demonstrated an ability to scavenge lipid radicals in vitro, indicating a potential mechanism for their protective effects. Overall, our study suggests that vitamin K2 may be an effective ally in managing arterial health by combating arteriosclerosis through these radical scavenging properties.
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9
Vitamin K2 impacts arteriosclerosis positively
We set out to investigate the role of vitamin K2 in combating arteriosclerosis, particularly looking at its effects on vascular calcification. The study involved eighteen ApoE mice divided into three groups: one receiving a high-fat diet without treatment, another on the same diet but treated with vitamin K2, and a control group fed a normal diet.
After 12 weeks, we observed that the mice on the high-fat diet had significant signs of atherosclerosis and intimal calcification in their aortas. However, those treated with vitamin K2 showed less severe atherosclerosis and a notable reduction in calcium deposits. This points to vitamin K2’s potential protective effects against artery hardening.
Our results also included tests on smooth muscle cells that further supported the conclusion that vitamin K2 can inhibit calcification. Importantly, we noted reduced levels of two inflammatory markers, TLR2 and TLR4, in the vitamin K2 treated group compared to the untreated group. This suggests a mechanism by which vitamin K2 might mitigate the inflammatory processes contributing to vascular issues.
The findings reveal vitamin K2's promise in addressing vascular calcification associated with high-fat diets. By reducing both calcification and inflammatory markers, vitamin K2 could be a valuable factor in future treatments geared towards heart health and vascular integrity.
After 12 weeks, we observed that the mice on the high-fat diet had significant signs of atherosclerosis and intimal calcification in their aortas. However, those treated with vitamin K2 showed less severe atherosclerosis and a notable reduction in calcium deposits. This points to vitamin K2’s potential protective effects against artery hardening.
Our results also included tests on smooth muscle cells that further supported the conclusion that vitamin K2 can inhibit calcification. Importantly, we noted reduced levels of two inflammatory markers, TLR2 and TLR4, in the vitamin K2 treated group compared to the untreated group. This suggests a mechanism by which vitamin K2 might mitigate the inflammatory processes contributing to vascular issues.
The findings reveal vitamin K2's promise in addressing vascular calcification associated with high-fat diets. By reducing both calcification and inflammatory markers, vitamin K2 could be a valuable factor in future treatments geared towards heart health and vascular integrity.
Read More
8
We set out to understand how vitamin K2 could influence atherosclerosis and blood clotting in rabbits with high cholesterol levels. To do this, we administered varying doses of vitamin K2—1, 10, and 100 mg/kg—while the rabbits were fed a cholesterol-rich diet for ten weeks. Throughout the study, we closely monitored the plasma cholesterol levels and the progression of atherosclerotic conditions.
Our observations revealed that the groups receiving vitamin K2 had significantly lower total cholesterol levels compared to the control group that did not get the treatment. Notably, even the highest dosage of 100 mg/kg did not lead to any increased risk of blood clotting or worsen atherosclerosis. Instead, we noticed that lower doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) helped slow down the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques, thickening of artery walls, and improved factors related to blood coagulation.
These findings suggest that vitamin K2 might be beneficial in reducing both cholesterol levels and related cardiovascular risks in hypercholesterolemic conditions. Overall, vitamin K2 appears to have a protective effect against the progression of atherosclerosis and alleviates hypercoagulability in our rabbit model.
Our observations revealed that the groups receiving vitamin K2 had significantly lower total cholesterol levels compared to the control group that did not get the treatment. Notably, even the highest dosage of 100 mg/kg did not lead to any increased risk of blood clotting or worsen atherosclerosis. Instead, we noticed that lower doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) helped slow down the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques, thickening of artery walls, and improved factors related to blood coagulation.
