Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 26 Researches
7.7
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 9 Reviews
8.5
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
15
Total Fat
1.5 g
2%**
Wild Caught Fish Oil Concentrate
1250 mg
†
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids as TG
1055 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)
690 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
310 mg
†
Other Omega-3 Fatty Acids
55 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
7
We examined the relationship between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and osteoporosis using a method called 2-sample Mendelian randomization. This approach allowed us to investigate if higher levels of DHA could be a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Our findings revealed a causal tie: increased blood levels of DHA were indeed linked to a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in DHA levels, the risk for osteoporosis rose by nearly 10%. We found this connection to be statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.033.
However, it's important to point out that the genetic correlation between DHA and osteoporosis was weak, suggesting that this relationship might not be heavily influenced by our genes. While these results indicate that DHA levels are a risk factor for osteoporosis, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
Our findings revealed a causal tie: increased blood levels of DHA were indeed linked to a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in DHA levels, the risk for osteoporosis rose by nearly 10%. We found this connection to be statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.033.
However, it's important to point out that the genetic correlation between DHA and osteoporosis was weak, suggesting that this relationship might not be heavily influenced by our genes. While these results indicate that DHA levels are a risk factor for osteoporosis, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid protects bone health
We evaluated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on osteoporosis, particularly in how it impacts the balance between osteoblasts (the cells that build bone) and osteoclasts (the cells that break down bone). In an experimental setup, we used mouse bone marrow stem cells and macrophages to study how EPA could counteract the negative effects of inflammation, which can lead to osteoporosis.
By simulating an inflammatory environment with TNF-α, we discovered that EPA helped restore the ability of stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, which is crucial for bone formation. Furthermore, we explored how EPA influenced the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, finding that it regulated important factors involved in bone resorption.
When we tested the effects of EPA in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency—an established cause of bone loss in postmenopausal women—we observed significant protective effects against osteoporosis. This suggests that EPA could play a valuable role in maintaining bone health and preventing bone loss related to hormonal changes, providing a promising avenue for future osteoporosis treatments.
By simulating an inflammatory environment with TNF-α, we discovered that EPA helped restore the ability of stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, which is crucial for bone formation. Furthermore, we explored how EPA influenced the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, finding that it regulated important factors involved in bone resorption.
When we tested the effects of EPA in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency—an established cause of bone loss in postmenopausal women—we observed significant protective effects against osteoporosis. This suggests that EPA could play a valuable role in maintaining bone health and preventing bone loss related to hormonal changes, providing a promising avenue for future osteoporosis treatments.
Read More
9
We explored the relationship between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Korean women. Our study involved fifty women diagnosed with osteoporosis and a control group of one hundred women without the condition. By measuring erythrocyte levels of EPA and examining fish intake, we aimed to see how they correlate with bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Prevents osteoporosis
1 people found this helpful
This Omega-3 fish oil, certified by IFOS, is extracted from wild Alaska pollock. Each capsule contains significant amounts of EPA and DHA. Its benefits include reducing cholesterol and triglycerides, managing blood pressure, preventing osteoporosis, and enhancing joint health. It’s recommended to take 1-2 capsules daily, and it’s a great value, currently on sale.
Read More
9
Highly recommended treatment
1 people found this helpful
Excellent for individuals with osteoporosis, particularly the elderly. I recommend it after my experience with it.
Read More
9
Hydrating and relieving
Omega-3 fatty acids are effective in preventing osteoporosis, maintaining healthy joints, and alleviating pain during exacerbations. These fatty acids also fight bone loss and reduce inflammation, contributing to the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 26 Researches
7.7
- All Researches
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid protects bone health
We evaluated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on osteoporosis, particularly in how it impacts the balance between osteoblasts (the cells that build bone) and osteoclasts (the cells that break down bone). In an experimental setup, we used mouse bone marrow stem cells and macrophages to study how EPA could counteract the negative effects of inflammation, which can lead to osteoporosis.
By simulating an inflammatory environment with TNF-α, we discovered that EPA helped restore the ability of stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, which is crucial for bone formation. Furthermore, we explored how EPA influenced the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, finding that it regulated important factors involved in bone resorption.
When we tested the effects of EPA in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency—an established cause of bone loss in postmenopausal women—we observed significant protective effects against osteoporosis. This suggests that EPA could play a valuable role in maintaining bone health and preventing bone loss related to hormonal changes, providing a promising avenue for future osteoporosis treatments.
By simulating an inflammatory environment with TNF-α, we discovered that EPA helped restore the ability of stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, which is crucial for bone formation. Furthermore, we explored how EPA influenced the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, finding that it regulated important factors involved in bone resorption.
