Combining In Vitro, In Vivo, and Network Pharmacology Assays to Identify Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Spirulina-Derived Biomolecules against Breast Cancer.
We investigated how Spirulina might combat breast cancer using an animal model and a human cell line.
When given to animals, Spirulina increased antioxidants and reduced tumor growth.
It caused changes at the cellular level, promoting cancer cell death and impacting key growth pathways.
The study identified several compounds in Spirulina that target specific proteins, suggesting it could play a significant role in breast cancer treatment.
Read More
9
Spirulina shows promise in PDT
Efficacy of synthesized cubic spirulina platensis photosensitizer in anticancer photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study.
We explored the efficacy of a new cubic form of spirulina (CSP) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment. In our study using tongue cancer cells, we compared CSP with its naturally occurring counterpart and another photosensitizer.
All three showed safety for normal cells, but while CSP and the natural form mainly caused apoptotic cell death, the other led to necrosis. We found that CSP is a promising option for cancer PDT, although caution is advised with higher concentrations of the other photosensitizer due to toxicity concerns.
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7
C-PC shows promise against melanoma
Bioactive C-phycocyanin exerts immunomodulatory and antitumor activity in mice with induced melanoma.
We examined how C-phycocyanin (C-PC) impacts melanoma, a particularly aggressive skin cancer. In our study, we induced tumors in mice and subsequently treated them with C-PC for three days. We found that treatment boosted key immune cells and showed significant immunomodulatory effects, especially when tumors were present. Importantly, there was no damage to vital organs from the treatment. Our research highlights the potential role of C-PC in enhancing tumor immunity, suggesting promising avenues for future clinical trials in cancer treatment.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Tumour reduction success
5 people found this helpful
A miracle healing powder! I find anything green hard to consume, but mixing it with food or juice (perhaps chasing it with bacon?) makes it tolerable. The benefits of spirulina are remarkable! My cat had a cancerous tumour on his neck, and after adding this to his food, the tumour seems to have shrunk in just a week! The lump on his neck has vanished! I've heard spirulina can shrink tumours, and the quality of this product must be exceptional to work so quickly. My other cat seems more active after I've given him this as well!
Read More
9
Energy boost
9 people found this helpful
My interest in spirulina was piqued by its unique characteristics. Phycocyanin, found only in spirulina, is reported to inhibit cancer cell growth. Introducing spirulina into my diet has improved my skin's health and metabolic balance. I've chosen Nutrex Hawaii's spirulina for its quality and lack of unpleasant odour. Mixing it in smoothies has been delightful, and I was surprised by the pleasant taste. The first effect I noticed was a surge of energy. I recommend this product; it has seamlessly fit into my diet, and I expect it will benefit others as well.
Read More
9
Disease resistance
2 people found this helpful
Spirulina is a superfood due to its rich plant pigments. It offers numerous benefits, including cancer resistance, heart disease prevention, and regulation of blood sugar levels. Its impressive nutritional profile makes it an essential supplement in the market. I appreciate the diverse advantages spirulina brings to my health.
We explored the anticancer potential of Spirulina maxima extract, particularly through a new delivery method called nanoemulsion. This approach effectively loaded the extract into tiny nanoparticles, making it more stable.
Our findings showed that this treatment significantly reduced cell viability in cancer cell lines and successfully inhibited tumor growth in mice. Notably, the treatment also normalized liver enzymes and decreased oxidative stress.
While the results are promising, it's essential to note that more research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness in cancer treatment.
Read More
9
Spirulina aids in testicular protection
Nano Spirulina platensis countered cisplatin-induced repro-toxicity by reversing the expression of altered steroid hormones and downregulation of the StAR gene.
We examined the potential of nano Spirulina platensis (NSP) to protect rat testicles from cisplatin-induced damage, a common chemotherapy drug. In a controlled study with groups receiving different treatments, we found that NSP significantly improved sperm quality, hormone levels, and overall testicular health compared to those receiving cisplatin alone. Notably, NSP also enhanced the expression of key genes involved in reproductive health. This suggests that NSP could be a beneficial support for mitigating the harmful effects of cisplatin on fertility.