These findings suggest that vitamin K2 might be beneficial in reducing both cholesterol levels and related cardiovascular risks in hypercholesterolemic conditions. Overall, vitamin K2 appears to have a protective effect against the progression of atherosclerosis and alleviates hypercoagulability in our rabbit model.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Reversing arteriosclerosis
5 people found this helpful
Research using 360mcg a day to decalcify arteries has been beneficial for me. I’ve consistently returned to this product after learning about its role in decalcifying arterial plaque. Taking three and a half of these small, easy-to-swallow capsules daily is worthwhile, as there are few options that can reverse arteriosclerosis and vascular changes in the blood vessels. It truly feels like gaining another chance at life. Additionally, a shallow cavity I had vanished when I visited the dentist after using this product daily for several months. I’ve also noticed I have no tartar on my teeth since starting this routine.
Read More
9
Supports calcium transport
Exceptional product. It aids in transporting calcium from the arteries to the bones and teeth, reducing arteriosclerosis in the process. This is particularly vital for those taking vitamin D3 to ensure healthy and balanced benefits for the body.
Read More
7.5
Recommended for prevention
Good results in preventing atherosclerotic plaque and arteriosclerosis; I would certainly recommend it. I've been using it for two years and find it a reliable product that I will continue to repurchase.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 15 Researches
7.8
- All Researches
9
Vitamin K2 impacts arteriosclerosis positively
We set out to investigate the role of vitamin K2 in combating arteriosclerosis, particularly looking at its effects on vascular calcification. The study involved eighteen ApoE mice divided into three groups: one receiving a high-fat diet without treatment, another on the same diet but treated with vitamin K2, and a control group fed a normal diet.
After 12 weeks, we observed that the mice on the high-fat diet had significant signs of atherosclerosis and intimal calcification in their aortas. However, those treated with vitamin K2 showed less severe atherosclerosis and a notable reduction in calcium deposits. This points to vitamin K2’s potential protective effects against artery hardening.
Our results also included tests on smooth muscle cells that further supported the conclusion that vitamin K2 can inhibit calcification. Importantly, we noted reduced levels of two inflammatory markers, TLR2 and TLR4, in the vitamin K2 treated group compared to the untreated group. This suggests a mechanism by which vitamin K2 might mitigate the inflammatory processes contributing to vascular issues.
The findings reveal vitamin K2's promise in addressing vascular calcification associated with high-fat diets. By reducing both calcification and inflammatory markers, vitamin K2 could be a valuable factor in future treatments geared towards heart health and vascular integrity.
After 12 weeks, we observed that the mice on the high-fat diet had significant signs of atherosclerosis and intimal calcification in their aortas. However, those treated with vitamin K2 showed less severe atherosclerosis and a notable reduction in calcium deposits. This points to vitamin K2’s potential protective effects against artery hardening.
Our results also included tests on smooth muscle cells that further supported the conclusion that vitamin K2 can inhibit calcification. Importantly, we noted reduced levels of two inflammatory markers, TLR2 and TLR4, in the vitamin K2 treated group compared to the untreated group. This suggests a mechanism by which vitamin K2 might mitigate the inflammatory processes contributing to vascular issues.
The findings reveal vitamin K2's promise in addressing vascular calcification associated with high-fat diets. By reducing both calcification and inflammatory markers, vitamin K2 could be a valuable factor in future treatments geared towards heart health and vascular integrity.
Read More
9
We examined the relationship between dietary intake of menaquinone, also known as vitamin K2, and its impact on coronary heart disease (CHD) and vascular health. Through the Rotterdam Study, which involved 4,807 adults without a history of heart attacks, we analyzed dietary habits spanning from 1990 to 2000.
Our findings revealed that higher intakes of menaquinone were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing CHD and were also linked to lower overall mortality rates. Specifically, those in the mid and upper levels of menaquinone intake had a 27% to 57% lower risk of death from heart disease and a noticeable reduction in aortic calcification compared to those with the lowest intake.
Interestingly, the intake of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) didn’t show any connection to these health outcomes, highlighting the unique relevance of menaquinone. These results underscore how important it could be to include adequate dietary sources of vitamin K2 as a proactive measure in preventing cardiovascular diseases and maintaining vascular health.