When we tested the effects of EPA in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency—an established cause of bone loss in postmenopausal women—we observed significant protective effects against osteoporosis. This suggests that EPA could play a valuable role in maintaining bone health and preventing bone loss related to hormonal changes, providing a promising avenue for future osteoporosis treatments.
Read More
9
We investigated how concentrated fish oil (CFO), which is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA, impacts bone health, particularly in relation to osteoporosis. In our study, we utilized a group of twelve-month-old female mice and provided them with different dietary options including 1% and 4% CFO, a 4% safflower oil (SFO) diet, and a regular fish oil diet over a span of twelve months.
At the conclusion of the dietary intervention, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) to assess bone health. Our findings indicated that the group consuming the 4% CFO had significantly improved BMD compared to the SFO group, while those on the 1% CFO showed only a mild positive effect. Intriguingly, the 1% CFO group even outperformed the regular fish oil group in terms of BMD.
Additionally, we observed that CFO supplementation led to decreased levels of some markers related to bone loss and inflammation. It encouraged the production of beneficial substances like IL-10 and reduced harmful levels of TNF-α and IL-6. These results suggest that higher concentrations of CFO, especially starting from middle age, could enhance bone health during aging.
At the conclusion of the dietary intervention, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) to assess bone health. Our findings indicated that the group consuming the 4% CFO had significantly improved BMD compared to the SFO group, while those on the 1% CFO showed only a mild positive effect. Intriguingly, the 1% CFO group even outperformed the regular fish oil group in terms of BMD.
Additionally, we observed that CFO supplementation led to decreased levels of some markers related to bone loss and inflammation. It encouraged the production of beneficial substances like IL-10 and reduced harmful levels of TNF-α and IL-6. These results suggest that higher concentrations of CFO, especially starting from middle age, could enhance bone health during aging.
Read More
9
We explored the relationship between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Korean women. Our study involved fifty women diagnosed with osteoporosis and a control group of one hundred women without the condition. By measuring erythrocyte levels of EPA and examining fish intake, we aimed to see how they correlate with bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
Read More
9
We explored the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and other fish oils on osteoporosis in a study involving female rats. The rats consumed a restricted diet that included triglycerides such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), EPA, and perilla oil. This was an interesting approach, particularly because their food intake was cut by half.
The results were encouraging; we observed that the rats receiving EPA and the other oils experienced significant increases in bone mineral density and fracture strength. Additionally, there was a notable decline in urinary calcium and a marker associated with bone breakdown, indicating improved bone health.
While these findings suggest a potential protective effect of fish oils and perilla oil against osteoporosis resulting from restricted diets, it is important to note that the study included multiple oils. This makes it challenging to pinpoint the isolated effect of EPA. However, the depressed excretion of urinary calcium points to a possible mechanism for how these oils could be beneficial in managing osteoporosis.
The results were encouraging; we observed that the rats receiving EPA and the other oils experienced significant increases in bone mineral density and fracture strength. Additionally, there was a notable decline in urinary calcium and a marker associated with bone breakdown, indicating improved bone health.
While these findings suggest a potential protective effect of fish oils and perilla oil against osteoporosis resulting from restricted diets, it is important to note that the study included multiple oils. This makes it challenging to pinpoint the isolated effect of EPA. However, the depressed excretion of urinary calcium points to a possible mechanism for how these oils could be beneficial in managing osteoporosis.
Read More
9
DHA-PC benefits osteoporosis treatment
We explored how different forms of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), particularly DHA-enriched phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) and traditional DHA in triglyceride form (DHA-TG), affect obesity-induced osteoporosis. In an experiment with mice that had been induced with osteoporosis, we provided them with DHA-TG and DHA-PC supplements over a 120-day period.
Our findings revealed that DHA-PC significantly improved bone mineral density and biomechanical properties. It also enhanced new bone formation by 55.2% and reduced marrow fat better than DHA-TG. We observed that DHA-PC promoted the differentiation of bone-forming cells while inhibiting fat cell formation, which are both crucial for bone health.
Mechanically, this beneficial effect is linked to the up-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bone marrow stem cells. This pathway plays a vital role in ensuring that these cells become bone-forming cells rather than fat cells. Overall, we see compelling evidence that DHA-PC offers superior effects in combating obesity-related osteoporosis compared to its triglyceride counterpart.
Our findings revealed that DHA-PC significantly improved bone mineral density and biomechanical properties. It also enhanced new bone formation by 55.2% and reduced marrow fat better than DHA-TG. We observed that DHA-PC promoted the differentiation of bone-forming cells while inhibiting fat cell formation, which are both crucial for bone health.