Read More
9
Spirulina shows promise in cancer treatment
Combining In Vitro, In Vivo, and Network Pharmacology Assays to Identify Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Spirulina-Derived Biomolecules against Breast Cancer.
We investigated how Spirulina might combat breast cancer using an animal model and a human cell line.
When given to animals, Spirulina increased antioxidants and reduced tumor growth.
It caused changes at the cellular level, promoting cancer cell death and impacting key growth pathways.
The study identified several compounds in Spirulina that target specific proteins, suggesting it could play a significant role in breast cancer treatment.
Read More
9
Spirulina boosts radiotherapy effectiveness
Photosynthetic bacteria-based whole-cell inorganic-biohybrid system for multimodal enhanced tumor radiotherapy.
We investigated an innovative system using Spirulina platensis and gold nanoclusters to enhance cancer radiotherapy. This approach is designed to work through several mechanisms, including producing oxygen when exposed to light.
The system effectively generates reactive oxygen species that can attack tumor cells and improve the sensitivity of radiation treatment. In studies with two cancer models, the results showed significant improvements in tumor reduction compared to standard treatments.
While promising, this research is still in its early phases, so further exploration is necessary to fully understand its potential in real-world applications.
Read More
9
Spirulina fermentation reduces cancer cell viability
Optimizing bioreactor conditions for Spirulina fermentation by Lactobacillus helveticus and Kluyveromyces marxianus: Impact on chemical & bioactive properties.
We looked into how fermented Spirulina, produced under optimized conditions with specific bacteria and yeast, affects cancer treatment. In our testing, a unique production mode significantly reduced the viability of colon cancer cells by up to 72% without harming normal cell function.
This indicates that fermented Spirulina has potential as a supplementary food source with beneficial properties, particularly for cancer support. However, more research is needed to truly understand its bioactive compounds and their impact on human health.
A miracle healing powder! I find anything green hard to consume, but mixing it with food or juice (perhaps chasing it with bacon?) makes it tolerable. The benefits of spirulina are remarkable! My cat had a cancerous tumour on his neck, and after adding this to his food, the tumour seems to have shrunk in just a week! The lump on his neck has vanished! I've heard spirulina can shrink tumours, and the quality of this product must be exceptional to work so quickly. My other cat seems more active after I've given him this as well!
Read More
9
Energy boost
9 people found this helpful
My interest in spirulina was piqued by its unique characteristics. Phycocyanin, found only in spirulina, is reported to inhibit cancer cell growth. Introducing spirulina into my diet has improved my skin's health and metabolic balance. I've chosen Nutrex Hawaii's spirulina for its quality and lack of unpleasant odour. Mixing it in smoothies has been delightful, and I was surprised by the pleasant taste. The first effect I noticed was a surge of energy. I recommend this product; it has seamlessly fit into my diet, and I expect it will benefit others as well.
Read More
9
Disease resistance
2 people found this helpful
Spirulina is a superfood due to its rich plant pigments. It offers numerous benefits, including cancer resistance, heart disease prevention, and regulation of blood sugar levels. Its impressive nutritional profile makes it an essential supplement in the market. I appreciate the diverse advantages spirulina brings to my health.
Read More
7.5
Stamina improvement
2 people found this helpful
Superalgae has greatly satisfied me with the quality and taste of Nutrex spirulina powder. As a tennis player at 75, I've noticed improved stamina after several weeks. Initially, I had some stomach discomfort, possibly due to adjusting to the product, but this resolved as I reduced my dosage. Spirulina is well-known for its benefits, including being a powerful antioxidant and aiding in the prevention of metabolic diseases and cancer. I prefer Nutrex because they use a heat-free drying process, preserving proteins and enzymes, particularly Superoxide dismutase (SOD), which protects our cells during energy production. Though slightly more expensive, the additional quality and benefits make it worth it.