Our findings revealed that higher intakes of menaquinone were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing CHD and were also linked to lower overall mortality rates. Specifically, those in the mid and upper levels of menaquinone intake had a 27% to 57% lower risk of death from heart disease and a noticeable reduction in aortic calcification compared to those with the lowest intake.
Interestingly, the intake of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) didn’t show any connection to these health outcomes, highlighting the unique relevance of menaquinone. These results underscore how important it could be to include adequate dietary sources of vitamin K2 as a proactive measure in preventing cardiovascular diseases and maintaining vascular health.
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9
We investigated how different forms of vitamin K, specifically vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4), influence the risk of arterial calcification in a rat model treated with warfarin, a common blood thinner.
The study involved feeding these rats diets containing either K1, MK-4, or a combination of both. While both types of vitamin K serve as essential cofactors in the body, only MK-4 was effective in preventing warfarin-induced arterial calcification.
Interestingly, we found that although the liver absorbed K1 three times more than MK-4, the aorta utilized MK-4 three times more efficiently than K1. This suggests that the differences in how these vitamins are used in the body could explain why MK-4 is more effective at combating arterial calcification.
We also noted that the unique structure of MK-4, particularly its side chain, might play an undiscovered role in interrupting processes that lead to vascular issues. Overall, our findings highlight the potential significance of MK-4 in vascular health and its possible advantages over K1 in combating arteriosclerosis.
The study involved feeding these rats diets containing either K1, MK-4, or a combination of both. While both types of vitamin K serve as essential cofactors in the body, only MK-4 was effective in preventing warfarin-induced arterial calcification.
Interestingly, we found that although the liver absorbed K1 three times more than MK-4, the aorta utilized MK-4 three times more efficiently than K1. This suggests that the differences in how these vitamins are used in the body could explain why MK-4 is more effective at combating arterial calcification.
We also noted that the unique structure of MK-4, particularly its side chain, might play an undiscovered role in interrupting processes that lead to vascular issues. Overall, our findings highlight the potential significance of MK-4 in vascular health and its possible advantages over K1 in combating arteriosclerosis.
Read More
8
Vitamin K2 limits vascular calcification
We explored the impact of menaquinone-4, a form of Vitamin K2, on vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) to understand its potential in preventing arteriosclerosis. In our study, we used cells isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats as an in vitro model of vascular dysfunction, comparing their behavior to control cells from normotensive rats.
Our findings showed that Vitamin K2 can help maintain the contractile phenotype of these cells. This effect was mediated through a specific pathway involving γ-glutamyl carboxylase, suggesting it has the ability to block one of the key processes related to vascular calcification—a problem often associated with arteriosclerosis.
While our results indicate that Vitamin K2 has potential benefits for vascular health, we did not test its effectiveness in real-world clinical settings or alongside other treatments. Thus, while there's promise, further research is needed to fully understand how Vitamin K2 can be used in dietary supplements for artery health.
Our findings showed that Vitamin K2 can help maintain the contractile phenotype of these cells. This effect was mediated through a specific pathway involving γ-glutamyl carboxylase, suggesting it has the ability to block one of the key processes related to vascular calcification—a problem often associated with arteriosclerosis.
While our results indicate that Vitamin K2 has potential benefits for vascular health, we did not test its effectiveness in real-world clinical settings or alongside other treatments. Thus, while there's promise, further research is needed to fully understand how Vitamin K2 can be used in dietary supplements for artery health.
Read More
8
Vitamin K2's impact on calcification
We designed a study to explore whether menaquinone-7, or MK-7, a form of vitamin K2, could slow down vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This issue is crucial because coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a significant marker that helps predict cardiovascular disease risks.
To test our hypothesis, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with specific levels of CAC. Participants were divided to either receive MK-7 supplements or a placebo for 24 months. The main focus was on observing differences in how the CAC scores progressed in both groups.
We anticipated that the MK-7 supplementation would reduce or even halt the progression of calcification. By evaluating not only changes in CAC scores but also the impact on arterial structure and function, we aim to uncover vital insights that may pave the way for new treatment options for vascular calcification and cardiovascular conditions that follow.