Mechanically, this beneficial effect is linked to the up-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bone marrow stem cells. This pathway plays a vital role in ensuring that these cells become bone-forming cells rather than fat cells. Overall, we see compelling evidence that DHA-PC offers superior effects in combating obesity-related osteoporosis compared to its triglyceride counterpart.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 9 Reviews
8.5
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Prevents osteoporosis
1 people found this helpful
This Omega-3 fish oil, certified by IFOS, is extracted from wild Alaska pollock. Each capsule contains significant amounts of EPA and DHA. Its benefits include reducing cholesterol and triglycerides, managing blood pressure, preventing osteoporosis, and enhancing joint health. It’s recommended to take 1-2 capsules daily, and it’s a great value, currently on sale.
Read More
9
Highly recommended treatment
1 people found this helpful
Excellent for individuals with osteoporosis, particularly the elderly. I recommend it after my experience with it.
Read More
9
Hydrating and relieving
Omega-3 fatty acids are effective in preventing osteoporosis, maintaining healthy joints, and alleviating pain during exacerbations. These fatty acids also fight bone loss and reduce inflammation, contributing to the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Read More
9
Enhanced joint health
This advanced complex of Omega-3s effectively prevents the development of osteoporosis, supports joint health, and alleviates pain during flare-ups. The fatty acids also combat bone loss and relieve inflammation, improving the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis while possessing a neutral taste.
Read More
9
Supports joint function
Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintaining joint health and alleviating pain during flare-ups. Moreover, these fatty acids combat bone loss and inflammation while helping manage the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Enhanced joint health
This advanced complex of Omega-3s effectively prevents the development of osteoporosis, supports joint health, and alleviates pain during flare-ups. The fatty acids also combat bone loss and relieve inflammation, improving the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis while possessing a neutral taste.
9
Hydrating and relieving
Omega-3 fatty acids are effective in preventing osteoporosis, maintaining healthy joints, and alleviating pain during exacerbations. These fatty acids also fight bone loss and reduce inflammation, contributing to the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
7.5
Normalises blood pressure
Omega-3s help normalise blood pressure and cleanse arteries of "bad" cholesterol, preventing cholesterol plaques. They are beneficial in preventing osteoporosis, maintaining joint health, and alleviating pain during flare-ups.
7.5
Fights bone loss
Omega-3s are effective in promoting joint health and preventing osteoporosis. These fatty acids combat inflammation and bone loss and alleviate joint pain, also assisting in reducing rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.
9
Supports joint function
Omega-3 fatty acids prevent osteoporosis, maintaining joint health and alleviating pain during flare-ups. Moreover, these fatty acids combat bone loss and inflammation while helping manage the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
9
Highly recommended treatment
1 people found this helpful
Excellent for individuals with osteoporosis, particularly the elderly. I recommend it after my experience with it.
7
We examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), part of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), on bone health specifically in relation to osteoporosis. Our analysis included data from 12 randomized controlled trials, focusing on how EPA might enhance bone mineral density and affect key bone metabolism markers.
The findings revealed that while there was a slight positive effect on bone mineral density overall, it was postmenopausal women who showed the most notable improvement. Our analysis indicated that eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation could decrease bone resorption markers, showing a decrease in levels of CTX, a marker for bone loss, in those who received n-3 PUFAs.
However, when it came to other markers of bone formation, such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, we found no significant changes attributable to EPA alone. This suggests while EPA may offer some benefits for bone density, it does not significantly enhance bone formation markers.
Ultimately, we can conclude that while eicosapentaenoic acid shows promise in supporting bone health, especially among specific populations like postmenopausal women, the overall benefits require further investigation to fully understand its role in osteoporosis treatment.
The findings revealed that while there was a slight positive effect on bone mineral density overall, it was postmenopausal women who showed the most notable improvement. Our analysis indicated that eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation could decrease bone resorption markers, showing a decrease in levels of CTX, a marker for bone loss, in those who received n-3 PUFAs.
However, when it came to other markers of bone formation, such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, we found no significant changes attributable to EPA alone. This suggests while EPA may offer some benefits for bone density, it does not significantly enhance bone formation markers.
Ultimately, we can conclude that while eicosapentaenoic acid shows promise in supporting bone health, especially among specific populations like postmenopausal women, the overall benefits require further investigation to fully understand its role in osteoporosis treatment.
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid protects bone health
We evaluated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on osteoporosis, particularly in how it impacts the balance between osteoblasts (the cells that build bone) and osteoclasts (the cells that break down bone). In an experimental setup, we used mouse bone marrow stem cells and macrophages to study how EPA could counteract the negative effects of inflammation, which can lead to osteoporosis.