Read More
7.5
Cancer prevention
Spirulina has significantly strengthened my immune system, provided cold prevention, and cleansed my blood. It aids in reducing bad cholesterol and protects my heart, while also assisting my liver function and thyroid health. Additionally, I believe it plays a role in cancer prevention and has improved my overall mental activity and sleep quality. I'm very pleased with this supplement and would recommend purchasing it.
Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. These cells can form tumors, invade nearby tissues, and metastasize to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. While cancer can affect nearly any part of the body, it is classified into various types, including carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, and lymphomas, each originating from different types of cells. Risk factors for developing cancer can include genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices such as smoking and diet, environmental exposures, and certain infections.
Diagnosis typically involves medical imaging, biopsies, and a thorough review of personal and family health histories. Treatment options vary widely depending on the type and stage of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Early detection is crucial and can significantly improve treatment outcomes, leading to better survival rates. As awareness and research continue to advance, new methods for prevention, detection, and treatment of cancer are consistently being developed, offering hope to those affected by this challenging disease.
Spirulina is a blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, that is often touted as a superfood due to its high nutrient profile. It is packed with proteins, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular dietary supplement for health enthusiasts. Spirulina is known for its vibrant green color and is commonly sold in powder form, tablets, or capsules. Many people incorporate it into smoothies, juices, or energy bars as a way to enhance their nutrient intake conveniently.
Rich in protein—about 60-70% by weight—spirulina is also a good source of essential vitamins such as B12, which is crucial for vegetarians and vegans. In addition, it contains antioxidants like phycocyanin, which may have anti-inflammatory properties. However, while its health benefits are supported by some research, it is important for consumers to choose high-quality spirulina from reputable sources to ensure purity and avoid contamination. Overall, spirulina can be a beneficial addition to a balanced diet, though individuals should consider their specific nutritional needs and consult with healthcare professionals if they have concerns.
Based on user reviews, the timeline for observing results from taking spirulina as a supplement for cancer can vary from individual to individual. Many users report feeling a noticeable boost in energy and overall wellness within a few weeks of incorporating spirulina into their diets. For instance, one user experienced improved stamina after several weeks of use Read Review. Another mentioned that their health journey positively benefited from spirulina, particularly for post-cancer recovery, suggesting a timeframe of several weeks for noticeable benefits Read Review.
While the initial effects may include increased energy, users also highlight spirulina's broader benefits over time, such as immune support and reductions in bad cholesterol, which may contribute to cancer prevention Read Review. Overall, while some effects are reported within weeks, other health improvements may grow more pronounced with sustained use, indicating an ongoing journey toward enhanced health.
Numerous studies indicate that spirulina, a type of blue-green algae, shows promise in cancer treatment. Research highlights its bioactive proteins and antioxidants, which have demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects against colorectal cancer cells, while remaining safe for normal cells, suggesting its potential role as a supportive agent in combatting cancer [1]. Furthermore, spirulina has been investigated as an innovative delivery system for cancer therapies, such as in hepatocellular carcinoma, where it helped enhance the effectiveness of doxorubicin, showing reduced tumor sizes with minimal side effects [2].
Moreover, experimental studies with spirulina-derived selenium nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles have shown anti-tumor effects in various cancer cell lines, including breast and liver cancer, thereby reinforcing spirulina's potential as a natural treatment supplement [3], [14]. Other research supports spirulina's capacity to improve immune responses against aggressive cancers, such as melanoma, and to offer protective effects during chemotherapy treatment, emphasizing its multifaceted benefits in supporting cancer patient health [13], [4]. However, while these findings are promising, more extensive clinical trials are necessary to fully validate spirulina's efficacy and safety in cancer treatment.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported a range of improvements in their symptoms after incorporating spirulina into their diets. Notably, users have experienced a significant boost in energy levels, with one reviewer even mentioning improved stamina after a few weeks of use which they attributed to Nutrex spirulina Read Review. In addition to increased energy, several users have observed benefits to overall health, including enhanced immune system support, improved skin health, and better metabolic balance Read Review.