This trial could potentially unlock the promise of vitamin K2 in combatting arteriosclerosis, potentially leading to broader implications for heart health and prevention strategies in the future.
To test our hypothesis, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with specific levels of CAC. Participants were divided to either receive MK-7 supplements or a placebo for 24 months. The main focus was on observing differences in how the CAC scores progressed in both groups.
We anticipated that the MK-7 supplementation would reduce or even halt the progression of calcification. By evaluating not only changes in CAC scores but also the impact on arterial structure and function, we aim to uncover vital insights that may pave the way for new treatment options for vascular calcification and cardiovascular conditions that follow.
This trial could potentially unlock the promise of vitamin K2 in combatting arteriosclerosis, potentially leading to broader implications for heart health and prevention strategies in the future.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.5
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Reversing arteriosclerosis
5 people found this helpful
Research using 360mcg a day to decalcify arteries has been beneficial for me. I’ve consistently returned to this product after learning about its role in decalcifying arterial plaque. Taking three and a half of these small, easy-to-swallow capsules daily is worthwhile, as there are few options that can reverse arteriosclerosis and vascular changes in the blood vessels. It truly feels like gaining another chance at life. Additionally, a shallow cavity I had vanished when I visited the dentist after using this product daily for several months. I’ve also noticed I have no tartar on my teeth since starting this routine.
Read More
9
Supports calcium transport
Exceptional product. It aids in transporting calcium from the arteries to the bones and teeth, reducing arteriosclerosis in the process. This is particularly vital for those taking vitamin D3 to ensure healthy and balanced benefits for the body.
Read More
7.5
Recommended for prevention
Good results in preventing atherosclerotic plaque and arteriosclerosis; I would certainly recommend it. I've been using it for two years and find it a reliable product that I will continue to repurchase.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Recommended for prevention
Good results in preventing atherosclerotic plaque and arteriosclerosis; I would certainly recommend it. I've been using it for two years and find it a reliable product that I will continue to repurchase.
9
Supports calcium transport
Exceptional product. It aids in transporting calcium from the arteries to the bones and teeth, reducing arteriosclerosis in the process. This is particularly vital for those taking vitamin D3 to ensure healthy and balanced benefits for the body.
7
Vitamin K2's effect on arteriosclerosis
In a notable study, we explored how vitamins K2 and D3 might influence coronary artery calcification (CAC) in patients with severe calcification. This multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial involved 400 men and women who had CAC scores of 400 or higher. Participants were randomly assigned to either receive active supplements of vitamin K2 (720 µg/day) and vitamin D3 (25 µg/day) or a placebo, spanning a period of 2 years. Our focus was primarily on whether this supplementation could slow the progression of calcification in the arteries.
Throughout the study, we monitored changes in CAC scores through cardiac CT scans at the beginning, and then again after 12 and 24 months. Our main finding centers on the changes in coronary plaque scores over that time. We also looked into secondary outcomes that included the composition of coronary plaques and any associated cardiac events.
While the study follows solid scientific principles and is ethically approved, the preliminary findings have not shown significant benefits for using vitamin K2 specifically on its own to aid in arteriosclerosis. It is crucial to share that both positive and negative results from the study will be reported transparently.
The ongoing exploration into vitamins for potential heart health impacts remains an important area of interest, particularly as we uncover more about their role and effectiveness in various populations.
Throughout the study, we monitored changes in CAC scores through cardiac CT scans at the beginning, and then again after 12 and 24 months. Our main finding centers on the changes in coronary plaque scores over that time. We also looked into secondary outcomes that included the composition of coronary plaques and any associated cardiac events.
While the study follows solid scientific principles and is ethically approved, the preliminary findings have not shown significant benefits for using vitamin K2 specifically on its own to aid in arteriosclerosis. It is crucial to share that both positive and negative results from the study will be reported transparently.
The ongoing exploration into vitamins for potential heart health impacts remains an important area of interest, particularly as we uncover more about their role and effectiveness in various populations.