By simulating an inflammatory environment with TNF-α, we discovered that EPA helped restore the ability of stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, which is crucial for bone formation. Furthermore, we explored how EPA influenced the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, finding that it regulated important factors involved in bone resorption.
When we tested the effects of EPA in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency—an established cause of bone loss in postmenopausal women—we observed significant protective effects against osteoporosis. This suggests that EPA could play a valuable role in maintaining bone health and preventing bone loss related to hormonal changes, providing a promising avenue for future osteoporosis treatments.
By simulating an inflammatory environment with TNF-α, we discovered that EPA helped restore the ability of stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, which is crucial for bone formation. Furthermore, we explored how EPA influenced the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, finding that it regulated important factors involved in bone resorption.
When we tested the effects of EPA in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency—an established cause of bone loss in postmenopausal women—we observed significant protective effects against osteoporosis. This suggests that EPA could play a valuable role in maintaining bone health and preventing bone loss related to hormonal changes, providing a promising avenue for future osteoporosis treatments.
4
Eicosapentaenoic acid shows unclear osteoporosis benefits
We conducted a thorough investigation into how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, influences bone health in older women, specifically those who have gone through menopause. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involved 126 postmenopausal women, with some receiving a daily supplement of 1.2 grams of EPA along with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while others were given a placebo made of olive oil for a six-month period.
After the trial, we noticed an impressive increase in red blood cell (RBC) levels of DHA among those taking the EPA supplement, with no change in the placebo group. Moreover, the balance of beneficial fatty acids relative to arachidonic acid improved significantly for those in the EPA group.
However, when we looked at markers of bone turnover—specifically bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin—we found that they decreased in the EPA group, but not enough to differ significantly from the placebo group. While our findings suggest that the short-term EPA supplementation impacts both fatty acid levels and bone turnover markers, it didn't demonstrate a substantial benefit for osteoporosis compared to the placebo. This indicates a need for further studies using higher doses and longer durations to truly understand EPA's role in bone metabolism for postmenopausal women.
After the trial, we noticed an impressive increase in red blood cell (RBC) levels of DHA among those taking the EPA supplement, with no change in the placebo group. Moreover, the balance of beneficial fatty acids relative to arachidonic acid improved significantly for those in the EPA group.
However, when we looked at markers of bone turnover—specifically bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin—we found that they decreased in the EPA group, but not enough to differ significantly from the placebo group. While our findings suggest that the short-term EPA supplementation impacts both fatty acid levels and bone turnover markers, it didn't demonstrate a substantial benefit for osteoporosis compared to the placebo. This indicates a need for further studies using higher doses and longer durations to truly understand EPA's role in bone metabolism for postmenopausal women.
9
We explored the relationship between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a type of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Korean women. Our study involved fifty women diagnosed with osteoporosis and a control group of one hundred women without the condition. By measuring erythrocyte levels of EPA and examining fish intake, we aimed to see how they correlate with bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
The results were promising. We found that higher levels of EPA, as well as other n-3 fatty acids, were positively associated with better bone density, particularly in the femoral neck region. This suggests that incorporating more fish and EPA into the diet may help improve bone health, particularly for women who are postmenopausal and at risk for osteoporosis.
Notably, the findings revealed that while saturated fatty acids negatively impacted bone health, EPA and its companion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) appeared to protect against osteoporosis. This gives us encouraging insights into how dietary choices can play a significant role in managing bone health.
Overall, our findings highlight the potential benefits of increasing n-3 fatty acid intake, especially EPA, to help reduce osteoporosis risk among postmenopausal women. The connection suggests that a simple dietary change could positively influence bone mass and health.