Moreover, spirulina has been praised for its potential in cancer prevention and its role in regulating blood sugar levels, lowering bad cholesterol, and detoxifying the body. One user specifically highlighted the positive impact on their post-cancer recovery journey, pointing to spirulina's broader health implications Read Review. Many have also noted enhanced cognitive clarity and better sleep quality Read Review. As always, it's important to keep in mind that individual results can vary significantly from person to person.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive experiences when combining spirulina with other supplements to enhance their health, particularly in relation to cancer management. For example, one user emphasized the importance of spirulina as a superfood, stating it not only aids in cancer resistance but also offers a range of other health benefits such as heart disease prevention and blood sugar regulation Read Review. Another user noted its role in post-cancer recovery, indicating that spirulina has had a beneficial impact on their health journey Read Review.
Moreover, several users have highlighted the synergistic effect of combining spirulina with a balanced diet and other nutritional supplements, which can further bolster immune system support and metabolic balance Read Review. The inclusion of spirulina has been linked to enhanced cognitive clarity, improved stamina, and overall health improvements Read Review. This suggests that combining spirulina with other health supplements could provide comprehensive support for individuals managing cancer or seeking preventive measures against it.
Based on user reviews, there appears to be a general recognition of spirulina's potential benefits in supporting health, including its role in cancer prevention and recovery. Several users noted that they experienced beneficial effects from incorporating spirulina into their diets, often emphasizing the importance of quality and dosage. For instance, one user reported successfully managing initial stomach discomfort by adjusting their intake, suggesting that finding the right dose may require some personal experimentation Read Review.
However, concrete dosage recommendations for treating cancer specifically were not directly mentioned in the user experiences. Instead, the reviews primarily highlighted the general advantages of spirulina, such as its immune-boosting properties and antioxidant capabilities, which could indirectly support cancer treatment/risk reduction Read Review. Overall, while users express satisfaction with spirulina's health benefits, the right dosage for cancer treatment seems to need further clarification and possibly tailoring to individual needs.
7.5
Stamina improvement
2 people found this helpful
Superalgae has greatly satisfied me with the quality and taste of Nutrex spirulina powder. As a tennis player at 75, I've noticed improved stamina after several weeks. Initially, I had some stomach discomfort, possibly due to adjusting to the product, but this resolved as I reduced my dosage. Spirulina is well-known for its benefits, including being a powerful antioxidant and aiding in the prevention of metabolic diseases and cancer. I prefer Nutrex because they use a heat-free drying process, preserving proteins and enzymes, particularly Superoxide dismutase (SOD), which protects our cells during energy production. Though slightly more expensive, the additional quality and benefits make it worth it.
7.5
Post-cancer support
I re-ordered spirulina after reading research on its benefits for post-cancer recovery. My experience has been positive, and I believe it aids in my health journey.
7.5
Cancer prevention
Spirulina has significantly strengthened my immune system, provided cold prevention, and cleansed my blood. It aids in reducing bad cholesterol and protects my heart, while also assisting my liver function and thyroid health. Additionally, I believe it plays a role in cancer prevention and has improved my overall mental activity and sleep quality. I'm very pleased with this supplement and would recommend purchasing it.
9
Energy boost
9 people found this helpful
My interest in spirulina was piqued by its unique characteristics. Phycocyanin, found only in spirulina, is reported to inhibit cancer cell growth. Introducing spirulina into my diet has improved my skin's health and metabolic balance. I've chosen Nutrex Hawaii's spirulina for its quality and lack of unpleasant odour. Mixing it in smoothies has been delightful, and I was surprised by the pleasant taste. The first effect I noticed was a surge of energy. I recommend this product; it has seamlessly fit into my diet, and I expect it will benefit others as well.