8
Vitamin K2's impact on calcification
We designed a study to explore whether menaquinone-7, or MK-7, a form of vitamin K2, could slow down vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This issue is crucial because coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a significant marker that helps predict cardiovascular disease risks.
To test our hypothesis, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with specific levels of CAC. Participants were divided to either receive MK-7 supplements or a placebo for 24 months. The main focus was on observing differences in how the CAC scores progressed in both groups.
We anticipated that the MK-7 supplementation would reduce or even halt the progression of calcification. By evaluating not only changes in CAC scores but also the impact on arterial structure and function, we aim to uncover vital insights that may pave the way for new treatment options for vascular calcification and cardiovascular conditions that follow.
This trial could potentially unlock the promise of vitamin K2 in combatting arteriosclerosis, potentially leading to broader implications for heart health and prevention strategies in the future.
To test our hypothesis, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with specific levels of CAC. Participants were divided to either receive MK-7 supplements or a placebo for 24 months. The main focus was on observing differences in how the CAC scores progressed in both groups.
We anticipated that the MK-7 supplementation would reduce or even halt the progression of calcification. By evaluating not only changes in CAC scores but also the impact on arterial structure and function, we aim to uncover vital insights that may pave the way for new treatment options for vascular calcification and cardiovascular conditions that follow.
This trial could potentially unlock the promise of vitamin K2 in combatting arteriosclerosis, potentially leading to broader implications for heart health and prevention strategies in the future.
9
Vitamin K2 impacts arteriosclerosis positively
We set out to investigate the role of vitamin K2 in combating arteriosclerosis, particularly looking at its effects on vascular calcification. The study involved eighteen ApoE mice divided into three groups: one receiving a high-fat diet without treatment, another on the same diet but treated with vitamin K2, and a control group fed a normal diet.
After 12 weeks, we observed that the mice on the high-fat diet had significant signs of atherosclerosis and intimal calcification in their aortas. However, those treated with vitamin K2 showed less severe atherosclerosis and a notable reduction in calcium deposits. This points to vitamin K2’s potential protective effects against artery hardening.
Our results also included tests on smooth muscle cells that further supported the conclusion that vitamin K2 can inhibit calcification. Importantly, we noted reduced levels of two inflammatory markers, TLR2 and TLR4, in the vitamin K2 treated group compared to the untreated group. This suggests a mechanism by which vitamin K2 might mitigate the inflammatory processes contributing to vascular issues.
The findings reveal vitamin K2's promise in addressing vascular calcification associated with high-fat diets. By reducing both calcification and inflammatory markers, vitamin K2 could be a valuable factor in future treatments geared towards heart health and vascular integrity.
After 12 weeks, we observed that the mice on the high-fat diet had significant signs of atherosclerosis and intimal calcification in their aortas. However, those treated with vitamin K2 showed less severe atherosclerosis and a notable reduction in calcium deposits. This points to vitamin K2’s potential protective effects against artery hardening.
Our results also included tests on smooth muscle cells that further supported the conclusion that vitamin K2 can inhibit calcification. Importantly, we noted reduced levels of two inflammatory markers, TLR2 and TLR4, in the vitamin K2 treated group compared to the untreated group. This suggests a mechanism by which vitamin K2 might mitigate the inflammatory processes contributing to vascular issues.
The findings reveal vitamin K2's promise in addressing vascular calcification associated with high-fat diets. By reducing both calcification and inflammatory markers, vitamin K2 could be a valuable factor in future treatments geared towards heart health and vascular integrity.
8
Vitamin K2 limits vascular calcification
We explored the impact of menaquinone-4, a form of Vitamin K2, on vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) to understand its potential in preventing arteriosclerosis. In our study, we used cells isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats as an in vitro model of vascular dysfunction, comparing their behavior to control cells from normotensive rats.
Our findings showed that Vitamin K2 can help maintain the contractile phenotype of these cells. This effect was mediated through a specific pathway involving γ-glutamyl carboxylase, suggesting it has the ability to block one of the key processes related to vascular calcification—a problem often associated with arteriosclerosis.