References
- Das UN. Is there a role for essential fatty acids in osteoporosis?. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024;78:659. doi:10.1038/s41430-024-01456-2
- Wang Z, Wu J, Li L, Wang K, Wu X, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation modulates the osteoblast/osteoclast balance in inflammatory environments and protects against estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in mice. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:1715. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.022
- Dou Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Yu X, Ma D. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on bone health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10:145. doi:10.1002/fsn3.2655
- Fu M, Tian Y, Zhang T, Zhan Q, Zhang L, et al. Comparative study of DHA-enriched phosphatidylcholine and EPA-enriched phosphatidylcholine on ameliorating high bone turnover regulation of the osteogenesis-related Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ovariectomized mice. Food Funct. 2020;11:10094. doi:10.1039/d0fo01563f
- Abou-Saleh H, Ouhtit A, Halade GV, Rahman MM. Bone Benefits of Fish Oil Supplementation Depend on its EPA and DHA Content. Nutrients. 2019;11. doi:10.3390/nu11112701
- Lavado-García J, Roncero-Martin R, Moran JM, Pedrera-Canal M, Aliaga I, et al. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in normal and osteopenic Spanish women. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0190539. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190539
- Longo AB, Ward WE. Providing Flaxseed Oil but Not Menhaden Oil Protects against OVX Induced Bone Loss in the Mandible of Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients. 2016;8. doi:10.3390/nu8100597
- Jørgensen HS, Eide IA, Hartmann A, Åsberg A, Christensen JH, et al. Plasma n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bone Mineral Density in Renal Transplant Recipients. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26:196. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2015.11.007
- Dong H, Hutchins-Wiese H, Kleppinger A, Annis K, Liva E, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Bone Turnover in Older Women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2014;84:124. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000199
- Erfanian A, Mirhosseini H, Rasti B, Hair-Bejo M, Bin Mustafa S, et al. Absorption and Bioavailability of Nano-Size Reduced Calcium Citrate Fortified Milk Powder in Ovariectomized and Ovariectomized-Osteoporosis Rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63:5795. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01468
- Mirás A, Bóveda MD, Leis MR, Mera A, Aldámiz-Echevarría L, et al. Risk factors for developing mineral bone disease in phenylketonuric patients. Mol Genet Metab. 2013;108:149. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.12.008
- Moon HJ, Kim TH, Byun DW, Park Y. Positive correlation between erythrocyte levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bone mass in postmenopausal Korean women with osteoporosis. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60:146. doi:10.1159/000337302
- Lappe J, Kunz I, Bendik I, Prudence K, Weber P, et al. Effect of a combination of genistein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins D3 and K1 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:203.
- Farina EK, Kiel DP, Roubenoff R, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, et al. Protective effects of fish intake and interactive effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes on hip bone mineral density in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:1142. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005926
- Bonnet N, Ferrari SL. Effects of long-term supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on longitudinal changes in bone mass and microstructure in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2011;22:665. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.05.006
- Sun L, Tamaki H, Ishimaru T, Teruya T, Ohta Y, et al. Inhibition of osteoporosis due to restricted food intake by the fish oils DHA and EPA and perilla oil in the rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004;68:2613.
- Shao L, Luo S, Zhao Z. Lipid metabolites are associated with the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Sci Rep. 2024;14:19245. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69594-y
- Li L, Wen Y, Liu D, Lan JP, Yang B. Causal link between docosahexaenoic acid and osteoporosis: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103:e38893. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000038893
- Yue H, Bo Y, Tian Y, Mao L, Xue C, et al. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Phosphatidylcholine Exerted Superior Effects to Triglyceride in Ameliorating Obesity-Induced Osteoporosis through Up-Regulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2022;70:13904. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06081
- Cifuentes-Mendiola SE, Moreno-Fierros L, González-Alva P, García-Hernández AL. Docosahexaenoic acid improves altered mineralization proteins, the decreased quality of hydroxyapatite crystals and suppresses oxidative stress induced by high glucose. Exp Ther Med. 2022;23:235. doi:10.3892/etm.2022.11160
- Zhang T, Tian Y, Wang Q, Fu M, Xue C, et al. Comparative Study of DHA with Different Molecular Forms for Ameliorating Osteoporosis by Promoting Chondrocyte-to-Osteoblast Transdifferentiation in the Growth Plate of Ovariectomized Mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2021;69:10562. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03228
- Fang-Jie W, Ting W, Fang-Mei L, Chuan-Xiang Z, Shao L. [Study on anti-osteoporosis effect of Eucommiae Cortex based on GC-MS metabonomics]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2020;45:5555. doi:10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200624.202
- Kasonga AE, Kruger MC, Coetzee M. Free fatty acid receptor 4-β-arrestin 2 pathway mediates the effects of different classes of unsaturated fatty acids in osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2019;1864:281. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.009
- Kim HJ, Ohk B, Yoon HJ, Kang WY, Seong SJ, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid signaling attenuates the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived osteoclast precursors and promotes apoptosis in mature osteoclasts. Cell Signal. 2017;29:226. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.007
- Kruger MC, Tousen Y, Katsumata S, Tadaishi M, Kasonga AE, et al. Effects of Soy Phytoestrogens and New Zealand Functional Foods on Bone Health. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2015;61 Suppl:S142. doi:10.3177/jnsv.61.S142
- Akiyama M, Nakahama K, Morita I. Impact of docosahexaenoic acid on gene expression during osteoclastogenesis in vitro--a comprehensive analysis. Nutrients. 2013;5:3151. doi:10.3390/nu5083151