9
Disease resistance
2 people found this helpful
Spirulina is a superfood due to its rich plant pigments. It offers numerous benefits, including cancer resistance, heart disease prevention, and regulation of blood sugar levels. Its impressive nutritional profile makes it an essential supplement in the market. I appreciate the diverse advantages spirulina brings to my health.
8
Spirulina proteins show anticancer promise
Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Antioxidant and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Proteins from Biomass: Process Intensification, Characterization, and Bioactivity Evaluation.
We explored a novel technique to extract antioxidants and anticancer proteins from spirulina, a cyanobacterial biomass known for its beneficial properties. This method utilized ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction, optimizing extraction parameters to maximize protein yield and bioactivity.
Our findings revealed a protein yield of over 80% with impressive antioxidant capabilities. Notably, the extracted proteins showed significant cytotoxic effects against colorectal cancer cells while being safe for normal cells. This highlights spirulina’s potential as a natural ally in cancer treatment and health enhancement.
8
Spirulina enhances HCC treatment efficacy
Microalgae-based biodegradable embolic agent for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma through transarterial embolization.
We investigated a new treatment using Spirulina platensis as an innovative embolic agent for tackling hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This microalgae formulation, loaded with doxorubicin, was designed to overcome challenges with current therapies by improving drug delivery and maintaining effectiveness in challenging tumor environments.
The treatment not only showed success in reducing tumor size in rat models but did so with minimal side effects due to the natural safety profile of Spirulina. These promising results suggest that DOX-SP may offer a viable solution for improving cancer treatment strategies in HCC.
7
SP-SeNPs show anti-tumor potential
Biogenesis, characterization, and applications of Spirulina selenium nanoparticles.
We investigated the potential of selenium nanoparticles (SP-SeNPs) sourced from Spirulina platensis in treating cancer. The results showed that these nanoparticles not only possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties but also demonstrated anti-tumor effects.
In experiments with breast and ovarian cancer cell lines, we observed a reduction in cell viability, indicating their potential in cancer therapies. While SP-SeNPs show promise, further studies are essential to fully understand their effectiveness and applications in medical treatment.
8
Spirulina nanoparticles show anticancer promise
Preparation of biogenic silver chloride nanoparticles from microalgae Spirulina Platensis extract: anticancer properties in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells.
We explored the potential of silver chloride nanoparticles made from Spirulina platensis extract as a new treatment for breast cancer. By employing various techniques, the nanoparticles showed a size range of 40-70 nm and a spherical shape.
When tested on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells, these nanoparticles induced early apoptosis in a notable percentage of cells. The study revealed changes in several key genes related to cell death, suggesting AgCLNPs-SP could be an effective therapeutic approach against breast cancer.
Overall, findings indicate that these nanoparticles hold promise as a treatment, encouraging further research in cancer therapies.
7
C-PC shows promise against melanoma
Bioactive C-phycocyanin exerts immunomodulatory and antitumor activity in mice with induced melanoma.
We examined how C-phycocyanin (C-PC) impacts melanoma, a particularly aggressive skin cancer. In our study, we induced tumors in mice and subsequently treated them with C-PC for three days. We found that treatment boosted key immune cells and showed significant immunomodulatory effects, especially when tumors were present. Importantly, there was no damage to vital organs from the treatment. Our research highlights the potential role of C-PC in enhancing tumor immunity, suggesting promising avenues for future clinical trials in cancer treatment.
8
Spirulina reduces chemotherapy side effects
Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice.
This study explored how spirulina's phycobiliproteins can help protect pregnant mice from the harmful effects of a common chemotherapy drug, cyclophosphamide.
We divided the mice into different groups, comparing those treated with cyclophosphamide alone to those also given spirulina over several days.
The results were promising; spirulina showed a significant ability to reduce developmental and genetic damage in embryos. While further research is necessary, these findings suggest spirulina could be a helpful support for pregnant women undergoing chemotherapy.