While our results indicate that Vitamin K2 has potential benefits for vascular health, we did not test its effectiveness in real-world clinical settings or alongside other treatments. Thus, while there's promise, further research is needed to fully understand how Vitamin K2 can be used in dietary supplements for artery health.
Our findings showed that Vitamin K2 can help maintain the contractile phenotype of these cells. This effect was mediated through a specific pathway involving γ-glutamyl carboxylase, suggesting it has the ability to block one of the key processes related to vascular calcification—a problem often associated with arteriosclerosis.
While our results indicate that Vitamin K2 has potential benefits for vascular health, we did not test its effectiveness in real-world clinical settings or alongside other treatments. Thus, while there's promise, further research is needed to fully understand how Vitamin K2 can be used in dietary supplements for artery health.
References
- Hasific S, Øvrehus KA, Hosbond S, Lambrechtsen J, Kumarathurai P, et al. Effects of vitamins K2 and D3 supplementation in patients with severe coronary artery calcification: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e073233. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073233
- Kampmann FB, Thysen SM, Nielsen CFB, Kofoed KF, Køber L, et al. Study protocol of the InterVitaminK trial: a Danish population-based randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of the effects of vitamin K (menaquinone-7) supplementation on cardiovascular, metabolic and bone health. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e071885. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071885
- Petsophonsakul P, Burgmaier M, Willems B, Heeneman S, Stadler N, et al. Nicotine promotes vascular calcification via intracellular Ca2+-mediated, Nox5-induced oxidative stress, and extracellular vesicle release in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118:2196. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvab244
- Bar A, Kus K, Manterys A, Proniewski B, Sternak M, et al. Vitamin K-MK-7 improves nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function in ApoE/LDLR mice. Vascul Pharmacol. 2019;122-123:106581. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2019.106581
- Mandatori D, Pipino C, Di Tomo P, Schiavone V, Ranieri A, et al. Osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats and potential menaquinone-4 inhibiting effect. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:19761. doi:10.1002/jcp.28576
- Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhu J, Long X, Yan J. Vitamin K2 can suppress the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, and inhibit calcification of aortic intima in ApoE mice as well as smooth muscle cells. Vascular. 2018;26:18. doi:10.1177/1708538117713395
- Ponziani FR, Pompili M, Di Stasio E, Zocco MA, Gasbarrini A, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis is linked to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth vitamin K2-dependent mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:1241. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i7.1241
- Vossen LM, Schurgers LJ, van Varik BJ, Kietselaer BL, Vermeer C, et al. Menaquinone-7 Supplementation to Reduce Vascular Calcification in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: Rationale and Study Protocol (VitaK-CAC Trial). Nutrients. 2015;7:8905. doi:10.3390/nu7115443
- Kurnatowska I, Grzelak P, Masajtis-Zagajewska A, Kaczmarska M, Stefańczyk L, et al. Effect of vitamin K2 on progression of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2015;125:631.
- Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr. 2004;134:3100.
- Spronk HM, Soute BA, Schurgers LJ, Thijssen HH, De Mey JG, et al. Tissue-specific utilization of menaquinone-4 results in the prevention of arterial calcification in warfarin-treated rats. J Vasc Res. 2003;40:531.
- Seyama Y, Kimoto S, Marukawa Y, Horiuchi M, Hayashi M, et al. Comparative effects of vitamin K2 and estradiol on experimental arteriosclerosis with diabetes mellitus. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000;70:301.
- Seyama Y, Hayashi M, Takegami H, Usami E. Comparative effects of vitamin K2 and vitamin E on experimental arteriosclerosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69:23.
- Kawashima H, Nakajima Y, Matubara Y, Nakanowatari J, Fukuta T, et al. Effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on atherosclerosis and blood coagulation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1997;75:135.
- Seyama Y, Horiuch M, Hayashi M, Kanke Y. Effect of vitamin K2 on experimental calcinosis induced by vitamin D2 in rat soft tissue. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1996;66:36.