References
Zin MT, Kaewkod T, Chaipoot S, Kanthakat G, Chen YY, et al. Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Antioxidant and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Proteins from Biomass: Process Intensification, Characterization, and Bioactivity Evaluation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14. doi:10.3390/antiox14030365
Wang K, Zhong D, Yang L, Zeng C, Hu Q, et al. Microalgae-based biodegradable embolic agent for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma through transarterial embolization. J Nanobiotechnology. 2025;23:234. doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03290-5
Yassein AS, Elamary RB, Alwaleed EA. Biogenesis, characterization, and applications of Spirulina selenium nanoparticles. Microb Cell Fact. 2025;24:39. doi:10.1186/s12934-025-02656-6
García-Martínez Y, Razo-Estrada AC, Pérez-Pastén-Borja R, Galván-Colorado C, Chamorro-Cevallos G, et al. Protective Effects of Phycobiliproteins from (Spirulina) Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Embryotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Pregnant CD1 Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18. doi:10.3390/ph18010101
Hussein MY, Nasr M, Emad V, Maged J, George P, et al. Unveiling the potential anticancer activity of Spirulina maxima extract-nanoemulsion through in vitro and in vivo studies. Sci Rep. 2025;15:912. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82924-4
Moura YAS, Marques da Silva M, Cadete da Silva S, Nascimento TP, Lima Leite AC, et al. Fibrinolytic enzyme from Arthrospira platensis and its effects on breast cancer cells: Exploring its potential as an innovative therapy. Biochimie. 2025;231:137. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2024.12.013
Panya A, Wathikthinnakon M, Thepmalee C, Chiawpanit C, Panwong S, et al. Polysaccharide extract of Spirulina sp. increases effector immune-cell killing activities against cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0312414. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312414
Khalil EM, Rady MI, Darwish SF, Abd-Allah ER. Nano Spirulina platensis countered cisplatin-induced repro-toxicity by reversing the expression of altered steroid hormones and downregulation of the StAR gene. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398:4053. doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03483-z
Hassanin SO, Hegab AMM, Mekky RH, Said MA, Khalil MG, et al. Combining In Vitro, In Vivo, and Network Pharmacology Assays to Identify Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Spirulina-Derived Biomolecules against Breast Cancer. Mar Drugs. 2024;22. doi:10.3390/md22070328
Hua S, Zhao J, Li L, Liu C, Zhou L, et al. Photosynthetic bacteria-based whole-cell inorganic-biohybrid system for multimodal enhanced tumor radiotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2024;22:379. doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02654-7
Yay C, Cinar ZO, Donmez S, Tumer TB, Guneser O, et al. Optimizing bioreactor conditions for Spirulina fermentation by Lactobacillus helveticus and Kluyveromyces marxianus: Impact on chemical & bioactive properties. Bioresour Technol. 2024;403:130832. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130832
Krushna BRR, Manjunatha K, Wu SY, Sivaganesh D, Sharma SC, et al. Ultrasound-driven facile fabrication of Pd doped SnO hierarchical superstructures: Structural, growth mechanism, dermatoglyphics, and anti-cancer activity. Biomater Adv. 2024;160:213855. doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213855
Salgado MTSF, Silva MCS, Fratelli C, Braga ARC, Lopes TBG, et al. Bioactive C-phycocyanin exerts immunomodulatory and antitumor activity in mice with induced melanoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024;484:116874. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2024.116874
Afzali M, Sadat Shandiz SA, Keshtmand Z. Preparation of biogenic silver chloride nanoparticles from microalgae Spirulina Platensis extract: anticancer properties in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;51:62. doi:10.1007/s11033-023-08970-9
Al-Badwy AH, Khalil AM, Bashal AH, Kebeish R. Polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (PSP): promising biostimulants for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential application in the treatment of cancer tumors. Microb Cell Fact. 2023;22:247. doi:10.1186/s12934-023-02257-1
Saberi S, Modiri-Delshad T, Etemad-Moghadam S, Alaeddini M, Jamshidloo R, et al. Efficacy of synthesized cubic spirulina platensis photosensitizer in anticancer photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;42:103511. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103511